World Music Cultures Midterm (CH 7 & 8)

Jingju

"Capital City Opera" or Bejiing Opera -Shrill voices and nasal fiddle -"Rising and falling" gongs -Melody follows tonal contour of the language -Contains Stylized Speech and Symbolic Scenery

Four Social Classes of Japan

1) Scholars, Officials (samurai) 2) Farmers 3) Artisans 4) Merchants

Four Instruments of Gagaku

1. Ryuteki- Small horizontal bamboo flute that plays melody. (Dragon Flute) 2. Hichiriki- Double reed instrument that joins the Ryuteki over the drums. 3. Biwa- Japanese short-necked fretted lute 4. Sho- Free Reed mouth organs with 17 pipes

Koto

13 string zither used in Sankyoku music.

Mao Zedong

A Chinese communist revolutionary, poet, political theorist and founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China.

Sheng

A Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes. It is a polyphonic instrument and enjoys an increasing popularity as a solo instrument.

Kong Fuzi - Confucius

A Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity.

Ka'ba

A building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque, that is Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām, in Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam.

Radif

A collection of gusheh used in association with a particular "school" of dastgah performance.

Pipa

A four-stringed Chinese musical instrument, belonging to the plucked category of instruments or sizhu instruments. It is a pear shaped lute.

Santur

A hammered zither, described also as a dulcimer. Many organologists consider this instrument the source for similar hammered zithers found throughout Asia. -Some even regard it as the inspiration for the creation of the piano, derived from earlier instruments, but adding the concept of hammered strings.

Dizi

A horizontal bamboo flute that is a key part of the sizhu ensemble from Shanghai.

Dastgah

A musical modal system in traditional Persian art music. Persian art music consists of twelve of these principal musical modal systems. -Each has a collection of gusheh associated with it

Pentatonic

A musical scale or mode with five notes per octave. It is the musical scale used in Guqin performance.

Ud

A short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped stringed instrument with 11 or 13 strings used in arabic music. Fretless plucked lute.

Social Realism

A style of realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in that country as well as in other socialist countries. Socialist realism is characterized by the glorified depiction of communist values, such as the emancipation of the proletariat. Was introduced in China in first half of 20th century.

Minaret

A tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Erhu

A two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a fiddle, used in Chinese Sizhu ensemble.

Silk Road

Ancient trade routes stretching from Mediterranean to China, Korea, and Japan Silk and horses.

Buzuq

Arabic instrument with rounded body nylon frets wrapped around body, 2 double courses of strings.

Takht Ensemble

Arabic music ensembles that generally play metered music and may or may not include a vocalist.

Overtone Series

Ascending group of tones that form harmonic series derived from a fundamental pitch.

Shamisen

Banjo-like three string lute used in Sankyoku music.

Istanbul, Constantinople, Byzantium

Byzantium founded by Alexander, Renamed Constantinople became headquarters of Eastern Christian church. 1453 conquered by Turks -- Istanbul.

Adhan

Call to prayer where 5 times a day Muslims face Mecca and pray: dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, night

Qin

Chinese bridgeless, plucked zither with seven strings. Characterized by sparseness, no clear beat, and a variation of odd timbres. Also called the Guqin.

Bayin

Chinese organological system made up of 8 categories of instruments: -Wood -Bamboo -Metal -Stone -Clay -Silk -Skin -Gourd

Taoism

Chinese philosophy based on the writings of Lao-tzu, advocating humility and religious piety. Tao "road or path" basis of many Chinese beliefs: nature, ancestor spirits, martial arts, fengshui, cuisines, traditional medicine, etc. Can be traced to prehistoric religions.

Gagaku

Confucian derived elegant court music ensemble from Japan. Characterized by timelessness or suspension of time. Performed with extreme formality by expressionless musicians who play and hold their instruments in ritualistic performance.

Taiko

Drums used in Kabuki Theatre.

Throat Singing (Khöömei)

Form of Mongolian overtone singing in which the singer manipulates overtones which are a series of harmonics making up a tone or pitch.

Mecca

Holy city of Islam where the prophet Muhammad was born and the focus of a pilgrimage.

Haram

Illegitimate music or music that includes Entertainment, sensual, Western, etc.

Tegotomono

Important instrumental interlude between vocal sections in Sangyoku.

Kanun- Gu Qin-Koto

Instrument Migrations of zithers from the Middle East along the silk road to China and Japan.

Kabuki

Japan music and dance theatre type that was patronized by the rising merchant class.

Sankyoku

Japanese chamber music ensemble that consists of voice, koto, shakuhachi, and shamisen.

Shakuhachi

Japanese flute used in Sankyoku music.

Bunraku

Japanese puppet theatre favored by rising merchant class during Tokugawa Period.

