1/2 Psych test 2 sets

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What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A.Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B.Fear is a conditioned response. C.Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D.One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A. afterimage B. preimage C. fovea D. monocular

A. afterimage

Observational learning

Adds social and cognitive influences

Very brief memories of all the sights, sounds, and smells around you are stored in your _______ memory. A. sensory B. short-term C. long-term D. working

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

In Social Learning Theory, who identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian

Albert Bandura

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Who said "The intensity and chronicity of human stress is governed largely by perceived control over the demands of one's life"

Albert Bandura

Who developed social cognitive theory

Albert bandura

If parents are to lenient in the _____ stage the child might become mess, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts

Anal

Maria is black and is attending a college with a predominantly white population. Maria is attempting to cope by talking to her parents about her heritage and joining the Black Student Union on campus. This exemplifies the ______ strategy for coping with racism

racial identity

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior after seeing a television character ______________ for taking violent action against another character.

receive a reward

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called______

reciprictory

What is an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

reflex

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

According to Maslow, the highest need is

self-actualization

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job: therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________

self-serving bias

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. he remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ______ encoding

sematic

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

set point

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. -animals process memories the same way as people -short-term memory itself has different forms -people process happy memories better than sad memories -people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color

short-term memory itself has different forms

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain. A. left; left B. left; right C. right; left D. right; right

B. left; right

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. A. intermediate wavelengths B. longer wavelengths C. shorter wavelengths D. wavelengths of indeterminate length

B. longer wavelengths

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________ can affect perception. A. attention B. motivation C. peripherals D. sensation

B. motivation

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. legal blindness B. night blindness C. night impairment D. night vision

B. night blindness

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. preconception D. thermoception

B. nociception

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; reception B. perception; sensation C. preception; postception D. sensation; perception

B. perception; sensation

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? A. gustation B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. thermoception

B. proprioception

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

B. stimulus discrimination

A dog is conditioned to associate a bell with food. Which of the following responses by the dog illustrates stimulus discrimination? A. The dog drools when he hears either a bell or a whistle B. the dog drools when he hears a bell but not when he hears a whistle C. the dog drools only when food is paired with a bell D. the dog drools whenever a bell rings

B. the dog drools when he hears a bell but not when he hears a whistle

Who is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated?

B.F. Skinner

Because we have developed certain response tendencies,_______ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns

B.F. skinner

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? -Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. -Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. -Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. -Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

what is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism

the process what highly subjective

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout?

wanting to quit

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day to day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could_____ if used rigidly and compulsively

Become neurotic strategies

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is a motivated consequence we receive for the behavior: reinforcement and punishment

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor? -Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective. -Jensen decides the risk of being caught shoplifting is very low, and the risk of being caught during an armed robbery is very high. -Mahmoud experiences an intense and irrational fear of dogs. -Victoria believes paragliding is a frightening activity.

Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

C. extinction

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? A. detecting brain tumors B. improving the accuracy of military codebreakers C. improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips D. increasing typing speed for telephone operators

C. improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping B. conditioning C. latent learning D. reinforcement

C. latent learning

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. A. higher; lower B. longer; shorter C. lower; higher D. shorter; longer

C. lower; higher

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. A. distinguish the fat content of food B. feel pain C. maintain balance and body posture D. regulate body temperature

C. maintain balance and body posture

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

C. observational

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. cornea B. linear C. optic D. photoreceptor

C. optic

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? A. feeling the warmth of the sun B. hearing an airplane fly overhead C. smelling cookies in the oven D. tasting white chocolate fudge

C. smelling cookies in the oven

What is amplitude? A. a logarithmic unit of sound intensity B. a sound's purity C. the height of a wave D. the lowest point of a wave

C. the height of a wave

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. A. bottom-down B. bottom-up C. top-down D. top-first

C. top-down

What is a binaural cue? A. single eye and a single ear triangulating distance B. two ears hearing different frequencies of the same sound C. two-eared cue to localize sound D. two-eyed cue to focus distant sight

C. two-eared cue to localize sound

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? A. meat and vegetable B. monosodium and glutamate C. umami and fat content D. umami and monosodium glutamate

C. umami and fat content

After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the ____ and her fear is the ____.

