10-3. Meninges + Cranial Nerves - Skull

Vertebral Artery

1 of 2 arteries that branch off subclavian arteries, then course up vertebrae into brain Join to make Basilar Add foramen

In undissected cranial cavity what is the anatomical order of cranial nerves?

1-12 normal order Cranial nerve XII stems from the medulla oblongata of the brainstem and cranial nerve XI stems from the spinal cord, but cranial nerve XI exits the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen, which is superior to the hypoglossal canal.

Three Layers of Meninges cover CNS

1. Dura Mater: Outmost layer - follows contours of skull like heavy raincoat - Epidural Space: potential space b/w dura mater and skull - Subdural space: potential space b/w dura mater and arachnoid mater 2. Arachnoid Mater: General contours of brain like shawl - Inflated against the deep surface of the dura mater by CSF pressure - Does not enter the sulci of the cerebrum Subarachnoid Space: spider web-like filaments of arachnoid mater in some places filled with CSF - Houses superficial cerebral veins + arteries 3. Pia Mater: Follows contours of brain precisely, dipping into sulci and covering the gyri - Holds brains shape

Dural Venous Sinuses

1. Superior Saggital Sinus: along superior falx cerebli 1. Inferior Saggital Sinus 1. Straight Sinus Confluence of Sinuses: Superior meets straight 2. Transverse Sinus: All Above Drain into 3. Sigmoid Sinus: out of Jugular Foramen

Olfactory Tract vs. Bulb

Bulb: the first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose Tract: the path along which the olfactory receptors send their electrical messages to the brain.

CN X

CN 10: Vagus Function: Somatic motor, PNS, Taste, General Sensory Course/Features in Cranial: Posterior cranial fossa (roots are inferior to glossopharyngeal nerve roots, but not obviously distinct) Between Petrous Temporal Bone + Occipital Bone Pass Through: Jugular Foramen Extracranial: Carotid sheath, Mediastinum, Esophageal hiatus, abdominal cavity Ganglia: Superior + Inferior Sensory Ganglia Distributed microscopic PNS ganglia Branches: Pharyngeal, Superior + internal + external + recrrent laryngeal nn. Cardiac branches + pulmonary branches Abdominal Branches Destination Organ: Mucles in head and neck (including pharyngeal + layrngeal mm) Heart, lungs + abdominal viscera PNS Lesion: Compression of L recurrent laryngeal n by tumor in apex of left lung. Presentation:

CN XI

CN 11: Accessory Function: Somatic motor (contralateral head rotation and ipsilateral shoulder elevation Course/Features in Cranial: Vertebral column, foramen magnum, Posterior cranial fossa Between petrous temporal bone and occipital bone Pass Through: Jugular foramen Extracranial: deep to sternocleidomastoid muscle, posterior to triangle of neck, deep to trapezius muscle in back Branches: Muscular branches Destination Organ: Sternocleidomastoid + Trapezius m. PNS Lesion: Neck cancer surgery iatrogensis Presentation: Asymmetry of neck + shoulders

CN XII

CN 12: Hypoglossal Function: somatic motor (tongue movements esp protraction) Course/Features in Cranial: Posterior cranial fossa near foramen magnum (next nerve is the C1 spinal nerve) Occipital Bone Pass Through: Hypoglossal canal Extracranial: transverse course in superior part of neck Branches: Muscular branches (C2 fibers leave as superior limb of ansa cervicalis) Destination Organ: Genioglossus m. Presentation: Tongue deviations toward paralyzed side upon protrusion

CN 1

CN 1: Olfactory - Olfactory nerves too short to be seen in cranial cavity - Oflactory Tract Seen Function: Olfaction Ethmoid Bone Pass Through: Cribiform plant + Nasal Septum External: Medial + lateral nasal wall Principle Branches: Fila Olfactoria PNS Lesion: Facial trauma with ethmoid bone fx Presentation: Unilateral loss of olfactory sense

CN II

CN 2: Optic (optic Chiasm + Tract) Function: Vision Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Optic Canal External: accompanied by meningeal layers in optic canal Presentation: General Visual Acuity

CN III

CN 3: Oculomotor Function: Somatic Motor (eye movements, upper eyelid elevation) (PNS) Course/Features in Cranial: Cavernous sinus + Interpeduncular fossa? Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Super orbital Fissure Ganglia: Ciliary Ganglion (PNS) PNS Lesion: Cavernous Sinus thrombosis Presentation: Ptosis of upper eyelid, lateral strabismus, pupillary light reflex impaired

