wtwa ch 10

Cahokia

A commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.

territories affected by the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century:

-China -Korea -Persia -Afghanistan

major anchorages that thrived because of powerful rulers who wished to generate commercial wealth. What commodities were traded from each major anchorage?

-Melaka -key cosmopolitan entrepôt located to the east of the Bay of Bengal. Melaka was a key cosmopolitan entrepôt because of it was in close proximity to Malayan tropical produce. -place where Indian, Javanese, and Chinese merchants traded and waited for the winds to change. These merchants spent months here buying and selling and loading up with return cargo. -Cairo and/or Alexandria -the Mediterranean's main maritime commercial centers. These were the two major hubs on the Mediterranean. -place where numerous Muslim and Jewish trading firms conducted business and maintained a lookout post. The Islamic legal system prevalent in Egypt promoted a favorable business climate. -place where hand-copied Bibles, Talmuds, and Qurans were traded. Paper and books such as these were desired by Christians, Jews, and Muslims. -gateway to Europe for Chinese textiles. Silk and zaytumi (satin) were desired by Europeans. -Quilon -supported by the Chola dynasty. The geographic location is near the tip of the Indian subcontinent. -tenth-century nerve center between China, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean. It continued to flourish even after the Chola dynasty declined. -trade in Arabian horses, elephants, and spices. Muslims in Quilon shipped the horses to India and southeast islands, where they were viewed as status symbols.

the Mongols:

-They were fierce nomads whose warriors could ride up to seventy miles per day -they solidified their empire by expanding their confederation of family tribes -the empire had no shared religion, but instead had a mix of afro-eurasian beliefs -women could play important political roles

How did the technological advance of the needle compass facilitate the expansion of Afro-Eurasian trade?

-allowed improved sailing during less than ideal weather. This magnetic compass was used to sail under cloudy skies.. -used to improve cartography. Mapmaking was improved as navigators used this technology from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean. -aided the development of anchorages. These anchorages then facilitated the growth of maritime trade. -originally used to find promising locations for houses and tombs. This magnetic needle compass was later adapted for seaborne trading.

The people known as the Toltecs

-filled the vacuum left by the decline of the city of Teotihuacan in central Mexico -had their capital at Tula, which at the height of its power had close to 60 thousand inhabitants -were formed from the combination of refugees from the south and farmers from the north -produced enough food to satisfy their needs

contributed to the maritime revolution that facilitated the growth of long-distance trade

-improved navigational aides such as the needle compass -refinements in ship building -better mapmaking -breakthroughs in commercial laws and accounting practices

The cultural mosaic that characterized Southeast Asia in the period between 1000 and 1300 was a product of

-its geographical location at the crossroads that connected China with Asia and Africa -spillover from heavily populated regions of China and India -The presence of Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam as major religions in the area -the ability of local peoples (Thai, Vietnamese and Burmese) to strengthen their cultures by selectively adapting features of Indian and Chinese culture

features of Japanese society during this period

-presence of multiple sources of power -an emperor with purely symbolic power -the emergence of shoguns who bridged the divide between local landowners and military commanders -fear of chinese culture

Between 1000 and 1300 strong commercial expansionist impulses were seen in all of the following societies of the Americas

-the Chimu empire -The Toltecs -Tihuanaco -Cahokia

features of Song China

-the development of gunpowder -several centuries of stability and splendor -large scale production of manufactured goods for consumption and export -better tools for agriculture

contributed to the development of Europe's Christian identity

-the jurisdiction over family matters (marriage, divorce) to the clergy -the founding of villages with parish churches across western europe -the rise of universities -the construction of monumental cathedrals

Needle compass

A crucial instrument made available to navigators after 1000 CE that helped guide sailors on the high seas. It was a Chinese invention.

Angkor Wat

A magnificent Khmer Vaishnavite temple that crowned the royal palace in Angkor. It had statues representing the Hindu pantheon of gods

mound people

A name for the people of Cahokia, since its landscape was dominated by earthen monuments in the shapes of mounds. The mounds were carefully maintained and were the loci from which Cahokians paid respect to spiritual forces.

feudalism

A system instituted in medieval Europe after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire (814 CE) whereby each peasant was under the authority of a lord

Song porcelain

A type of porcelain perfected during the Song period that was light, durable, and quite beautiful.

