(1-4) KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN LIBRARIES LS17

explicit, expertise, internalized

A major goal of knowledge management is to somehow capture and document the valuable workrelated tacit knowledge of others and to turn it into _____________ knowledge that can be shared with others. This is much easier said than done, however. Over time, experts develop their own processes for their areas of ___________. Their processes become second nature and are so ________________ that they are sometimes unable to write down step-by-step instructions to document the processes.

objective, inherent

According to Davenport and Prusak (1998): Data are _________ facts about events with no __________ meaning.

fluid mix, knowers, documents, practices

According to Davenport and Prusak (1998): Knowledge is a __________ of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight, and grounded intuition that provides and environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the mind of the ___________. In organizations, it often becomes embedded not only in ___________ or repositories, but also in organizational routines, ___________, and norms

Davenport and Prusak

According to ______________ (1998): Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight, and grounded intuition that provides and environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the mind of the knowers. In organizations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents or repositories, but also in organizational routines, practices, and norms

Davenport and Prusak

According to ______________ (1998): Data are objective facts about events with no inherent meaning

Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom

Any discussion on KM needs an understanding of the concept of knowledge and its relationships to information and data. ____, __________ and ___________ and ________ are viewed by information technology (IT) practitioners as part of a continuum, one leading to another, each a result of actions on the preceding, with no clear boundaries between them.

data, information, Zins 2007, wisdom

Data represents information in its elementary and crude form; information represents ______ endowed with meaning; knowledge represents ___________ with experience, insight and expertise (_______, _______); and _______ represents the ability to use knowledge and experience to make good judgements.

form

Davis and Olson (1985) define information as: Data that has been processed into a _______ that is meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived values in the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient.

complexity, usefulness, meaningfulness, interpretability

Each entity (from data to wisdom) represents an increasing level of added values, _________, __________, ______________, and _____________ (Alavi and Leidner, 2001; Kebede, 2010). Data is the rawest form of facts without any meaning. Information is organized, analyzed, and meaningful within particular connections or contexts.

real world, Nonaka and Takeuchi

Everything that exists in the "__________" is either data or information, and everything that is embodied within a person is knowledge. The process of informing amounts to converting data into knowledge. ___________________ (1995) explained the difference between information and knowledge as follows: Information is a flow of messages, while knowledge is created by that very flow of information anchored in the beliefs and commitments of its holder.

codified

Explicit knowledge is knowledge that is documented, stored, and __________—such as standard procedures, product formulas, customer contact lists, market research results, and patents.

highest order, increasing levels

From the definitions above, it may be said that knowledge is the _________________ manifestation of information and includes both data and information. The hierarchical relationships of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom are based on the ______________ of added value that each provides as we go from data to information to knowledge to wisdom.

facts, data, information, knowledge

However, there seems to be a kind of knowledge hierarchy in a continuum proceeding from data (______ and figures) to information (______ with context) to knowledge (________ with meaning) to wisdom or intelligence (___________ with insight).

information systems, Wen

However, today KM is being practices in a number of fields associated with _______________, business and management, library and information science (LIS), computer science, communications, etc. ____ (2005) traces its emergence first in business sector, then in higher education, and now in library management.

tangible, intangible, lost

Information is ____________ in nature and easily available to anyone who wants to seek it out, whereas knowledge is ___________ in nature and not accessible to everyone it resides in the minds of people. Data or information has a chance to be ______, as they are tangible in nature, whereas knowledge, in which exists only within one who knows cannot be lost suddenly.

enablers, explicit, tacit

KM is concerned with the management of information, knowledge, processes, systems, and _____________. Management of knowledge includes recorded (________) knowledge, personal (________) knowledge, and cultural knowledge. Management of processes includes capturing, storing, and sharing knowledge.

mid 1990s, Carl Wiig, International Labor Organization

KNOWLEDGE MGMT. KM has become increasingly important in recent years. The concept of KM emerged during the ___________ and received considerable attention from scholars and practitioners in several fields. The term "knowledge management" was first used by _________ in 1986 at a Swiss conference sponsored by the United Nations - ___________________.

action, decisions, informed decisions

Knowledge is valued over information because it is closer to __________, while information by itself does not make any ___________; it is the transfer of information into people's knowledge base that leads to decision making and thereby to action. Knowledge gives certainty to acts and also helps people to take _________________ (Parboteea et al., 2009).

awareness, learning, collaboration, innovation, insights, systematically

Knowledge management (KM) comprises a range of practices concerned with increasing ___________, fostering __________, speeding ___________ and ____________, and exchanging ____________. Knowledge management is used by organizations to enable individuals, teams, and entire organizations to collectively and ________________ create, share, and apply knowledge in order to achieve their objectives.

databases

Management of systems includes knowledge repositories or __________, e-learning tools, etc. Management of enablers (or KM enablers) includes organizational culture, technology, infrastructure, etc. Thus there are several different perspectives of KM.

extremely useful, valuable knowledge

Much of the tacit knowledge that people carry with them is __________________ but cannot be shared with others easily. This means that new employees might spend weeks, months, or even years learning things on their own that more experienced coworkers might have been able to convey to them. In some cases, these nuggets of ___________________ are lost forever when experienced employees retire, and others never learn them.

Myers, processed information, organization

ORG KNOWLEDGE According to ________(1996), "organizational knowledge is ________________ embedded in routines and processes that enable action. It is also knowledge captured by the organization's system, processes, products, rules and culture." Thus organizational knowledge, in an _______________, often becomes embedded not only in the minds of workers, documents or repositories, but also in routines, processes, practices and norms.

human centered, intellectual property, infrastructure, market

ORG KNOWLEDGE Organizational knowledge according to Brooking (1996) includes: (1) the collective sum of ____________ assets, (2)______________ assets, (3) ____________ assets, and (4) _________ assets.

