10.3- where is agriculture distributed

What are the downsides to the Von Thunen Model?

- model assumed all surrounding land-uniform - didn't consider social customs and gov policies influence attractiveness of plants and animals for commercial farmers

WHy is closeness to market important for first ring out of city in VOn THunen?

- must reach market quickly because perishable!!!

Where's the main regions of plantains? (Developing)

Tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America, SSafri, south and east Asia

Where's the main region of shifting cultivation? ; developing

Tropical regions of Latin America, SSafri, and SE Asia

Which countries contribute to 1/4 of the world's wheat exports?

US and Canada

What percent of US labor force is involved in food production and services related to agribusiness?

10% US labor work force

What has been the pattern of wheat growth in developing countries?

1960-1/4 of worlds wheat 2022-1/2 of worlds wheat

In 1980 developed countries were responsible for what fraction of meat production compared to 2021?

1980-2/3 2021-1/3 - developing countries increasingly responsible

When did China pass US as leading meat producer and how much does it produce now?

1990; produces twice as much then US

What fraction of the world live in developing countries?

3/4

What has been the pattern of dairy farming in terms of production and consumption?

B4- mainly p&cby developed now- share of worlds dairy farming in developing has dramatically risen

What is the world's leading producer of wheat?

China is number 1 since 1983 India=2nd since 1999

According to the Von Thunen Model, what describes the second ring out from the city?

Forest - use is contained wood lots, timber are cut for construction and fuel

What's is the most important grain grown?

Wheat

Give examples of grains

Wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, and millet

What are some features of dairy farming that have intensified difficulties?

Labor intensity[cows must be milked2x/day] requires constant attention year out winter feed: farmers face expense of feeding cows in winter when cows can't feed on grass

Where's the main region of Mediterranean agriculture in developed countries?

Lands surrounding Mediterranean Sea, western US, southern tip of Africa, and South Pacific

Most aspects of agribusiness are controlled by who?

Large cooperations

According to the Von Thunen Model, what describes the first ring out from the city?

Market Gardening and Dairying - products cost a lot of money to deliver

Within North America where is grain production concentrated?

Winter wheat belt- Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma Spring Wheat Belt: Dakotas, Montana, and South Saskatchewan in Canada

most of milk in where is processed compared to only 5% in Pennsylvania

Wisconsin - due to proximity of NE farmers to several large markets

Describe climate of commercial gardening agriculture

[aka market gardening/fruitfarming] - region has long growing season and humid climate

WHy must families produce enough food for survival from ver small area of land in East and S Asia?

agricultural density is veryhigh

Describe the bid-rent curve

amount that farmers are willing to pay for land declines with increasing distance from market

Ranching is adapted to where?

arid land and practiced in develpd countries where vegetation is too sparse and soil too poor to support crops

Where's the main developed region of agriculture for mixed crop and livestock?

Midwest US and Central Europe

Which farmers get most of income from livestock?

Mixed crop and livestock, dairy, and ranching

Why is wheat sold at higher prices than other grain?

Mores uses as food (ie: for bread)

Compare how farmers supplement food for cows in winter time for farmers in NW Europe and NE US compared to farmers in the West US

NWEuro&NE US- buy hay W US- crops more likely grown during summer and stored

in US east most of milk is sold to consumers where?

NY, philly, Boston, and other large urban areas

Where the dairy region in developed Countries?

Near population clusters in northeast US, southeast Canada and northwest Europe

Where is the worlds largest per person producer of dairy products?

New zealand - devotes around 5% to liquid milk VS UK devotes more than 50%

farmers who live far from cities are more likely to produce what dairy products?

butter,cheese, or condensed milk since they keep fresh longer-->better transport

In US west milk is processed into what?

cheese, and butter,

Where's the main region for grain in developed countries?

North central US, south central Canada, and Eastern Europe

What's is monocropping?

Practice of growing same single crop year after year

Define agribusiness

Principal system of farming found in developed countries - farming integrated with large food production industry

Truck farming is the same as?

commercial agriculture

Which type of agriculture is the predominant type of agriculture in east coast of US?

commercial agriculture

What does the Von Thunen Model state?

commercial farmers consider which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location - compare the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market

Define ranching

commercial grazing of livestock over on extensive area

Is ranching in developed or developing countries?

conducted in US and other developed countries

In mediterranean agriculture are crops grown for animal feed or consumption?

consumption

In US which crop is most planted in mc&l farming? why?

corn, because it generates higher yields/area VS>others

Why does new zealand not sell much liquid milk?

country is far from North America and NW europe

Land in the US has been converted from ranching to what?

crop growing - due-> spread of irrigation and hardier crops

Compare amount of land devoted to crops/livestock vs how much money mc&l farms get from each?

crops-all land, 1/4 of profit livestock-minimal land, 3/4 profit ie: beef, milk, and eggs

Which farming is the most important agriculture practiced near large urban areas in vlpd ctrz?

dairy farming

WHich is the second most important crop in mc&l farming?