CN IV

CN 4: Trochlear Function: Somatic Motor of Eye (superior oblique of eye) Course/Features in Cranial: Tentorium cerebelli + Cavernous sinus Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Super orbital fissure PNS Lesion: Presentation: Unable to depress adducted eye

CN V - V1

CN 5 - V1: Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Function: General sensory Course/Features in Cranial: Middle cranial fossa + cavernous sinus Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Super orbital fissure Extra Cranial: Supraorbital foramen + Forhead Ganglia: Trigeminal sensory ganglion (general snesory) Branches: Supraorbital n. Destination Organ: Upper eyelid + forehead PNS Lesion: Neuritis Presentation: Pt refuses corneal blink reflex from fear of pain, optical blink intact

CN V

CN 5: Trigeminal - Overview Function: General Sensory + Somatic Motor Course/Features in Cranial: Tentorium cerebelli + Middle cranial fossa Temporal Bone (trunk of trigeminal nerve is superior to medial end of petrous ridge) Pass Through: entire nerve passes superior to superior surface of petrous part of temporal bone to reach middle cranial fossa Branches: V1 (Opthalamic), V2 (Maxillary), V3 (Mandibular) Destination Organ: Internal structures of head, face, mastication m. PNS Lesion: compression of nerve root by neighboring blood vessel is one cause of trigeminal neuralgia Presentation: Excruciating hyperalgesia in one of 3 parts of face

CN VI

CN 6: Abducens Function: Somatic Motor Course/Features in Cranial: Clivus of sphenoid bone + cavernous sinus Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Super Orbital Fissure PNS Lesion: Cavernous sinus thrombosis Presentation: Medial strabismus

Chorda Tympani

CN 7 Facial nerve little branch that exits the inferior surface of the temporal bone through its own little fissure. The chorda tympani conveys the sense of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

How does the facial nerve enter the cranium?

CN 7 enters at Internal auditory meatus. From there it breaks into various branches One branch can access the deep face and even the lacrimal gland; another can access the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

CN VII

CN 7: Facial Function: Somatic motor, PNS, Taste, General sensory (minimal) Course/Features in Cranial: Posterior cranial fossa Temporal Bone Pass Through: Internal Auditory Meatus Extracranial: Through parotid gland to reach subcutaneous tissue of face Ganglia: Geniculate Ganglion (general sensory) Pterygopalatine Ganglion (PNS) Submandibular Ganglion (PNS) Branches: Greater petrosal n, nerve to stapedius m., Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal, mandibular and cervical nerves. Destination Organ: Muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, tongue PNS Lesion: Compression from neuroma of acoustic nerve Skull Base fracture Inflammation at stylomastoid foramen causing bell palsy Presentation: Flaccid facial expression, blink reflex impaired

CN VIII

CN 8: Vestibulocochlear Function: Head position + movement, Audition Course/Features in Cranial: Posterior cranial fossa Temporal Bone Pass Through: Internal Auditory Meatus No Extra-cranial Course 2 Branches: 1. Cocchear n: Audition 2. Vestibular n: Head position/movement

CN IX

CN 9: Glossopharyngeal Function: Somatic motor, PNS, Taste, General sensory Course/Features in Cranial: Posterior cranial fossa (roots are superior to vagus nerve roots, but not obviously distinct from them) Temporal Bone Pass Through: Jugular Foramen Ganglia: Superior and Inferior Sensory Ganglia (general + special sensory) + Otic Ganglion (PNS) Branches: Pharyngeal and Glossal Destination Organ: Parotid Salivary gland, Stylopharyngeus m.