Mongol tribesmen streamed out of the steppes, bent on conquering the world.

After Hulagu, a grandson of Chinggis, reached the Abbasid city of Baghdad in 1258 with an army of 200,000, blood poured from the gutters into the streets and the caliph was trampled to death in a carpet.

During the period from 1000 to 1300, sub-Saharan Africa's relationship to the rest of the world changed dramatically.

After merchants crossed the Sahara, the flow of commodities and ideas linked sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa and Southwest Asia. Mande speakers exploited their commercial and political organization, becoming the primary agents for integration within and beyond West Africa.

Yuan Dynasty

After the defeat of the Song, the Mongols established this dynasty, which was strong from 1280 to 1386 CE; its capital was at Dadu, or modern-day Beijing.

Kiev

After the eleventh century, Kiev became one of the greatest cities of Europe. It was built to be a small-scale Constantinople on the Dnieper.

Ferangi

An Arabic word meaning "Frank" that was used to describe Crusaders.

Tiwanaku

Another name for Tihuanaco, the first great Andean polity, on the shores of Lake Titicaca.

the Moche

At the height of the Chimu Empire, the Moche people extended their power over several valleys in what is now modern-day Peru, and their wealth grew as well.

universitas

Beginning at the end of the twelfth century, this term denoted scholars who came together, first in Paris. They formed a universitas, a term borrowed from the merchant communities, where it denoted the equivalent of the modern "union."

Kubilai Khan founded his Yuan dynasty with a capital at Dadu, which is the site of what present-day city?

Beijing

Little Europes

Between 1100 and 1200 CE, these were urban landscapes comprised of castles, churches, and towns in what are today Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the Baltic States.

Chan Chan

Between 850 and 900, the Moche people founded the city of Chan Chan in what is now modern-day Peru, with a core population of 30,000 inhabitants.

Toltecs

By 1000, the Toltecs had filled the political vacuum created by the decline of the city of Teotihuacan.

Gunpowder

By 1040, the first gunpowder recipes were being written down. Over the next 200 years, Song entrepreneurs invented several incendiary devices and techniques for controlling explosions.

The four leading global "entrepôts" or hubs of maritime trade of this period were

Cairo, Quanzhou, Melaka and Quilon

The four major cultural regions of the Afro-Eurasian world between 1000 and 1300 were

China, India, Europe and the Islamic world

Two forces contributed to greater integration in sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas from 1000 to 1300.

Commercial exchange and urbanizationwere forces that changed Afro-Eurasia and the Americas during this period. Sub-Saharan trade goods included salt, gold, ivory, and slaves, while shells, pottery, textiles, and metals were exchanged in the Americas.

Griot

Counselors and other officials to the royal family in African kingships. They were also responsible for the preservation and transmission of oral histories and repositories of knowledge.

Shoguns

From 1192 to 1333, the Kamakura shoguns were generalissimos who served as military "protectors" of the ruler in the city of Heian.

sack of Constantinople

In 1204 Frankish armies went on a rampage and sacked the capital city of Constantinople.

Genoa

In 1300 CE, Genoa and Venice were two nodes of commerce linking Europe, Africa, and Asia. Genoese ships linked the Mediterranean to the coast of Flanders through consistent routes along the Atlantic coasts of Spain, Portugal, and France.

Crusades

In the late eleventh century, western Europeans launched the wave of attacks called the Crusades. The First Crusade began in 1095, when Pope Urban II appealed to the warrior nobility of France to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Four subsequent Crusades were fought over the next two centuries.

Khmers

In what is modern-day Cambodia, the Khmers created the most powerful empire in Southwest Asia between the tenth and thirteenth centuries

Han Chinese

Inhabitants of China proper who considered others to be outsiders. They felt that they were the only authentic Chinese

Sacred kingships

Institution that marked the centralized politics of West Africa. The inhabitants of these kingships believed that their kings were descendants of the gods.

Flying cash

Letters of exchange—early predecessors of paper cash instead of coins— first developed by guilds in the northwestern Shanxi. By the thirteenth century, paper money had eclipsed coins.

