Wrist, hand, thumb, & finger bones & muscles

The flexor side of the forearm, wrist & hand is known as

The volar side/surface. Also known as the palm or palmar surface.

What kind of joint is Metacarpophalangeal

synovial condylar joints.

What kind of joint is Midcarpal

synovial gliding joints (between proximal row and distal row of carpals).

What kind of joint is Intercarpal

synovial gliding joints between carpals

What kind of joint is Carpometacarpal

synovial gliding joints between carpals and metacarpals, except for the thumb.

What kind of joint is Interphalangeal

synovial hinge joint

Wrist

Carpals

Hand

Metacarpals

How many Interphalangeal (IP) joints does the Thumb have?

One IP joint

What is Wrist drop?

Known as radial nerve palsy, is a condition where a person cannot extend their wrist and it hangs flaccidly.

What is trigger finger?

Known as stenosing tenosynovitis (stuh-NO-sing ten-o-sin-o-VIE-tis), one of your fingers or your thumb gets stuck in a bent position and then straightens with a snap — like a trigger being pulled and released. If trigger finger is severe, your finger may become locked in a bent position.

Abductor pollicis longus

O I A

Extensor pollicus longus

O I = distal phalanx​​​ A = extend thumb at I.P.

TRUE OR FALSE: All flexors and the Palmaris Longus the same origin which is the medial Epicondyle.

TRUE!

Proximal Radioulnar Articulates where

The articulation is at trochoid or pivot-joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.

Hand/Metacarpals

dorsal & volar/palmar sides] Metacarpals are numbered 1 through 5 with thumb side #1 and little finger side #5 Proximal end of metacarpal is the base & distal end of metacarpal is the head. The shaft of the metacarpal is between the base & the head.

Proximal Radioulnar Movement are

limited to rotatory movements of the head of the radius within the ring formed by the annular ligament and the radial notch of the ulna

Carpal muscles act in helping synergies to produce what?

wrist flexion: wrist extension: ulnar deviation: radial deviation:

Flexor pollicus brevis

​​​​​​ O I = proximal phalanx​​ A = flex thumb at M.P.

Extrinsic hand muscles The muscles' names reflect their actions on the digits. However, each one crosses the wrist and produces movement in the sagittal plane around the wrist's lateral axis, and in the frontal plane around its A-P axis. What are they?

1 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM (ED) 2 EXTENSOR INDICIS (EI) 3 EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI (EDM) 4 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS (FDS) • FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS (FDP)​ FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS (FPL) • EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS (EPL) • EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS (EPB) • ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS (APB)

Joints

1. proximal radioulnar 2. distal radioulnar 3. Radiocarpal 4. Midcarpal 5. Intercarpal 6. Carpometacarpal 7. Metacarpophalangeal joints 8. Interphalangeal joints

How many bones form part of the wrist?

13 bones eight carpal bones—scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate— five metacarpal bones—the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones.

What is Dupuytren's contracture?

A deformity of the hand due to thickening and fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis and eventual contracture of the 4th and 5th digits. Presenting as a small hard nodule in the base of the ring finger, it tends to affect the ring and little finger as puckering and adherence of the palmar aponeurosis to the skin

What is the Ulnar collateral?

A ligament That runs from the ulnar styloid process to the triquetrum and pisiform. Works in union with the other collateral ligament to prevent excessive lateral joint displacement.

What is the Radial collateral?

A ligament that runs from the radial styloid process to the scaphoid and trapezium. Works in union with the other collateral ligament to prevent excessive lateral joint displacement.

The anatomical snuff box is?

A triangular deepening on the radial, dorsal aspect of the hand—at the level of the carpal bones, specifically, the scaphoid and trapezium bones forming the floor. The name originates from the use of this surface for placing and then sniffing powdered tobacco, or "snuff."

What are the PROXIMAL CARPAL BONES?

A=Scaphoid, B=Lunate, C=Triquetrum, D=Pisiform

How many Interphalangeal (IP) joints do the Fingers have?

All fingers have two Interphalangeal(IP) joints called proximal interphalangeal joint (P.I.P) and distal interphalangeal joint (D.I.P)

Supination is performed by

Biceps brachii and Supinator, assisted to a slight extent by the Extensor muscles of the thumb.

What are the DISTAL CARPAL BONES?

E=Trapezium, F=Trapezoid, G=Capitate, H=Hamate

Muscles that act only at the wrist (and elbow): The muscles' names reflect their actions on the carpus (wrist). What are they?

EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS PALMARIS LONGUS

Wrist extensors

Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor ulnaris

Finger extensor

Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis (proprius) Extensor digiti minimi

Thumb extensors

Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis longus

TRUE OR FALSE: "Mid-position", "neutral position", "semi-pronated", "semi-supinated", "handshake position" all mean different things?

FALSE! "Mid-position", "neutral position", "semi-pronated", "semi-supinated", "handshake position" all mean the "SAME"thing.

Wrist flexors

Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus

Finger flexors

Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus

Thumb flexors

Flexor pollicis longus Thumb abductors Abductor pollicis longus

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament is found where and what is It's functions?

It is found on the dorsum (posterior) side of the hand. It passes from the radius to both rows of carpal bones. It contributes to the stability of the wrist, but also ensures that the hand follows the forearm during pronation.

Flexor pollicus longus

O I = distal phalanx​​​ A = flex thumb at I.P.