CS; CR

In negative reinforcement, A. a stimulus is removed in an attempt to decrease a behavior B. a stimulus is added in an attempt to decrease a behavior C. a stimulus is added in an attempt to increase a behavior D. A stimulus is removed in an attempt to increase a behavior

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A.imitation B.modeling C.stimulus discrimination D.stimulus generalization

Researchers study ________ to better understand how humans (and other animals) learn through observation. A. social learning neurons B. imitation neurons C. model neurons D. mirror neurons

When solving a problem, using ______ may take time and require precisely following the steps, but it is also the most likely to give you accurate results. A. a prototype B. a schema C. a heuristic D. an algorithm

When talking about operant conditioning, the word negative means A. bad B. punishment C. decreasing a behavior D. taking something away

Your short-term memory lasts around _______ and can hold ______. A. 1 second, around 20 items B. 20 seconds, an unlimited number of items C. 1 second, around 7 items D. 20 seconds, around 7 items E. 20 seconds, around 20 items

_________ refers to the moment when an organism first learns to connect a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus. A. conditioning B. extinction C. spontaneous recovery D. acquisition

arents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________. A.did not identify enough African American children in need of special education B.disadvantaged their children by placing them in special education classes C.resulted in less funding D.was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. Secondary B. Primary C. Partial D. Continuous

D. Continuous

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. A. Meissner B. Ménière C. Merkel D. Müller-Lyer

D. Müller-Lyer

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? A. Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background. B. Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate. C. Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race. D. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

D. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false? A. Kinesthesia interacts with information provided by the vestibular system. B. Proprioception interacts with information provided by the vestibular system. C. The vestibular sense helps us maintain a sense of balance. D. The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

D. The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. just noticeable difference B. subliminal messaging C. top-down processing D. transduction

D. transduction

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. A. beta B. gamma C. infrared D. ultraviolet

D. ultraviolet

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A. nociception B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. vestibular

D. vestibular

17. Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

Punishment

Decreases the likelihood a behavior will repeat

A high stress job, Overcrowding, and long commutes to work are examples of the way some psychologists conceptualize stress as a

Demanding or threatening event situation

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

1. What is described by the concept of perception?

Dhow sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect

Different aspects of love are hierarchical

Memory for facts is one type of ______ memory, specifically known as ________ memory. A. implicit; semantic B. implicit; procedural C. explicit; episodic D. implicit; episodic E. explicit; semantic

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? -Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. -Emotions can be a conditioned response. -Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. -One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be conditioned response

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our conscious

what is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

T/F: The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.

False

T/F: Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.

False (occurs when information in short-term memory moves to long-term memory)

T/F: Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.

False (physiologist)

In the study of personality, the _______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion

Five Factor

A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes

Fixed ratio

Josh's final grade improve 1 level for every 3 book reports submitted

Fixed ratio

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality

Freud

What should be changed to make the following statement true? jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In high-stress humans, exercise has been shown to prevent telomere lengthening

The word "lengthening" should be changed to the word "Shortening"

What can be changed to make the following sentence is true? The physical symptoms of psychophysiological disorders are nonexistent, and can be produced or exacerbated by psychological fctors

The word "nonexistent" should be changed to the word "real"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learning to associate events that repeatedly happen together

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? It is well established that long (aerobic) but not short (anaerobic) duration exercise is beneficial for both physical and mental health.

The phrase "but not" should be changed to the world :proven"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefit

The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism"

In carl Jungs view the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of _____ in the second half of life

The self-realization process

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior

The word "Asch should be changed to "Zimbardo"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain

The word "Hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

24. Which object would a typical infant be able to see most clearly? a. a face at a close distance b. a mobile at a moderate distance c. a face at a moderate distance d. a mobile at a long distance

a. a face at a close distance

8. Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____. a. avoidant b. secure c. resistant d. emotional

a. avoidant

26. When most people make shopping lists, they use terms like "apples," "shampoo," or "milk." A list like this is using ____ categories. a. basic level b. subordinate c. superordinate d. midordinate

a. basic level

38. The orienting reflex is to ____, as habituation is to ____. a. learning; forgetting b. novel experience; repeated experience c. simple information; complex information d. adaptive; maladaptive

b. novel experience; repeated experience

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. a. latent learning b. observational learning c. integrative learning d. enactive learning

b. observational learning

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied

children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers form dementia. This is an example of a _______ stressor

chronic

In ___ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response

classical

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Pavlov established the principles of ___________.

classical conditioning

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development

climate of sexual repression

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person and makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from his contradiction, which is also called______

cognitive dissonance

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called____

companionate

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Extinction occurs when the ________________ stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an ________________ stimulus.