CNs Piercing the Dura Mater

CN III: in lateral wall of cavernous sinus CN V: leaves pons sitting on top of temporal bone before branching out and passing through sphenoid CN VI: goes right through cavernous sinus (long course with blood surrounding it between dura mater and bone - most vulnerable to injury in cavernous thrombosis) CN VII + VIII: evacuated from internal auditory meatus CN IX + X: not easy to distinguish if you don't see where they are going in jugular foramen (inferior more 10 - more than half, superior more 9) CN XI: long tail from spinal cord easy to recognize CN XII: More medial SN C1: Through foramen magnum out in spinal colum

CN V - V2

CN V - V2: Maxillary division of Trigeminal Function: general sensory Course/Features in Cranial: Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Foramen Rotundum External: Maxillary bone + Infraorbital foramen Ganglia: Trigeminal sensory ganglion Branches: Infraorbital nerve Destination Organ: Upper teeth, gingiva of upper teeth + Cheek PNS Lesion: Maxillary sinus infection, Facial Trauma Presentation: Hyperesthesia of upper teeth + skin of cheek + Hypoesthesia

CN V - V3

CN V-V3: Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Function: General Sensory + Somatic Motor Course/Features in Cranial: Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Foramen Ovale Extracranial: Deep to mandible, within mandible, Out Mental Foramen Ganglia: Trigeminal sensory ganglion Branches: Lingual n., Inferior alveolar n. + Auriculotemporal n. Destination Organ: Oral cavity, lower teeth, Face, muscles of mastication PNS Lesion: Dentistry Iatrogenesis. Common site for Herpes Simplex Infection Presentation: Hyperesthesia of lower teeth + skin of chin. Asymmetry of mastication mm.s

Name the CN that is markedly out of numerical sequence in skull and describe the discrepancy anatomically.

CN VI is out of order because it slips under the dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa but stays in the cranial cavity for a long course between dura mater and bone.

Sympathetic Innervation of the Head

Carotid Nerve: SNS innervation of head Function: dilation of pupil, blood supply to brain, deep face and face Course/Features in Cranial: Accompanying branches of internal carotid a. (and vertebral a.) Temporal and Sphenoid Bone Pass Through: Carotid Canal + Optic canal for opthalmic arterial plexus Ganglion: Superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk Branches: Periarterial plexuses of internal carotid artery including: opthalamic plexus, plexuses of cerebral arteries Destination Organ: Blood vessels of head including brain PNS Lesion: compression of symp trunk by tumor in apex of L lung CNS Lesion: Horner syndrome due to spinal cord lesion above T2 Presentation: Miosis of pupil, Hyperemia and anhydrosis of skin of face

Name the small but important dural venous sinus that is located in the middle cranial fossa. Which two important structures are located in the sinus, bathed in venous blood?

Cavernous Sinus Internal Coratid Artery + CN VI (abducens)

Venous Drainage of Brain, Cranium + Cranial Cavity

Cavernous Sinus: Lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone - Drains orbit, pituitary gland, deep face, some brain - blood from face can drain through orbit (infection on surface of face can travel) No valves, so blood can flow in multiple directions at the base of the skull

What are the anatomical contents of the subarachnoid space?

Cerebrospinal Fluid Arteries Veins Nerves and nerve branches

CN VIII - Cochlear

Cochlear n: Audition Ganglion: Cochlear ganglion (spiral ganglion of chochlea) Organ: Cochlea of inner ear PNS Lesion: Compression of cochlear n. by schwannoma of vestibular n. Presentation: Hypoacusisd

If anterior cranial fossa had its own study list what would it include?

Cribriform foramina, crista galli (of ethmoid bone) Olfactory Nerve The filaments of the olfactory nerve convey signals for the sense of smell (olfaction) upward from the nasal cavity through the cribriform foramina to reach the cranial cavity in the anterior cranial fossa. Dura mater, Falx cerebri: At its anterior end, the dura mater of falx cerebri anchors to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone and to the frontal bone.

Pass through skull foramina the antomical order of CNs is?

I, II, III- V1- VI- IV, V2, V3, VII, VIII, IX- X- XI, XII 1. Cribriform foramina 2. optic canal 3, V1, 6, 4: superior orbital fissure V2. foramen rotundum V3. foramen ovale 7 + 8. Internal auditory meatus 9, 10, 11: jugular foramen 12: hypoglossal canal.

Anterior clinoid process and the confluence of sinuses define a plane. Approximately how far superior to that plane is the most superior point of the tentorial notch?

In the adult skull, the most superior part of the tentorium cerebelli is several centimeters above the plane of the anterior clinoid processes and the confluence of sinuses.

Trace a drop of venous blood from the anterior end of the inferior sagittal sinus to the jugular foramen.

Inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, confluence of sinuses, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, jugular foramen.