Ma

Japanese word for "gap", "space", "pause" or "the space between two structural parts." in a piece of music.

P'ansori

Korean narrative vocal performance style featuring epic length stories. Features wide vibrato to transform song to speech. Wailing voice with minimal use of drum.

Modulation (maqam or dastgah shift)

Modulation is a technique used during the melodic development of a Maqam. In simple terms, modulation means shifting the emphasis from one jins to another.

Muhammad (570-632)

Muslim Prophet, similar to Jesus.

Sufism

Mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God.

Chobo

Narrator/Singer and Shamisen player in Kabuki Theatre.

Dervish

Nickname for Sufis which generally translates to Beggar.

Urtïn Duu

One of two major forms of Mongolian songs that is classified as a love song.

Mongolia

Part of East Asia characterized by nomadic herders and Ghengis Khan. Has strongly soviet influenced cities.

Middle East

Part of the world made up of West Asia and North Africa. Practice the religions of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Scholars, artists and musical theorists, profoundly influenced development of European classical Art music

Iqa-At

Patterns of strong, intermediate, and weak beats, separated by pauses of various lengths in Islamic music. Rhythmic modes.

Ud-Pipa-Biwa

Pear shaped lutes that migrated from the middle east along the silk road to China and Japan.

Cultural Revolution (1966-76)

Period in Chinese history marked by severe social and political upheaval.

Kanun

Plucked zither with amazing tuning mechanisms used in Arabic Takht Ensemble.

Ottoman Empire (13th-20th centuries)

Powerful Turkish dynasty that ruled over parts of West Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa.

Morin Khuur

Primary bowed lute used in Mongolian Urtiin duu that is a two string long neck fiddle.

Puk

Shallow double headed barrel drum used by drummer in P'ansori in which he follows fixed cycle patterns.

Gusheh

Short melodic compositions in Dastgah that a performer memorizes and then strings them together to create longer compositions. This allows for an element of improvisation while still remaining within the modal framework

Tabla (Darabukka)

Single-headed goblet drum used in Takht ensemble.

Dalai Lama

Spiritual and political leader in tantric buddhism.

Genghis Khan

The Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

Sizhu Ensemble

The Silk and Bamboo music ensemble tradition indigenous to the region commonly known as Jiangnan. -Silk instruments have strings that are plucked/bowed (Pipa) -Bamboo instruments are vertical/horizontal flutes (Dizi)

Koran

The book of divine guidance and direction for mankind and consider the text in its original Arabic to be the literal word of God, revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of twenty-three years and viewed as God's final revelation to humanity.

Makam

The composition kit or the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. -More than 12 pitches -Scales are made up of smaller sets of consecutive notes that have a very recognizable melody and convey a distinctive mood.

Shinto

The ethnic religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. It is animistic religion.

Tokugawa (Edo) Period (1600-1867)

The final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Jo-Ha-Kyu Form

The form of Rokudan and Sankyoku music: Jo- Intro, Slow Ha- Breaking apart, The tempo builds Kyu- Rushing to climax before slowing at the end.

Samurai

The military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan. Considered Scholar-Official.

Revolutionary Beijing Opera

The model operas planned and engineered during the Cultural Revolution by Jiang Qing, the wife of Chairman Mao Zedong. They were considered revolutionary and modern in terms of thematic and musical features when compared with traditional operas. There were 8 operas.

Hajj

The oldest and most sacred ritual of Islam where people take a pilgrimage to the sacred city of Mecca. Pilgrimage chants.

Muezzin

The person appointed at a mosque to lead and recite the call to prayer for every event of prayer and worship in the mosque.

Dung Kar

Tibetan Conch Shell "The Sea" (far away) The sound of the Conch Shell is used to summon the gods to the prayers. It was also used in battle and was thought to release frightening destructive forces.

Transcendence

Tibetan belief of death without dying.

Dung Chen

Tibetan horn that is a long trumpet played for preludes, processions, and morning and evening calls to prayer. Elephant "Power"

Kang Dung

Trumpet made of human bone used in tibetan ritual. Symbolizes mortality.

Tantric Buddhism

Type of Buddhism found in Tibet that uses symbols, ritual objects and yoga in quest for enlightenment.

Controversial music

Type of music that includes "Art" or "Entertainment" and Non-Islamic sacred music.

Non-music

Type of music that includes Call to Prayer, Koranic chant, certain poetry.

Illegitimate Music

Type of music that includes Entertainment, sensual, Western, etc. Referred to as Haram.

Legitimate music

Type of music that includes Family and Celebratory Music, Occupational music (caravan, shepherd, work songs), Military Music.

Ronin

Unemployed samurai, some of which became hired bodyguards for merchants.

Ney

Vertical flute used in Takht ensemble.