conditioned; unconditioned

Learning can occur when a _______________ stimulus is paired with an __________________ stimulus

conditioned; unconditioned

A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that ______________.

conditioning is how we adapt to our environments

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a _______ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked

confederate

Sandra writes a paper using the sources that find a negative association with daycare attendance. This is an example of_____

confirmation bias

a_______ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding variable

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the _____ trait

conscientiousness

Operant conditioning

conscious processes

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous reinforcement

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces

coping

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

______ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables

correlation

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. A. crest; trough B. top; bottom C. trough; crest D. trough; peak

crest; trough

____________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Spontaneous recovery c. Association d. Imprinting

d. Imprinting

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? a. It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. b. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. c. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. d. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

d. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit? a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Stimulus generalization d. Operant conditioning

d. Operant conditioning

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________. a. habituation b. intermittent reinforcement c. imprinting d. social learning

d. social learning

23. What is an element of crystallized intelligence? a. reaction time b. attention c. working memory d. social responses

d. social responses

Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them.

false

Lowly animals, like sea slugs, behave by instinct and are incapable of learning.

false

Negative reinforcement is another term for punishment.

false

Psychologists agree that punishment, regardless of its form, has little effect on behavior.

false

The study of inner thoughts, feelings, and motives has always occupied a central place in psychology.

false

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called

fatutious

Which of the following is not par of feminist psychology

favoring women over men

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. It is harmful to induce __________.

fear

What is the main idea of social learning theory

fear is a conditioned response

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Palo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting ti eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing< Palo is experiencing_______

flow

_________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity: it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endevors

flow

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

As the "third force" in psychology________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorist' view of humans passively reacting to the enviroment

humanism

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism

some research shows anger suppression is is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

which of the following is an example of observational learning

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Which of the following is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

which of the following statements about the Stroop effect is true?

the amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect

the brain identifies colors more readily than words

Extinction

the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

With training, pigeons can be taught to discriminate between Bach's music and Stravinsky's.

true

A basic experiment involves a minimum of _______ participation groups

two

Observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

A(n) _____ is an unlearned reaction evoked by a stimulus without any learning.

unconditioned response

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets is an example of a what reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Reflexes

Motor/neural reaction to specific stimulus Very simple Activity of specific body parts/systems Primitive/older parts of the CNS

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? A. absolute threshold B. signal detection C. subliminal D. top-down

D. top-down

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________

Social psychology

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the united states

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed gestalt psychology

What is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorists listed first

Wundt, Freud, Chomsky

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

on a graph a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicates

a strong correlation

Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking: coolness, peer acceptance, and looking like an adult. All of these rewards are ____________ reinforcers. a. conditioned b. secondary c. primary d. explicit

b. secondary

Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and _____.

are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties

Which of the following is not a way we tent to think personality? Our personalities_______

are mutable

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. a. Reinforcers b. Punishers c. Stimulators d. Converters

b. Punishers

When we stop using learned information, the ______ that support our knowledge weaken and ultimately degrade--and we forget what we once knew. a. glial cells b. lobes c. synapses d. cortexes

c. synapses

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ____

can see

Learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

the ____ group does not get the experimental treatment

control

Neutural Stimulus

elicits no response by itself

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert

emotion can be a conditioned response

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

T/F: An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.

False

A teenager receives an allowance every saturday

Fixed interval

Going to the cafeteria to see if the next meal is ready

Fixed interval

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

what is an example of vicarious punishment

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed ratio

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

14. Which part of the eye holds eye color?

iris

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the _________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the _____side of the brain

left, right

A group of preschool-age children re enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a ______ design

logitudinal

8. Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to __

maintain balance and body posture

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

The relaxation response is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________

meditaiton

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help your remember the names on all 50 states

memorize five states at a time- group the information into a more manageable size

What is the set of process used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Which statement about groupthink is correct

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link in to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

Punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmine has an ___________ bias

in-group

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the_____ trait

neuroticism

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television

normative

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory

people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more cost than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consumate love

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________

person's knowledge about the sequence of events on a specific setting

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of___

personality

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress. He uses the internet to look up other jobs. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using

problem focused

Vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

proprioception

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Behaviorists all focus on

psychological responses that result in action

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light is the example of what?