Soybeans - mainly made for animal feed - tofu=maj food source esp china and japan - soybean oil=widely used in US

What is a from of truck farming that has spread to New England and others

Specialty farming: - farmers profitably grow crops that have limited but increasing demand among affluent(rich)customers [ie: asparagus, peppers, mushroomes, strawberries, and nurseryplants]

The distance from someone's farm to the market influences what?

farmer's choice of what crops they can grow

Define mixed crop and livestock farming

feature of integration of crops and livestock

In mixed crop and livestock farming most crops are fed to who?

fed to animals than humans

Who proposed the model that helps explain the importance of proximity to market in choice of crops on commercial farms and what is it called?

The Von Thunen Model: by Johann Heinrich von Thunen

What is intensive susbsistence agriculture?

form of subsistence agriculture that feeds majority ppl in developing countries

Define horticulture

growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers - tree crops form commercial base of Mediterranean farming

WHy is closeness to market important for second ring out of city in VOn THunen?

important because of weight

What is the current pattern of ranching in developing countries?

increasing

What is the most common reason why dairy farmers quit?

lack of profit and excessive workload

WHy did ranching grow in Argentina?

land devoted to ranching is accesible to ocean which makes it accesible to be transoirted to overseas markets

Describe the geography of areas that practice mediterranean agriculture

land=very hilly, mountains frequently plunge to sea, leaves v narrow strips of flat land along coast

What do the livestock give in return for eating the crops in mc&l farming?

livestock supply manure to improve soil fertility to grow more crops

Being able to provide food for other countries outside your own is a major source of what?

major source of political and economic strength for countries like US and Canada

What do truck farmers mainly grow?

many of fruits and veggies consumers in developed countries demand ie: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes

What and where is the corn belt?

most important mc&l farming region in US - Ohio to Dakotas, with center in Iowa

What are the two most important crops of Mediterranean agriculture?

olives and grapes

Where does Mediterranean agriculture primarily exist?

on lands that border the Mediterranean sea in south europe, north africa, and west asia - and farmers in Cali, central CHile, SW of S Africa, and SW australi

WHich regions of south america are devoted to ranching?

pampas of Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay

Most corn produce is fed to who ?

pigs and cattle

When is the plant and harvest of the winter wheat belt?

plant: autumn harvest: early summer

When is the plant and harvest of the spring wheat belt?

planting: spring harvest: late summer

Describe how intensive susbsistence agriculture practices were formed?

practices refined over thousands of years in response to local enviroment and cultural patterns

Which generates lower income per area; ranching or crop growing?

ranching

Which has lower operating costs; ranching or crop growing?

ranching

Define what a milk shed is?

ring surrounding a city where milk can be supplied without spoiling

What is similar between dairy and commercial farmers in terms of who they sell their products to?

sell to wholesalers who distribute products to retailers

WHo are most of fruits and veggies in truck farming sold to?

some sold-->fresh to consumers but most sold to large processors for canning/freezing

Define whata dairy farm is

specializes in production of milk and dairy products

Describe how crop and livestock farming reduces seasonal variations in money?

- get money from crops during harvest season -BUT livestock gives money WHOLE year

What is the world's leading export crop?

wheat

Where is intensive susbsistence agriculturemost practiced?

East, south, and SE asia

According to the Von Thunen Model, what describes thě 3rd ring out from the city?

Extensive field crops, grain -various crops and for pasture, specific commodity is rotated from oneyear to another

T/F: in agribusiness products are sold directly to consumers

False, sold to food processing companies

COmpare the expense of transport costs farmers far away vs close to market choose?

Far away farmers choose low transport crops but close farmers choose high transport crops

Which farmers get most of income from sale of crops?

Farmers of grain, mediterranean, commercial gardening, and fruit

What is common in all areas that practice mediterranean agriculture?

- all share a similar physical environment - every area borders a sea - prevailing sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter temperatures - summers= hot and dry with some sea breezes

What is a benefit to mixed crop and livestock farming?

- allowed to distribute workload more evenly throughout the year ie: fields require less attention in winter BUT livestock requires year attention

If a farm has a small percentage of output devoted to fresh milk that means they must be where in relation to the city?

-farther away from city

Farmers are what percent of the US labor force?

1%

Which country is the leading producer of meat?

1)China 2)US 3)Brazil

Who identified two main agriculture regions and where agricultures nonexistent?

Derwent whittlesey 6 in developed 5 in developing

Where's the main region of pastoral nomadism? ; developing

Dry lands of southwest Asia and North Africa, central and east asia

Where's the main region of livestock ranching in developed regions?

Dry lands of western North America, SE Latin America, Central Asia, ssAfrica and South Pacific

What are the benefits of transporting wheat?

Easily stored, doesnt expire, high value per unit wheat

Where's the main region of intensive subsistence wet rice dominant?: developing

East Asia and South Asia

Where's the main region of intensive subsistence wet rice NOt dominant? Developing

East and South Asia where growing rice is DIFFICULT

Where's the main region of commercial gardening for developed countries?

East coast of the US and southeast of Australia

According to the Von Thunen Model, what describes the 4th ring out from the city?

Ranching and livestock - exclusively devoted to animal grazing - requires a lotof space

Where are commercial grain farms usually located?

Regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock

Why would New England farmers take interest in specialty farming?

SF represents profitable alternative when dairy farming is declining because of high cost and low milk prices