Cavernous Sinus

Inside cranial cavity on lateral walls of the body of the sphenoid bone. Connections through thalamic veins to Orbit - Face blood can also drain here Pterygoid plexus of veins: deep in face under skull (lateral plate of pterygoid process) - very close to foramen ovale here

Into which vessel does venous drainage flow on the inferior side of the jugular foramen

Internal Jugular Vein

How does glosspharyngeal n. leave cranial cavity?

Jugluar Foramen prepares it to work deep in the neck, but not for its parasympathetic function. Instead, the preganglionic fibers use a tiny nerve to enter the temporal bone and eventually gain access to the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone. From there, it is a short trip to the parotid salivary gland.

How does the vagus n. leave the cranial cavity?

Jugular Foramen From there, it is well positioned to serve the cervical viscera (including some parasympathetic function) and to run down the neck and enter the trunk for its parasympathetic and sensory service in the thorax and abdomen.

Is more blood supplied to bones or dura mater?

Know that most of these arteries give more blood to the bone than they give to the dura mater. The skull has red marrow that actively produces red blood cells, and it has a higher metabolic demand than the dense connective tissue of dura mater.

Cranial Nerves and Cavernous Sinus

Looking posteriorly at R+L sides of sphenoid bone Cavernous sinuses on sides of body of sphenoid bone (medial parts of temporal lobe shown) CN 3, 4, V1 (sometimes V2), 6 shown - Carotid artery is also here w/ nerve plexus surrounding The abducens nerve is surrounded by venous blood, and so it is vulnerable if that blood carries infectious matter - Right out fully in the middle of the sinus surrounded by venous blood **Optic Nerve not in cavernous sinus

Do the dural folds completely separate any of the cranial fossae from the other cranial fossae?

No

Given that the dural folds have to remain relatively tight to stabilize the shape of the cranium, do you expect the dimensions of the dural venous sinuses to be readily altered as part of the body's system for distributing blood volume?

No, not as much as real veins the walls of veins contain smooth muscle cells that regulate the cross-sectional area (and thereby, the volume) of the vein So, just for the lack of smooth muscle in the wall, you get a whole new name to learn, "dural venous sinus."

Do the dural folds completely separate the sides of the cranial cavity?

No, the corpus callosum and other structures pass inferior to the falx cerebri.

Cranial Nerves that stimulate striated muscle

Oculomotor Nerve (3): 7 of 8 muscles in the orbit - also has PNS componenet Abducens (6): innervates the other muscle of eye (abducts - lateral rectus) Trochlear Nerve (4): - 2 spools wraps around midbrain like a thread on a spool and the tendon of its muscle int he orbit - Superior oblique m.

Ciliary Ganglion

Oculomotor Nerve (CN 3) PNS Synapse

List the four nerves that are in the wall of the cavernous sinus

Oculumotor n. (CN III) Trochlear n. (CN IV) Opthalmic division of trigeminal sometimes maxillary division of trigeminal Less vulnerable to infection if an infectious thrombus settles in the sinus because not fully bathed in sinus blood

The superficial cerebral veins and branches of cerebral arteries can have rather long courses on the surface of the brain, superficial to the pia mater. On the path to the heart, do the veins have to go through the subarachnoid space? Through the arachnoid mater? Through the subdural potential space? Through the dura mater? Which layer of dura mater must be pierced? (Or is it both?) Must the veins pierce the epidural potential space?

On the path to the heart, do the veins have to go through the subarachnoid space? Yes Through the arachnoid mater? Yes Through the subdural potential space? Yes Through the dura mater? Yes Which layer of dura mater must be pierced? Meningeal Layer Only Must the veins pierce the epidural potential space? No, not necessarily

3 Layers of Meninges

Parietal Bone + Sagittal Suture - in cranial cavity, dura mater is fused to the skull bone Dura Mater: mostly fused together but there are spaces where true dural layer breaks away from periosteal layer layer creating folds - Falx Cerebri: invagination of dura mater into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres - Superior Sagittal Sinus (Triangle): Allows venous blood to enter and channel away Arachnoid mater, pia mater and cerebrum

Internal Carotid Artery

Path through skull (add foramen_)

Opthalmic artery

Path through skull (foramen)

Please name them two layers of dura mater in the skull. Which one is tightly applied to the bones of the cranial cavity? And which one is adjacent to the arachnoid mater?

Periosteal Layer: tightly applied to the bones of cranial cavity Meningeal Layer: adjacent to arachnoid mater - one that separates away from the skull to form dural folds and dural venous sinuses.