reflex

Unconditioned Response

reflexes response to stimulus

Fixed interval

reinforcement with a consistent time frame

In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________; the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

scapegoating

A____ is a graphical View of the strength and direction of a correlation

scatterplot

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

25. Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

David attempts to minimize the cost of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but her tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the _____ theory.

social exchange

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial hep are all examples of ________

social support

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of

social support

Higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

higher order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation

+.2

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation

-.9

Ice cream could be considered a ______ of the _____ dessert. A. prototype; concept B. heuristic; algorithm C. algorithm; heuristic D. concept; prototype

If a person received injury to their ________ they may find themselves unable to create new semantic memories. A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. amygdala

In Pavlov's famous work on classical conditioning with dogs, the meat powder was the ________. A. unconditioned stimulus B. conditioned response C. unconditioned response D. conditioned response

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.continuous B.partial C.primary D.secondary

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A.bodily kinesthetic B.intrapersonal C.logical-mathematical D.spatial

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. A. binocular B. cyclopean C. monocular D. trichromatic

A. binocular

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. A. blindness B. responsiveness C. sublimation D. transduction

A. blindness

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A.conditioned B.latent C.partial D.primary

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets C. Jeremy checking Youtube every morning before work D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

B. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual. A. phenome B. pheromone C. proprioception D. thermoception

B. pheromone

The ________is also known as the anvil. A. cochlea B. hair cell C. incus D. malleus

C. incus

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead

C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

Positive punishment

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is the most accurate

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. a. observational learning b. enactive learning c. operant learning d. latent learning

a. observational learning

Positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? the steps of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation.

change the work "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

children learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggressive models

conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? Emotions can be a ________________.

conditioned response

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions to the bell were ________.

conditioned responses

extinction

Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it.

false

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

which of the following is not involved in critical thinking

knowing your opinion is correct

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called _____ learning

latent

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

What is Vertigo

spinning sensation

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

12. Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

Animals learn only when rewards are given.

false

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they can not give birth

Sigmund freud

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. emotions can be conditioned B. behavior can be changed if followed by punishment or reinforcement C. learning can occur when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus D. new behaviors can be learned by observing others

When a person confuses the source of a memory, for example believing they read something in a textbook that they actually read on Facebook, they are experiencing __________. A. misattribution B. blocking C. bias D. transience E. suggestibility

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

A. A baby seeking food by rooting and Suckling

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false? A. Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth. B. Deaf individuals communicate using American Sign Language. C. Deaf individuals prefer to teach children to communicate in American Sign Language rather than teaching children to read lips. D. Deaf individuals primarily communicate through signing

A. Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. B. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold

A. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. Instincts B. Learning C. Reflexes D. Conditioning

A. Instincts

Which of the following is false about sensation? A. Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. B. We have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense. C. We have more than five senses. D. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred

A. Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." A. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." B. The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle." C. The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." D. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic."

A. The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false? A. They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin. B. They are cells. C. They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose. D. They have small, hair-like extensions

A. They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

A. a subliminal message

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation

A. acquisition

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A. adaptation B. formation C. regression D. revision

A. adaptation

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A. afterimage

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A. attention B. friendship C. habit D. mood

A. attention

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A. binocular disparity B. bottom processing C. monocular disparity D. top-down processing

A. binocular disparity

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." A. bottom-up B. sensory adaptation C. top-down D. vertical-horizontal

A. bottom-up

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. A. can see B. can see only in the dark C. can't see D. can't see without sunlight

A. can see

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

A. classical

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

A. cognitive map

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

A. conditioned response

A. cones

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? A. congenital analgesia B. inherited numbness C. nociception D. Pacinian Syndrome

A. congenital analgesia

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A. continuous

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. A. cornea; pupil B. iris; pupil C. lens; retina D. pupil; cornea

A. cornea; pupil

Hertz is a measure of ________. A. frequency B. loudness C. pitch D. purity

A. frequency

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition? A. hearing a song on the radio B. petting a cat C. smelling lilacs D. tasting warm bread covered in pumpkin butter

A. hearing a song on the radio

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A. higher; louder B. higher; quieter C. higher; weaker D. lower; louder

A. higher; louder

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? A. just noticeable B. signal detection C. subliminal D. top down

A. just noticeable

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. olfaction D. thermoception

A. kinesthesia

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

A. taste aversion

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

Accommodation

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? -According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor. -According to the James-Lange theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal. -According to the James-Lange theory, facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, facial expressions are incapable of influencing our emotions.