Janiffer Rowley, individual, organizational

ORG KNOWLEDGE Scholars have classified knowledge into different categories. However, _________________ classified knowledge into two broad categories: _________ knowledge and _____________ knowledge. Individual knowledge resides in an individual mind, whereas organizational knowledge is formed through interactions between technologies, techniques, and people (Rowley, 2003).

Delphi Group, employer, paper, electronic

ORG KNOWLEDGE The _____________ Inc. (2000) identified four components of organizational knowledge: (1) ________'s brain, (2) ________ documentation, (3) _________ documentation, and (4) electronic knowledge, with the share of each type of knowledge in organization.

globalization, competition, intangible asset

ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE: Knowledge is one of the most important assets of an organization. In an age of ____________ and increased worldwide ____________-, many organizations are looking for new ways to gain competitive advantage. For this, organizations are trying to use a variety of organizational resources. Today, knowledge, as an _____________, has taken precedence over traditional organizational resources such as capital and labor.

personal experience, intangible, high performance

Tacit knowledge is the know-how that someone has developed as a result of ________________; it involves ___________ factors such as beliefs, perspective, and a value system. Examples include how to ride a bike, the decision-making process used by an experienced coach to make adjustments when her team is down at halftime of a big game, a physician's technique for diagnosing a rare illness and prescribing a course of treatment, and an engineer's approach to cutting costs for a project that is over budget. This knowledge cannot be documented easily; yet, tacit knowledge is key to __________________ and competitive advantage because it's difficult for others to copy.

factual information, reception of knowledge, knowing, proper

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Thesaurus (2008) includes the following definitions: data is __________ (measurement or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation; information is the communication or ________________ or intelligence; knowledge is the condition of ________ something gained through experience or the circumstances or condition of apprehending truth or fact through reasoning; and wisdom is knowledge of what is ________ or reasonable - good sense or judgement.

Cultural Perspective

This deals with defining and describing the foundations and frameworks for managing different types of organizational knowledge. BECKMAN 1999

Business perspectives

This focuses on why, where, and to what extent the organization must invest in or exploit knowledge. Strategies, products and services, alliances, acquisitions, or divestments should be considered from knowledge-related points or view. WILG, 1993

Management perspective

This is associated with something that has connotations of systematizing, providing structure, and contributing an overall sense of coherence to an organization to achieve the desired business strategies and objectives. WILG, 1993

hands-on perspective

This is concerned with applying expertise to conduct explicit knowledgerelated work and tasks. WILG, 1993

Process Perspective

This is concerned with the specific steps involved in generating, creating, or acquiring knowledge; codifying and organizing knowledge to facilitate easy access; making knowledge available to others through communication or publications; facilitating access to, and retrieval of, knowledge; and using and applying knowledge to solve problems, support decisions, improve performance, coach and analyze situations and processes to support business activities. BECKMAN 1999

Technological Perspective

This perspective of KM concerns the use of IT for implementing a KM program in the organization. It includes development of IT infrastructure, representation of knowledge objects within the system, creation of knowledge repositories and databases, combining these repositories into integrated performance support systems, and knowledge transformation (using techniques like data mining, data warehousing, etc.). Technologies such as relational database management systems, document management systems, and Internet, intranets, search engines, workflow tools, performance support systems, decision support systems, data mining, data warehousing, e-mail, video-conferencing, bulletin boards, news groups, and discussion boards can play a pivotal role in facilitating management of knowledge. BECKMAN 1999

knowledge, collected information, actionable context.

When information is combined with experience, context, interpretation, and reflection, it becomes _____________. Thus knowledge is the combinations of ___________________, personal experiences, insights, expertise, and logical reasoning in an ___________________.

joint problem solving

With __________________, the novice and the expert work side by side to solve a problem so that the expert's approach is slowly revealed to the observant novice. Thus a plumber trainee will work with a master plumber to learn the trade.

Fleming, unprocessed, description, archetype

________ (1996) explains the concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom, and concludes the following: Data comprises facts or observation, which are unorganized and _____________ and have no meaning or value unless they are converted into information by analysis (numbers, symbols, figures). Information relates to ____________, definition, or perspective (what, who, when, where). Knowledge comprises strategy, practice, method or approach (how). Wisdom embodies principle, insight, moral, or ____________ (why).

Globalization

_____________, the expansion of the services sector, and the emergence of new information technologies have caused many organizations to establish KM programs in their IT or human resource management departments. The goal is to improve the creation, retention, sharing, and reuse of knowledge.

Shadowing

_______________ involves a novice observing an expert executing her job to learn how she performs. This technique is often used in the medical field to help young interns learn from experienced physicians.

Tacit Knowledge

_______________ is the know-how that someone has developed as a result of personal experience; it involves intangible factors such as beliefs, perspective, and a value system. Examples include how to ride a bike, the decision-making process used by an experienced coach to make adjustments when her team is down at halftime of a big game, a physician's technique for diagnosing a rare illness and prescribing a course of treatment, and an engineer's approach to cutting costs for a project that is over budget. This knowledge cannot be documented easily; yet, tacit knowledge is key to high performance and competitive advantage because it's difficult for others to copy.

Explicit Knowledge

________________ is knowledge that is documented, stored, and codified—such as standard procedures, product formulas, customer contact lists, market research results, and patents.

Davis and Olson

__________________ (1985) define information as: Data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived values in the current or the prospective action or decision of recipient.