Diaphragma Sellae

Smallest of the dural septa Forms a "roof" over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. A small opening within it allows for the passage of a thin stalk, called the infundibulum, that attaches the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus.

Where is tentorium cerebelli?

Space between occipital Lobe and cerebellum shown - this is where tentorium cerebelli is located

That geometry determines the shape of the superior surface of the cerebellum, and it determines the angulation of one of the major dural venous sinuses as it projects toward the center of the cranial cavity. Name that dural venous sinus.

Straight Sinus

The great cerebral vein comes out of the brain to join this stream at the top of the tentorial notch; into which dural venous sinus does it drain?

Straight Sinus

State the name of the potential space that can open up between the arachnoid mater and dura mater because the two surfaces are not adherent to each other.

Subdural Potential Space

CN V1

Super orbital fissure

How does the oculomotor n. (CN III) leave the cranial cavity?

Superior orbital fissure. Prepares it to work in the orbit, actually inside of the eye

Trace the flow of a drop of venous blood from the anterior end of the superior sagittal sinus to the jugular foramen. What structures does it pass through? What bones does it pass

Superior sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, jugular foramen Ethmoid Bone, Frontal Bone, Parietal, Occipital, temporal bone

You could generate several questions for the relationships to skull bones. Here is one. Which dural venous sinus is deep to the sagittal suture?

Superior sagittal sinus.

Falx Cerebri + Tentorium Cerebelli

Tentorium Cerebelli: separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum Tentorial Notch: between left and right sides allowing midbrain to connect thalamus (above) to pons (below) Shaped like a tent (has a peak) and angles down to occipital bone

Tentorium Cerebelli

Tentorium Cerebelli: tent over the posterior cranial fossa - Shape of Cerebellum. High peak where great cerebral vein comes in. A is much inferior to point B - A is right on top of transverse sinus travels to sigmoid sinus

Which dural fold or folds are symmetrical from right to left?

Tentorium cerebelli.

Superior + Inferior Vagal Ganglia

Vagus (X) General + Special sensory No Synapse The superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, (jugular ganglion) is a sensory ganglion of the peripheral nervous system. It is located within the jugular foramen, where the vagus nerve exits the skull

Vagus Nerve Distribution

Vagus Nerve: Everything nerve (General + special sensory, striated m. + PNS) 1. General Sensory: External Ear, Larynx, Esophagus, Constrictor mm. 2. Special Sensory: Tongue, Carotid body, Viscera 3. Somatic Motor: Constrictor m., Palatal m., Circothyroid, Larynx, Esophagus 4. PNS: Thoracic + abdominal viscera

Inferior Petrosal Sinus

carries blood from the cavernous sinus to the internal jugular vein

Superior Petrosal Sinus

drains cavernous sinus into transverse sinus Travels posterolaterally to drain into the sigmoid sinus at the continuation of the transverse sinus. It runs along the superior aspect of the petrous temporal bone.

Optic Tract

leads from optic chiasma to terminate in lateral geniculate body

Scalp

p 440

Intracranial Hemorrhage

p 441

Cranial Nerve Lesions

p 445

Optic Chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

Cranial Nerves - Anterior wall of posterior cranial fossa 3 Nerves look very similar

1. Trigeminal: rests atop the medial end of the temporal bone and it is covered with dura mater, so the trigeminal n. looks like it goes into a hole in bone there. - The trunk of the trigeminal nerve is superior to the medial end of the petrous ridge - The whole trigeminal n. sits on the temporal bone before it branches 2. Facial Nerve + Vestibulocochlear: enter the internal auditory meatus together; they are not much smaller than the trigeminal n (do not mistake them). Which nerve is between the two sets? CN VI (Abducens) 3. Glossopharyngeal, Vagus + Accessory: enter jugular foramen look about the same as the other 2 collections of nerves - good to see the accessory nerve connecting the foramen magnum and jugular foramen as a way of verifying all three sets of nerves 4. Hypoglossal n and 1st spinal n.: If I cannot locate the foramen magnum exactly, I try counting down from the jugular foramen.

Basilar Artery

Add foramen

What does the Tentorium Cerebelli separate?

Anterior Clinoid Process: Sphenoid bone feature that anchors the free border of the tentorium cerebelli anteriorly Tentorial Notch: open interval that surrounds the midbrain and allows connection between the pons and higher parts of the brain. - Separates Cerebrum + thalamus from pons and cerebellum

What bilateral feature of the sphenoid bone forms the most anterior attachments of the tentorium cerebelli?