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Henry is a juror number 4 in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only on that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of ______ effect.

Asch

Assuming this is your first Psychology course, the type of memory retrieval being tested right now with this question is ________. A. recall B. recognition C. relearning D. sensory

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. A. anchoring B.confirmation C.hindsight D.representational

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A.fixed interval B.fixed ratio C.variable interval D.variable ratio

If you insist on trying to solve a problem in the same way you did before, even when it isn't working this time, you are experiencing ________. A. hindsight bias B. mental set C. anchoring bias D. confirmation bias

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. A.algorithm B.availability heuristic C.functional fixedness D.hindsight bias

In Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, the ability to solve a complicated calculus problem on an exam would indicate a high level of ________ intelligence. A. practical B. analytical C. logical-mathematical D. academic

One day you watched your friend arrive late to your Chemistry class. The professor stopped class to scold your friend in front of everyone. Now you are always sure to get to class on time because you experienced ________. A. negative reinforcement B. vicarious punishment C. vicarious reinforcement D. positive punishment E. negative punishment

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. A.demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins B.revealed a genetic component to intelligence C.suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption D.suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

When older information disrupts your ability to recall new information, you are experiencing ___________. A. anterograde amnesia B. proactive interference C. retrograde amnesia D. retroactive interference

When you were a child, you could always here the garage door open when your father came home from work. You ate dinner every day very soon after he got home. One evening while at a friend's house, you heard his brother open the garage and you begin to feel hungry. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example of classical conditioning? A. seeing your father B. the sound of the garage door opening C. eating dinner D. feeling hungry

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? A.anchoring bias B.functional fixedness C.hindsight bias D.representative bias

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of models Bandura described? A. symbolic B. virtual C. verbal D. live

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? A. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. B. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. C. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. D. Different sections of the cochlea are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

B. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. biometric B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. somatosensory

B. Gestalt

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? A. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. B. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. C. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. D. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

B. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? A. Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics. B. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt. C. Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. D. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology.

B. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The frequency theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron." A. The word "coded" should be changed to the word "encoded." B. The word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal." C. The word "neuron" should be changed to the word "proton." D. The word "pitch" should be changed to the word "wave."

B. The word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal."

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception? A. Subliminal priming is more effective than priming above the absolute threshold. B. Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures. C. Those who have a preexisting phobia will interpret innocuous patterns as threatening. D. Those who receive less auditory priming are more likely to hear things than those who receive more auditory priming.

B. Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not? A. The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded. B. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word. C. We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence quicker. D. We read the first sentence as practice and the second sentence as real.

B. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

B. conditioned stimulus

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. A. conductive B. congenital C. postnatal D. prenatal

B. congenital

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. A. contracted B. dilated C. longer D. smaller

B. dilated

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B. fixed ratio

________ is another term for the malleus. A. drum B. hammer C. nail D. percussive

B. hammer

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. A. condensed; sharp B. high; low C. low; high D. truncated; high

B. high; low

What is described by the concept of perception? A. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced C. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state D. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. A. bottom-up processing B. inattentional blindness C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

B. inattentional blindness

B. instincts

Which part of the eye holds eye color? A. cornea B. iris C. lens D. retina

B. iris

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? A. dimensionality B. kinesthesia C. neurasthenia D. nociception

B. kinesthesia

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

B. learning

An encoding failure occurs when A. a leading question causes us to create a false or distorted memory of an event B. old information we know prevents us from remembering new information we just learned C. we can't remember something because we never stored it in memory in the first place D. new information we just learned prevents us from remembering older information

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? A.classical B.conditioning C. observational D.operant

If you are rewarding someone for a behavior after a set amount of time passes you are using a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed ratio B. variable interval C. fixed interval D. variable ratio

If you are unable to create new semantic or episodic memories after an injury to the brain, you have ________. A. proactive amnesia B. retroactive amnesia C. anterograde amnesia D. retrograde amnesia

One of the differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning the stimulus occurs ________ they response occurs while in operant conditioning the stimulus occurs ________ the response. A. after; before B. before; at the same time as C. before; after D. at the same time as; before

Schemata are ________ A. a source of emotional content for the brain B. the best representations of a concept C. a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently D. an example of the brain's ability to form prototypes

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B.instincts C.earning D.reflexes

What is the Flynn effect? A.Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. B.The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. C.The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. D.The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A.classical B.operant C.primary D.secondary

