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Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders. Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children. Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" True False

FAlse

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research. True False

False

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group. True False

False

Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns. True False

False

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes? Forensic psychologists Clinical psychologists Personality psychologists Experimental psychologists

Forensic psychologists

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables. non-varying constant independent variable correlation coefficient dependent variable

correlation coefficient

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work. industrial psychologist human factors psychologist forensic psychologist consumer psychologist

industrial psychologist

A hypothesis is a: frustrating state of existence. statement about something you are interested in. formal definition of an independent variable. statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

A sample consists of multiple populations. True False

False

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction. True False

False

_______ is the founder of Behaviorism. William James Sigmund Freud John B. Watson Wilhelm Wundt

John B. Watson

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud. True False

True

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. True False

True

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a __________. random sample static sample crowd sample stratified sample

stratified sample

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research? In the experimental method of research, participants in control groups obtain the treatment being tested. The experimental method fails to answer questions about cause and effect. In the experimental method of research, participants in experimental groups do not obtain the treatment being tested. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy. True False

True

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them. True False

True

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis? It was founded by B. F. Skinner. It believes that observable behavior can be changed only through reinforcement. It primarily breaks conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Which of the following is true of functionalism? It shows that learning is accomplished only through mechanical repetition. It breaks down experience into objective sensations and subjective feelings. It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations. It considers observable behavior to be a result of positive reinforcement and not negative reinforcement.

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition. True False

False

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive. True False

False

__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making. Behaviorism Humanism Structuralism Functionalism

Humanism

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined. True False

True

Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units True False

True