Sufi brotherhoods

Mystics within Islam who were responsible for the expansion of Islam into many regions of the world.

Shah Namah was an epic poem that celebrated the origins of which culture?

Persian. This poem detailed the early history of the Iranian (Persian) highland peoples through the Muslim conquest.

A borderland Christianity that looked to Byzantium for spiritual, cultural, and architectural inspiration developed in

Russia

tsar/czar

Russian word derived from the Latin "Caesar" to refer to the Russian ruler of Kiev, and eventually to all rulers in Russia.

Chimu Empire

South America's first empire, it developed during the first century of the second millennium in the Moche Valley on the Pacific Ocean.

Mande

The Mande or Mandinka people lived in the area between the bend in the Senegal River and the bend in the Niger River east to west and from the Senegal River and Bandama River north to south. Their civilization emerged around 1100 CE.

Barbarians

Term for any peoples who were considered "cultural outsiders." This was the name given by Greeks to any peoples who were non-Greek speakers.

Reconquista

The Spanish reconquest of territories lost to the Islamic Empire, beginning with Toledo in 1061

Tula

The Toltec capital city; a commercial hub and political and ceremonial center.

Delhi sultanate

The Turkish regime of northern India, which lasted from 1206 to 1526.

To which African political unit do the following terms—Sundiata, Mansa Musa, Timbuktu—correspond?

The empire of Mali

Heian period

The period from 794 to 1185, during which began the pattern of regents ruling Japan in the name of the sacred emperor.

Between 1000 and 1300, sub-Saharan Africa was internally integrated. This integration resulted in cultural exchanges, political connections, and economic links.

The spread of Islam, trade in gold and slaves, and migration from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Seas contributed to this integration.

Hangzhou

This city and former provincial seaport became the political center of the Chinese people in their ongoing struggles with northern steppe nomads. It was also one of China's gateways to the rest of the world by way of the South China Sea

Song dynasty

This dynasty took over the mandate of heaven for three centuries starting in 976 CE. It was an era of many economic and political successes, but they eventually lost northern China to nomadic tribes.

semu

This term referred to "outsiders" or non- Chinese people—Mongols, Tanguts, Khitan, Jurchen, Muslims, Tibetans, Persians, Turks, Nestorians, Jews, and Armenians—who became a new ruling elite over a Han majority population in the late thirteenth century.

Entrepots

Trading stations at the borders between communities, which made change possible among many different partners. Longdistance traders could also replenish their supplies at these stations.

Junks

Trusty seafaring vessels used in the South China Seas after 1000 CE. These helped make shipping by sea less dangerous.

Kingdom of Jerusalem

What Crusaders set out to liberate when they launched their attack.

Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki, a Japanese work that gives vivid accounts of Heian court life; Japan's first novel (early eleventh century)

The Kubilai Khan was successful in conquering China, but in what other effort was he clearly unsuccessful?

sending conquered Chinese fleets to conquer Japan. He tried twice to invade Japan from Korea in 1274 and 1281 but failed in both attempts.

The general attitude of Islamic rulers toward religious minorities was characterized by

acceptance of religious minorities as long as they accepted Islam's ultimate political hegemony

The Turkish invasions of India

added an Islamic layer to India's cultural mosaic

The principal long-term effect of the Crusades was

deteriorating conditions for non western christians in the Muslim world

Buddhism in India from the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries

elements were mixed into hinduism while many adherents converted to Islam or assimilated into the Hindu population

The trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trade

sold slaves as far as Iraq for tasks such as plantation labor, concubinage, dockwork and the military.

What was described in The Epic of Sundiata?

the triumphal narrative of a legendary thirteenth-century African hero and his cavalry who defeated traditional foot soldiers. This classic tale concerns origins of the Mali Empire.

As a center of intellectual life and learning, Timbuktu

was a major point of congregation, bringing together knowledge from around the Muslim world

The First Crusade

was called by Pope Urban II in 1095 to free Jerusalem from Muslim control.

Islamic philosophers

were considered among the most knowledgeable of their time, and influenced the thinking of western philosophers like Saint Thomas Aquinas.