you may ask yourself chapter 1

Panopticon

"perfect prison"

Rules of ethical research

1) do no harm 2) informed consent 3) voluntary participation

Political economy of Media

6 companies that rule the majority of the media If so much of our info is coming from these few sources, are we comfortable in the belief that we are getting fair and accurate information?

Celebratory vs. punishing riots

Boston red sox sports riots vs. stanley cup finals car pushing

Dramaturgical Theory

By Erving Goffman: theory of using theater to describe life's scenes, front stage vs. backstage behavior, everyday interactions influence our perceptions and vice versa

Sociological imagination

Coined by C.Wright Mills: the ability to see the connections between our personal experiences and the larger forces of history. product of social location

Theories of Deviance

Conformists: accept means and goals Innovators: accept goals not means Ritualists: accept means and not goals Retreatrists: reject both stop participating Rebels: change and destroy social institutions

Example of theories

Crime: functional because it provides jobs,judiciary system conflict theory: crime is expected because not everyone has the same resources, symbolic interactions: environment, relations, why a person does a crime

A normative theory of suicide

Durkheim's theory that social norms of a particular social group generate variations in group suicide raters. Social integration (how integrated are you) and Social regulation (how many rules) are critical.

Research methods

Empirical evidence: based on experiments, observations, and data. We collect data and test hypotheses Macro vs. Micro: big vs. small

Social Construction

Events are open to interpretation; our perception of the world is determined or influenced by the people around us.

College admissions

Functional: those who get in are qualified and that is their function Conflict: higher in society, brand names for value of education Symbolic: essay, p.s., interviews

Theories of Socialization: Horton Cooley

Looking glass theory: we as humans see ourselves through how others perceive us, their responses, and use that to create our own sense of self (group dynamics)

George Herbert Mead

Mind,Self, & Society: self develops over childhood as we take our surroundings and internalize them

Stanford Prison Experiment

Mock prison created in Stanford basement 70 men volunteered and tested (healthy), divided intro groups of guards and prisoners and provided with proper equipment and attire. Arranged with police department to make mock arrests. Whole prison procedure, chained, labeled, disrobed, Guards took charge and pushed back to prisoners and harassed them as reality. Prisoners tried to rebel, guards began to think of them as dangerous prisoners, broke the rebellion in a purely physical way After 4 days, the abuses by the guards became not just physical but sexual

Stages of Socialization

Primary (childhood) Professional(values) Re-socialization: replace learned values behaviors Total institution: cut off from rest of the society

Disciplinary Society

Social arrangement that normalizes surveillance, making it expected and routine

Culture theories

Structural- Functionalism: Values and Norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior (religion: promotes social order) Conflict Theory: Values and norms are part of the dominant culture and tend to represent and protect the interests of the most powerful groups in society (Religion: serves to control the masses) Symbolic Interactionism: Values and norms are social constructions; meaning is created, maintained, and changes through social interactions (Religion: rituals and beliefs that are a part of interacting among followers)

Theories of society in 3 mains

Structural/Functionalism: assumes society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures. Conflict Theory: argues that society is made up of groups that are competing with one another for resources. Conflict - not consensus - is the key feature of society. Symbolic Interactionism: asserts that interaction and meaning are central to society, and it assumes that meanings are not inherent but created through interaction

Laud Humphreys (tearoom trade)

Studied homosexual encounters in public restrooms Men participating in these acts led conventional lives and were outwardly anti-homosexual. The men did not know he was Tracked the men down through license plates and interviewed them under false pretense

Types of participants in crowds

The Ego-Involved - has a stake in the event The Concerned - interested in the event, but less so than the ego-involved The Insecure - care little about the matter; they join the crowd because it gives them a sense of power, security, or belonging The Curious Spectators - care little about the issue; they are simply curious about what is going on The Exploiters - don't care about the event; they use it for their own purposes, such as hawking food or souvenirs

Stanley Milgram

Yale obedience to authority experiment, pain tolerance to researcher

Social institution

a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduces themselves over time.

Isomorphism

a constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions

Master status

always relevant and overshadows all (president)

Breaching experiments

an experiment that seeks to examine people's reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms.

Media

any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information

Social deviance

any violation of a social norm, formal vs. informal, breaking an official law (murder) vs. not washing your hands

Material vs. Nonmaterial

anything physical vs ideas, beliefs, rituals, language taboos

Contagion norms (lewis)

argues that collective behavior is irrational and results from the contagious influence of the crowds in which individuals find themselves. People have a tendency to conform to the

Conflict Theory

argues that society is made up of groups that are competing with one another for resources

Operationalization

assigning a precise method for what you want to measure

Correlation vs. Causation

association between two variables vs how one variable affects the change in the other does not imply one another

Functionalism/Structural

assumes society is unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structure (social harmony)

Ethnocenterism

belief that one's own culture is better than others

Division of Labor in Society and Suicide

by Emile Durkeheim, social cohesion and act is social

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

by Max Weber highlights how religious transformation laid ground for protestants valuing material success as a sign of gods favor

Corporate crime

committed by officers of corporation

Street crime

crime committed in public

Hegemony

describes how the status quo is maintained and preserved we all give our consent to the maintenance of this status quo principle of social control: ruling class dominates others

Asch Test

display of conformity to environment and people around you

Validity

does the study measure what it intended to answer?