Anterior clinoid process

What structures are on the external surface of the brain? Do Cranial nerves have to cross the subarachnoid space to access their skull foramina?

Arteries + Veins Yes, CNs have to cross subarachnoid space to access skull foramina

Dural Venous Sinuses + Veins Do both carry venous blood? Does either carry any other fluid? Is the blood in a dural venous sinus oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Both carry Venous Blood Only All blood is deoxygenated blood vessels are lined with a single layer of cells called endothelium that prevents blood cell adhesion and clot formation

Falx Cerebri

FALX Cerebri: separates right and left cerebral hemispheres - Corpus colosum sits under bottom edge of Falx Cerebri Superior Sagittal Sinus: At superior side of falx cerebri Straight sinus: inferior side of falx cerebri on posterior end (FALX = sickle)

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

Facial N. (CN 7) PNS Synapse postganglionic fibers synapse on nasal mucosa, pharynx, palate, and lacrimal glands

Geniculate Ganglion

Facial Nerve (7) General and Special Sensory No synapse Site of cell bodies for nerve that carries taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Submandibular Ganglion

Facial Neve (CN 7) PNS Synapse submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Which dural folds are unpaired and are arranged in the midsagittal plane?

Falx Cerebri + Falx cerebelli

CN V3

Foramen Ovale

CN V2

Foramen Rotundum

Middle meningeal artery

Foramen spinosum: sphenoid greater wing bone (bottom lateral) Supplies the dura mater.

GSA, GVA, SVA, SSA, GSE, GVE, SVE

GSA (General Somatic Afferent) - general sensory from body wall and head tissues * GVA (General Visceral Afferent) - general sensory from visceral organs in the trunk and head * SVA (Special Visceral Afferent) - special sensory from gut and some organs in head and neck ** SSA (Special Somatic Afferent) - special sensory from some organs in head and neck ** GSE (General Somatic Efferent) - motor to striated muscle *** GVE (General Visceral Efferent) - sympathetic and parasympathetic to smooth muscle and glands SVE (Special Visceral Efferent) - motor to some striated muscles in the neck and head ***

Distribution of Glosspharyngeal nerve

Glossopharyngeal (11): Everything nerves (General, special sensory, striated + PNS) 1. General Sensory: Pharynx + posterior 1/3 of tongue + Middle ear (general not special sensory for ear) 2. Special Sensory: Carotid body/sinus + Posterior 1/3 of tongue 2. Somatic Motor: Sylopharyngeus m. (striated muscle) 3. PNS: Otic Ganglion - Parotid Gland

What are the three everything nerves?

Glossopharyngeal (9) Vagus (10)

Superior + Inferior Glossopharyngeal Ganglia

Glossopharyngeal N. (9) General + Special sensory No Synapse The superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve is a sensory ganglion of the peripheral nervous system. It is located within the jugular foramen where the glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull

Otic Ganglion

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN 9) PNS Synapse parotid salivary gland

On the surface of the brain and spinal cord what is the order from anterior to posterior of CNs

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XI.

Path of Venous Blood

The confluence of sinuses is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus - Inferior sagittal sinus drains into straight sinus Then drain into the transverse sinus onto the sigmoid sinus and onto the jugular foramen

Dural Folds

The dural folds are sheets of dura mater that are not pressed against the inner surface of the skull. They protrude into the cranial cavity.

Trigeminal Sensory Ganglion

Trigeminal n. (CN V) General Sensory No Synapse

Vagus and consciousness

The vagus nerve conveys much chemosensory information from the viscera that does not reach consciousness.

CN VIII - Vestibular

Vestibular n: Head position/movement Ganglion: Vestibular Ganglion Organ: Vestibular apparatus of inner ear PNS Lesion: Schwannoma of vestibular n. Presentation: Hypoacusisd

Cochlear Ganglion

Vestibulocochlear (CN 8) Special Sensory No Synapse Hair cells have no axons of their own, but each hair cell is associated w/ axon terminals of sensory neurons, the cell bodies of which are located w/in the cochlear ganglion.

Vestibular Ganglion

Vestibulocochlear (CN 8) Special Sensory No Synapse location of neuronal cell bodies that transmit equilibrium information along the eighth cranial nerve