10 - Psychology Mid-Term (Chapter 6)

21) The findings of Wolfgang Kohler oppose the statements of behaviorists, because... A) animals are going beyond simple reward/ punishment behaviors. B) the rats behaviors were influenced by their environment. C) the rats were demonstrating reflexive responses. D) the rats received food as a reinforcer. E) All of the above are correct

A) animals are going beyond simple reward/ punishment behaviors. Wolfgang Kohler: Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

19) Using the Premack principle, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should A) do something you enjoy. B) study for a different test. C) not study for at least two hours. D) teach the biology material to a friend or classmate. E) work on your biology homework assignment.

A) do something you enjoy. Premack Principle: A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

12) The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that a response. A) follows and strengthens B) precedes and causes C) strengthens or weakens D) weakens or eliminates E) causes or eliminates

A) follows and strengthens Reinforcer: A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

1) A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out, his owner is thrilled and thinks her dog is brilliant. The dog however has not yet proven learning because A) he must demonstrate that he has associated the chain with going out through prior experience. B) he may have accidentally bumped the chain. C) he must repeat the behavior. D) the change must be lasting. E) All of the above

A) he must demonstrate that he has associated the chain with going out through prior experience.

20) Punishment must be administered____in order to be effective. A) immediately and consistently B) by providing pleasant stimuli C) intermittently D) after a cooling-off period E) on a schedule of partial reinforcement

A) immediately and consistently

18) The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that: A) it prevents the extinction of the desired response. B) the person will be rewarded often. C) it is very predictable. D) it is easy to extinguish. E) the individual is usually content.

A) it prevents the extinction of the desired response.

13) When your alarm clock rings loudly until you turn it off, it is acting as a A) negative reinforcement. B) positive punishment. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative punishment E) unconditioned stimulus

A) negative reinforcement. Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

17) The key difference between a ratio and a interval schedule of reinforcement is whether A) reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses. B) a person can control the consequences of the reinforcement. C) reinforcement occurs often or rarely. D) the behaviors will increase or decrease in frequency. E) Reinforcers are given or removed.

A) reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses.

22) You see your brother come home after curfew and get grounded by your parents, in the future you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by A) social learning. B) vicarious trial-and-error. C) insight learning. D) classical conditioning. E) operant conditioning.

A) social learning. Social Learning: The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

11) Much of B.F Skinner's early work was inspired by the "Law of Effect" which was created by: A) Ivan Pavlov. B) Edward Thorndike. C) John Watson. D) Mary Cover Jones. E) Albert Bandura.

B) Edward Thorndike 1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

7) ______ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR (conditioned response) no longer occurs in the presence of the CS (conditioned stimulus) due to the absence of the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) A) Generalization B) Extinction C) Inhibition D) Discrimination E) Spontaneous recovery

B) Extinction Extinction: A procedure in which the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. Also may be used to describe the "process" by which a previously learned behavior disappears as a result of non-reinforcement.

4) A(n)____refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. A) conditioned stimulus B) unconditioned response C) conditioned response D) neutral response E) reflex

B) Unconditioned response Unconditioned Response: In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

14) The best strategy to teach an organism a new response is to use: A) extinction. B) continuous reinforcement. C) intermittent reinforcement. D) secondary reinforcement. E) negative reinforcement.

B) continuous reinforcement. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

10) Merideth is a expert of wine. In a fine restaurant she orders a glass of Santa Margarita pinot grigio, when the wine comes out she tastes it and claims that she received Mezzacorona pinot grigio instead. Merideth is demonstrating A) an unconditioned response. B) stimulus generalization. C) extinction. D) spontaneous recovery. E) stimulus discrimination.

B) stimulus generalization. Stimulus Generaliztin: Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

2) The two main types of behavioral learning are A) insight learning and operant conditioning. B) reflexive responses and shaping. C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning. D) social learning and observational learning. E) reinforcement and insight learning.

C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning: Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning Operant Conditioning: A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

9) In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of A) thoughts. B) goals. C) consequences. D) motives. E) reflexes.

C) consequences. Operant Conditioned: A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

16) I want my dog Fuzzy to fetch the paper for me in the morning. When first teaching Fuzzy how to fetch the paper I should reward her. After she has learned the behavior, I should change to a ____ of reinforcement, if I want her to continue to fetch the paper. A) fixed ratio; fixed-interval B) variable-ratio; variable interval C) continuous; variable-ratio D) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio E) continuous; fixed ratio

C) continuous; variable-ratio Variable Reinforcement: Reinforcement schedule in which varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is given.

15) Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement A) has predictability and physicality. B) has popularity and generosity. C) has frequency and generalizability. D) produces resistance to extinction. E) has discriminability and consistency.

D) produces resistance to extinction. Intermittent Reinforcement: An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

8) One of Pavlov's dogs had stopped salivating at the sound of the tone. The next day the tone was presented again and the dog began salivating. Pavlov referred to this as A) spontaneous extinction. B) shaping. C) stimulus generalization. D) spontaneous recovery. E) higher-order conditioning.

D) spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous Recovery: Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period

3) In Pavlov's original experiment, the key that the dogs had learned something was that A) they salivated to the food. B) they blinked when they were fed. C) they did not salivate to the food. D) they salivated to the footsteps of those that would feed them. E) None of the above are correct

D) they salivated to the footsteps of those that would feed them.

5) For Pavlov, a tone is to food as... A) an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is to an unconditioned response (UCR). B) a conditioned response (CR) is to an operant stimulus (OS). C) an orienting response (OR) is to a conditioned stimulus (CS). D) a neutral stimulus (NS) is to an conditioned response (CR). E) a conditioned stimulus (CS) is to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

E) a conditioned stimulus (CS) is to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Conditioned Stimulus: In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. Unconditioned Stimulus: In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

23) Toleman found that the rats he ran through mazes had created____to help them find where the food was placed. A) insight learning B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) observational learning E) cognitive maps

E) cognitive maps Toleman: worked with rats in maze. Latent Learning. suggested animals form a cognitive map of the physical layout of the maze Cognitive Maps: A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

6) You are trying to eat fewer sweets, your friends taunt you with their candy and even though you are not eating any candy, when you see them eat your favorite treat "lemonheads" you find yourself salivating. Your reaction could be !a belled a A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) neutral stimulus. D) conditioned response. E) unconditioned response.

E) unconditioned response. Unconditioned Stimulus: In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.