Dyads and Triads

dyad (two) most intimate dependent triad (three) politics

Achieved status

earned through choice, effort (hobby, occupation)

How social institutions influence our lives/identities

ex) educational system, military, family, religion, mass media = create expectations around behaviors and establish norms but can change over time like the military which is now allowing woman to be in the front line

Capitalism

exploitation of labor by capital (owners of means of production) leads to class conflict (industrial revolution -Karl Marx

Generalizability

extent to which we can claim that our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

Primary deviance

first act of rule breaking that may occur a label of deviant

In-groups

group in which one belongs, us

Cooley

group life differs in how intensely members experience it

Out-groups

groups from which one is disconnected, them

Verstehen

how social actors understand their actions and the social work through experience, in order to understand why people act they way they do , understand the meanings people attach to their emotions (Max Weber)

Strain theory

how society gives us certain templates for acting correctly or appropriately, deviance occurs when society does not give everyone equal opportunity to achieve goals

Norms

how values tell us to behave ex) hygiene-- wash hands

Reliability

if you conduct the study again will you get the same results?

Secondary Group

instrumental for something, large

Symbolic interactionism

interaction and meaning are central to society and created through interaction, micro-level,

Primary Group

intimate

Macro vs. Micro Sociology

large scale vs face-to-face interactions immigration policy,stats vs interviews, elevator setting observations

Path of least surveillance

least crowded route due to video screenings accumulated and its data

Anomic suicide

less social regulation leads to anomie (despair)

Values

moral beliefs ex) equal opportunity

Karl Marx

most famous, class conflict, division between owners and workers, The Communist Manifesto,

Stigma

negative social label that changes everyone's behavior towards you and your own identity , mental illness, pedophilia, race

Max Weber

not just class and economics (Marx) also rationality and bureaucracy, economy and society (state)

Emile Durkehiem

not just economics and society but division of labor ORGANIC SOLIDARITY: people are interdependent,

Quantitative vs. Qualitative:

numbers/data vs. non-numeric form like feelings and interpretations

White-collar crime

offense committed by a professional against a corporation

Recidivism

one who is involved with justice system turn to crime

Counterculture

opposition to dominant culture, occupy movement

Socialization

our internalization of society's values, beliefs, and norms

Reflexivity

our own role in and effect on our research

Dependent vs. Independent

outcome trying to explain due to the ffect of the i.v which are the factors that influence the dependent

Mark Granovetter

people with whom we are the least connected offer us the most opportunities

Role strain vs. Role conflict

problems with one role vs problem within all roles

Collective behavior

relatively spontaneous and temporary behavior that involves a large number of people engaging in activities that violate conventional norms; -Behavior that is not governed by everyday rules and expectations.

Willowbook Study

school for children with intellectual disabilities were deliberately infected with hepatitis.

Role

set of behaviors expected of someone because of his/her status

Simmel

size of a group can tell a lot about the group

Status

social position in hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

Conflict Theory

society divided by class differences -Karl Marx

Inductive approach

starts with empirical observations ends with theory

Reflection Theory

states that culture is a projection of social structures into the public sphere underlies the truth of reality ex) hip hop music and and violence

Ascribed status

status in which you are born (sex, race)

You occupy a blank and play a blank

status, role

Consumerism

steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved

Positivist sociology

studying social facts as things can predict the social world, Emile Durkeheim

Secondary Deviance

subsequent acts of rule breaking that define your identity

Subculture

subset of dominant culture, ballroom dancers, rock climbers, hunters

Culture

sum of beliefs, traditions, practices, and sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace created by us, way of life, moral parameters

Types of data research

survey research, ethnographic, interviews, historical methods, content analysis, experimental method

Ideology

system of concepts and relationships, understanding of cause and effect ex) people use first class bathrooms if they have first class tickets, if not everything will gradually fall apart in the system

Cultural Relativism

takes into account differences across cultures without passing judgement

Homophily

tendency to associate with people who resemble ourselves "love of being alike"

Culture Jamming

the act of turning media against themselves

Emergent norms

the new norms people develop to cope with a new situation, strongly grounded in symbolic interactionism

Sociology

the study of human society, "making the familiar strange"

Reference groups

used to evaluate ourselves, cliques

Formal vs. Informal Sanctions

way society responds to tules, keep each other in check vs. formal laws and punishments

Altruistic suicide

when one is too socially integrated (women giving up life for husband)

Egotistic Suicide

when someone is not well integrated

Fatalistic suicide

when you are too socially regulated (routine)