Extensor pollicus brevis

O I = proximal phalanx​​ A = extend thumb at M.P.

Extensor digitorum

O = lateral epicondyle​ I = extensor expansion​ A = extend fingers (MP)

Flexor carpi radialis

O = medial epicondyle​ I = 2nd & 3rd metacarpals​​ A = flex wrist; abduct wrist; Abduct = radial deviation. ( O= origin, I= Insertion, A= Action)

Flexor carpi ulnaris

O = medial epicondyle​ I = 5th metacarpal A = flex wrist; adduct wrist; Adduct = ulnar deviation. ( O= origin, I= Insertion, A= Action)

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

O = medial epicondyle​ I = distal phalanges​ A = flex fingers at D.I.P. ( the D in Digitorum and P in Profundus should help You with where it flexes at which is D.I.P)

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

O = medial epicondyle​ I = middle phalanges​ A = flex fingers at P.I.P.

Palmaris longus

O = medial epicondyle​ I = palmar aponeurosis​​ A =flex wrist in midline. ( O= origin, I= Insertion, A= Action)

Palmar radiocarpal ligament is found where and what Is its function?

On the palmar (anterior) side of the hand. It passes from the radius to both rows of carpal bones. Its function, apart from increasing stability, is to ensure that the hand follows the forearm during supination.

Supinate means

PALM UP

Fingers/Phalanges/digits

Phalanges in the fingers are named the proximal, middle, & distal phalanges. Proximal end of phalanges is the base & distal end of phalanges is the head. The shaft of the phalanges is between the base & the head.

Thumb/phalanges/pollicus

Phalanges in the thumb are named the proximal & distal phalanges. Proximal end of phalanges is the base & distal end of phalanges is the head. The shaft of the phalanges is between the base & the head.

Fingers

Phalanges or digitorum (one finger is a digit)

Thumb

Phalanges, digit or pollicus

Wrist/Carpals:

Proximal row of carpals :1. (thumb side) scaphoid; 2. lunate; 3. triquetrum; 4. pisiform. Distal row of carpals: 1. (thumb side) trapezium; 2. trapezoid; 3. capitate; 4. hamate.

TRUE OR FLASE: Any muscle that pronates or supinates cannot insert on the ulna.

TRUE! Any muscle that inserts on the ulna (which does not rotate) cannot pronate or supinate.

TRUE OR FALSE: Any muscle that inserts on the radius can do pronation and/or supination.

TRUE! The radius is the only bone in the forearm that can rotate, therefore any and all muscles that pronate and/or supinate (types of rotation) must insert on the radius.

What is Mallet finger?

The inability to extend the knuckle farthest from the hand (called the distal knuckle), in any one finger. It occurs because of stretching of the tendon that lies on top of the finger.

The lONgus is "on" which metacarpal?

The longus is on the second metacarpal. (The "on" in longus and second is your clue)

What makes up the Middle Radioulnar Union?

The shafts of the radius and ulna which are connected by the Oblique Cord and the Interosseous Membrane.

The oblique cord is

a small, flattened band, extending downward and lateralward, from the lateral side of the tubercle of the ulna at the base of the coronoid process to the radius a little below the radial tuberosity. Its fibers run in the opposite direction to those of the interosseous membrane.

Extensor retinaculum is?

a strap (band) of connective tissue that holds the "EXTENSOR" tendons in place.

The Flexor retinaculum also known as the transverse carpal ligament is what?

a strap (band) of connective tissue that holds the "FLEXOR" tendons in place. It is also the "roof" of the carpal tunnel (the carpal bones form the bottom and sides of the tunnel).

Carpal muscles

act at the wrist and, in some cases, the elbow

Extrinsic thumb muscles

act on the first digit thumb

Extrinsic hand muscles

act on the wrist and the digits

little finger

digiti minimi

Finger movements at P.I.P. & D.I.P. joints

flex; extend

Thumb movements at I.P.

flex; extend

Thumb movement at MP joint

flex; extend; abduct; adduct; can also move in "opposition" to touch the tips of the other fingers.

Finger movements at M.P.joints

flex; extend; adduct; abduct

Wrist movements

flexion; extension; adduction (ulnar deviation); abduction (radial deviation), & circumduction.

Elbow motion/s

serve to adjust height and length of limb to reach any point within sphere of shoulder motion and also to rotate forearm to place hand in the most effective operating position.

What kind of joint is Radiocarpal

synovial condylar joint (mostly between radius , scaphoid and lunate).

What kind of joint is Proximal Radioulnar

synovial pivot joint between radial head & radial notch of ulna

What kind of joint is distal radioulnar

synovial pivot joint between ulnar head & ulnar notch of radius

What kind of joint are trapezium and 1st metacarpal

synovial saddle joint

What's the main clinical sign of a scaphoid fracture?

tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox

Pronation is performed by

the Pronator teres and Pronator quadratus.

The extensor side of the forearm, wrist & hand is known as

the dorsal side or dorsal surface.

Distal radioulnar joint- (synovial pivot joint) are Made by what?

the head of the ulna fitting into the ulnar notch of the radius.

The bulge in your hand on the little finger side is

the hypothenar eminence and is made of little finger muscles

The big bulge in your hand at the base of your thumb is

the thenar eminence and is made of several thumb muscles

index finger

Indicis

Pronate means

PALM DOWN