1-4

rock roll rap

Among the many musical forms identifiable as "pop" or products of popular culture, two stand out as formative in late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century music: _______ and _______ and ______.

art song

An ___ ____ is a setting of a poem for solo voice and piano

context (ch 3)

An architectural design must take into account its __________, or environment. In many cases, it is essential to the statement made by the design or shapes the design itself.

line (ch 3)

As in painting and sculpture, _______ is the basic building block of visual design

spaces (ch 3)

Design of this concept essentially means the design and flow of contiguous ___________ relative to function.

texture (ch 2)

Even when we cannot touch a work of sculpture, we can perceive and respond to ____________, which can be both physical and suggested

pop music

If we know the definitions of the form, we can understand more fully how the piece works and what it might mean. The remainder of this section on What Is It? contains descriptions of three broad forms, classical, jazz, and _______, and some of their subforms.

monophony polyphony homophony

In music, texture has three characteristics: ____________, ________________ and __________________

color (ch 2)

In some cases, the material itself may be chosen because of its _________; in others, the sculpture may be painted.

tones

In this form, important words use stressed _________________ or melodic climaxes.

line (ch 1)

In two-dimensional art, __________ is defined by its three physical characteristics: (1) a linear form in which length dominates over width, (2) a color edge, and (3) an implication of continued direction.

america

Jazz blended elements from diverse musical cultures, including West Africa, ___________________, and Europe.

pitch dynamics tone color duration

Music designs sound and silence. In the broadest sense, sound is anything that excites the auditory nerve: sirens, speech, crying babies, jet engines, falling trees, and so on. We might even call such sources noise. We distinguish music from other sounds by recognizing four basic properties: __________, __________, _________, and ___________.

simple (ch 4)

Normal musical practice groups clusters of beats into units called measures. When these groupings are regular and reasonably equal they comprise _____________ meters.

mass (ch 1)

Only three-dimensional objects have _________—that is, take up space and have density. However, two-dimensional objects give the illusion of it, relative only to the other objects in the picture.

structure (ch 3)

Post-and lintel, arch, cantilever, bearing wall, and skeleton frame are all types of _______________

repetition (ch 1)

Probably the essence of any design is _______________: how the basic elements in the picture repeat or alternate. In discussing it, you need to consider three terms: rhythm, harmony, and variation.

repetition (ch 2)

Rhythm, harmony, and variation constitute __________________ in sculpture, as they did in the pictorial arts.

space (ch 2)

Sculpture takes up three-dimensional __________, and its materials have density.

building materials (ch 3)

Stone, concrete, wood, and steel are types of __________________

solo concerto

The _______ ____________, an extended composition for an instrumental soloist and orchestra, reached its zenith during the classical period of the eighteenth century.

mass (ch 4)

The __________, a sacred choral composition, consists of five sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.

movements

The symphony came from the classical period of the eighteenth century and evokes a wide range of carefully structured emotions through contrasts of tempo and mood. The sequence of ______________________ usually begins with an active fast movement, changes to a lyrical slow movement, moves to a dancelike movement, and closes with a bold fast movement.

sonata

The word cantata originally meant a piece that was sung—in contrast to a ____________, which was played.

mass (ch 2)

Unlike a picture, a sculpture has literal _______

composition

We all have favorite forms of music. They might be tejano, reggae, rock, rhythm and blues, rap, gospel, or classical. Occasionally our favorite tune or musical form had a previous life: a rock tune that was once an operatic aria, or an ethnic style that combines styles from other ethnic traditions. Whatever the case, music comprises rhythms and melodies differing only in their method of _______________.

color (ch 1)

We can approach ___________ in many ways. We could begin with it as electromagnetic energy; we could discuss the psychology of it perception; and/or we could approach it in terms of how artists use it.

balance (ch 1)

When analyzing ______________, you must determine if the work is symmetrical or asymmetrical

line (ch 2)

When we discuss ____________ in sculpture, we do so in terms of its revelation in form.

focal (ch 1)

When we look at a picture for the first time, our eye moves around it, pausing briefly at those areas that seem of greatest visual appeal. These are _____________ areas.

form (ch 2)

When we talk about the element of ________, we refer to it as open or closed

unity (ch 1)

With a few exceptions, we can say that artists strive for a sense of self-contained completeness or __________ in their artworks.

balance (ch 3)

With architecture, we still use symmetrical and asymmetrical to describe its ____________.

climate (ch 3)

always has been a factor in architectural design in zones of severe temperature, either hot or cold

form (ch 1)

comprises the shape of an object within the composition, and shape often is used as a synonym for it

Rhythm

consists of three components: beat, meter, and tempo.

In Italian, the word opera means "open." In Florence, Italy, in the late sixteenth century, artists, writers, and architects eagerly revived the culture of ancient Greece and Rome.

false

Tempo is the highness and lowness of a singer's voice.

false

scale (ch 3)

in architecture refers to a building's size and the relationship of the building and its decorative elements to the human form

proportion (ch 2)

is the relative relationship of shapes to one another. Just as we have a seemingly innate sense of balance, so we have a feeling of this principle.

texture (ch 1)

ranges from the smoothness of a glossy photo to the three-dimensionality of impasto, a painting technique with pigment applied thickly with a palette knife to raise areas from the canvas

proportion (ch 3)

the relationship of individual elements to each other, also plays an important role in a building's visual effect. In addition, in many buildings it is mathematical.

All characters come to life through performers who combine singing and acting. Opera includes the basic voice ranges we noted earlier (soprano, alto, tenor, bass).

true

Beats represent basic units of time and form the background against which the composer places notes of various lengths

true

Every opera contains duets, trios, quartets, and other small ensemble pieces, as well as chorus sections in which everyone gets into the act. In addition, ballet or dance interludes are not uncommon. These may have nothing to do with the development of the plot, but add more life and interest to the dramatic production and, in some cases, provide a segue from one scene into another.

true

Melody is a succession of sounds with rhythmic and tonal organization. We can visualize melody as linear and essentially horizontal. Thus, any organization of musical tones occurring one after another constitutes a melody. Two other terms, tune and theme, relate to melody as parts to a whole.

true

Melody, rhythm, and tempo relate closely to the use of line in painting, and the term melodic contour could be seen as a musical analogue to this element of painting. When the tones of a melody undulate slowly and smoothly (conjunct), they trace a pattern having the same sensual effect as their linear visual counterpart—soft, comfortable, and placid.

true

The difference between listening to an orchestra and listening to a quartet is similar to the difference between viewing a museum painting of monumental scale and viewing the exquisite technique of a miniature.

true

The notations of dynamics that apply to an individual tone, such as p, mp, and f, also may apply to a section of music. Changes in dynamics may be abrupt, gradual, wide, or small. A series of symbols also governs this aspect of music.

true

Tone color, or timbre (TAM-buhr), signifies the characteristic of tone that allows us to distinguish a pitch played on a violin, for example, from the same pitch played on a piano. In addition to identifying characteristic differences among sound-producing sources, tone color characterizes differences in quality of tones produced by the same source.

true