xtra exam 1 practice test

Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? a. it searches scientists' websites b. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. c. it can be done on any computer d. it is free

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? a. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress b. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe c. It was replaced by the APA guidelines d. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier, but that feeling more autonomous does not see to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is necessary only when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? a. Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis. b. Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory. c. Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because some of her data did not support it. d. Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory.

Susan designs a new study to test her new hypothesis.

the aim of the Tuskgee Study was to examine which disease? a. HIV b. smallpox c. tuberculosis d. syphilis

syphilis

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many measured variables are included in this study? a. two b. one c. three d. four

two

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? a. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. b. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present. c. A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes. d. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source? a. A meta-analysis b. A review journal article c. A trade book d. A chapter in an edited book

A meta-analysis

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? a. Find and read the original scientific article. b. Determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes. c. Check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results. d. Research the credentials of the author of the popular media article.

Find and read the original scientific article.

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? a. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. b. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. c. It keeps us from examining our own experience d. We will never be right in our conclusions.

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

Both PsycINFO and Google Scholar a. allow you to limit your search terms to specific fields b. are free search tools c. allow you to identify journal articles on a specific topic d. identify whether an article is peer-reviewed

allow you to limit your search terms to specific fields

Which of the following is an example of applied research? a. a cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women. b. a personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts. c. an education psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in eight-year-olds. d. a social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept

an education psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in eight-year-olds.

what is the difference between advice from an authority and that from a researcher? a. authorities weigh all possible opinions, while researchers rely on their own theories. b. authorities interpret the results for you when providing advice, while researchers present only statistics c. authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts d. authorities always provide advice based on their own research, while researchers base their advice on results from multiple studies.

authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study? a. because the study's claim is an association claim b. because the author of the study already did c. because he is a student, not a researcher d. because he has not taken stats yet

because the study's claim is an association claim

What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment? a. explain how the data collected will be analyzed b. give a formal apology c. have the participants sign a waiver of liability d. debrief the participants afterward

debrief the participants afterward

The deliberate creation and sharing of information known to be false is a. the result of a bias in thinking b. predatory c. poor scientific journalism d. disinformation

disinformation

Dr. Rodriguez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton's scientific norms? a. universality b. communality c. organized skepticism d. disinterestedness

organized skepticism

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables. a. a questionnaire assessing level of stigma perceived. b. perceived prejudiced attitudes. c. age of participants. d. self-reported race on a questionnaire

perceived prejudiced attitudes.

What is one reason that causal claims cannot be made from correlational studies? a. correlations are not sensitive enough to detect causal associations b. correlational studies only involve a single variable c. the temporal order of the variables is unknown d. participants are randomly assigned to groups

the temporal order of the variables is unknown

Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? a. to avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases b. to be able to sway people with a good story c. to know what evidence people like best d. to identify the most intuitive explanations

to avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? a. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. b. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning c. Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable d. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? A. "suggests a change" B. "seems to decrease" C. "curbs" D. "is at higher risk of"

"is at higher risk of"

A group of students recorded the amount of time they studied for an exam in their research methods course and the grade they received on the exam. The scatter plot shows a positive, linear relationship. What statement best describes this relationship between time spent studying and exam grade? a. As study time increased, exam grades increased at first and then decreased. b. As study time increased, exam grades decreased at first and then increased. c. As study time increased, exam grades increased. d. As study time increases, exam grades decreased.

As study time increased, exam grades increased.

Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: A. Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias. B. The present/present bias and the confederate bias C. Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking. D. Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind.

Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind.

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? a. Abstract b. Outcomes c. Participants d. Procedure

Outcomes

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him? a. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? b. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? c. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person? d. How many people have you met and befriended?

What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? a. a measured variable b. a manipulated variable c. a variable's level d. a constant

a measured variable

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was the _____. a. hypothesis b. data c. research question d. theory

hypothesis

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. principle of justice b. principle of respect for persons c. principle of beneficence d. principle of integrity

principle of beneficence

In Milgram's (1963) experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a "learner" in another room each time the learner made an error. What was the main risk to participants in Milgram's study? a. psychological distress b. physical harm c. lack of confidentiality d. scientific fraud

psychological distress

How does research overcome the problem of confounds? a. research focuses on one possible explanation for the results b. research uses intuition to detect potential confounds c. research systematically compares multiple conditions d. research combines data across diverse individuals.

research systematically compares multiple conditions

if you wanted to know exactly which statistical analyses were used in a particular study, you should consult the a. discussion section b. results section c. introduction section d. method section

results section

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? a. the study's statistical validity. b. the study's internal validity. c. the study's external validity. d. the study's construct validity.

the study's construct validity.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? a. an earnest attempt to finish quickly. b. which board game participants chose to play. c. performance when playing a board game. d. whether participants won against a partner.

whether participants won against a partner.

Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? a. the abstract of the method section b. The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion c. The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction d. the last paragraph of the introduction and the results section

The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction

Which statement would an animal researcher most likely agree with? a. animals should be used only in observational research b. ethical issues are less important in research with animals than in research with humans c. animals should have the same rights as humans d. the use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

the use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g. passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g. houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr. Kang can make which of the following claims? a. Emotion enhances memory b. Group A has better memory than Group B to start with. c. Distraction is associated with worse memory d. Fifteen percent of emotional words are remembered Clear my choice

Emotion enhances memory

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? a. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation. b. His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk. c. His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. d. His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school.

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true b. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases d. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? a. Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown b. use reviews from fields other than psychology c. increase the number of peer reviewers d. give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers

Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown

Suppose you hypothesize that all children have an imaginary friend at some point during their preschool years. You talk to twenty children, all of whom say that they have or have had an imaginary friend. Does your finding support your hypothesis? A. Yes, because there is no alternative explanation for these findings B. Yes, because all of the data are consistent with the hypothesis C. No, because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children D. No, because you do not have a theory to support your hypothesis

No, because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children

Scientists often say that more data are needed to draw conclusions about the accuracy of new theories and are reluctant to accept new claims without empirical support. What scientific norm does this illustrate? A. Disinterestedness B. Communality C. Universality D. Organized Skepticism

Organized Skepticism

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? a. Refinement b. Reduction c. Replacement d. Recycling

Replacement

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? a. The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable. b. The study investigated a theory of emotion on memory. c. The study was conducted at a university by a psychologist. d. The study included a distractor task.

The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable.

Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response? a. There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now. b. He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study. c. Public opinion about that type of research has changed. d. New findings have made such research less beneficial.

There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

Which of the following is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? a. They are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication or falsification. b. A journal might require it for higher impact. c. They feel pressure to publish findings d. They believe that the data they create is equally as valid as data that would be collected from participants

They feel pressure to publish findings