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? a. motivation, retention, reproduction, attention b. retention, reproduction, attention, motivation c. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. A child earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on prizes B. A rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog C. An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas D. A teenager learning karate from her best friend who takes karate lessons

C. An adult recalling the location of a gas station when he unexpectedly runs out of gas

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. Fixed Interval B. Variable Ratio C. Fixed Ratio D. Variable Interval

C. Fixed Ratio

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

C. Model

Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson? A. Children described as thrill seekers are more likely to show taste preferences for intense sour flavors. B. Individuals who hold positive attitudes toward reduced-fat foods are more likely to rate foods labeled as reduced fat as tasting good. C. The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally. D. Vision is affected by cultural factors.

C. The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." A. The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction." B. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital." C. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory." D. The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological."

C. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we Breathe. B. They are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body

C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? -Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. -Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby. -Grace experiences stress when she sees the coyote, but Mary thinks the coyote is a dog so she does not experience stress. -Laura experiences stress because her heart rate increased when she noticed the spider.

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

Classical

Dave observed that after returning from the vet, whenever he took his dog Smooches near his car, she began to shake and whine. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting?

Classical Conditioning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior is associated with a consequence. What kind of learning is this?

Classical conditioning

The______ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

Collective unconscious

Conditioned stimulus

is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

Congruence

Ashely and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called

Consumate

The_____ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African americans, using images that related to African american culture

Contemporized themes

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

Continuous

Schedules of reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement, Partial or intermittent reinforcement

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. A.idea B.paradigm C.prototype D.schema

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. analytic B.creative C.functional D. practical

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. A.are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure B.are not encouraged to reach their potential C.don't care about IQ testing D.experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A.fixed interval B.fixed ratio C.variable interval D. variable ratio

If Pavlov was able to train dogs to only salivate when he rang a bell and never salivate to other bell-like noises (a doorbell, a whistle, etc.), his dogs were engaging in stimulus ________. A. habituation B. acquisition C. generalization D. discrimination

If you are trying to remember a list of words by paying attention to the meaning of those words, you are using ______ encoding. A. self-referent B. acoustic C. visual D. semantic

In classical conditioning, the __________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A. unconditioned stimulus B. conditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A.conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B.neutral response and a conditioned response C.neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___________. A. neutral response and a conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Reinforcement

Increases the likelihood a behavior will repeat

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. A. Merkel's theory B. the law of thermoception C. the principle of transduction D. Weber's law

D. Weber's Law change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. A. cornea; iris B. fovea; lens C. iris; retina D. lens; fovea

D. lens; fovea

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes? A. fovea B. iris C. lens D. optic chiasm

D. optic chiasm

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D. reflexes

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods

D. rods

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. A. absolute threshold B. just noticeable difference C. sensory adaptation D. signal detection

D. signal detection

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. A. as a result of disease B. as a result of old age C. due to deliberate damage D. since birth

D. since birth

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person. A. audition B. gustation C. olfaction D. somatosensation

D. somatosensation

What is vertigo? A. fear of heights B. inability to see color C. noise phobia D. spinning sensation

D. spinning sensation

D. spontaneous recovery

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________. A. their brain's inability to process pain medicine B. their high suicide rate C. their inability to tolerate the slightest change in pressure or temperature D. their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

D. their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. A. gustation B. olfaction C. somatosensation D. thermoception

D. thermoception

Who developed biofeedback as a technique to treat combat stress

Gary Schwarts

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"?

Hans Selye

Based on the discussion in the text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups

Having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Which of the statements about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect

He disagreed with John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct

He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstraited

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principle of classical conditioning

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? -He is considered the founder of behaviorism. -He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. -He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. -He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis? -He compared rats with brain damage to rats without brain damage on how quickly they could solve a puzzle to get food. -He observed rats with brain damage gradually learn the correct route through a maze and then apply that knowledge to get through a different maze. -He timed rats with brain damage and rats without brain damage to see which could complete a maze quicker. -He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson

He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove fear is both instinct and reflex

Nawaz and his boyfriend break up. Nawaz makes an internal attribution for this outcome. complete the sentence to show an internal attribution that Nawaz could make. My boyfriend broke up with me because________

I am unlovable

Acquisition

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

A(n) _______ Complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society

Inferiority

Acquisition

Initial learning .Timing important. Can take seconds to hours. Taste aversion or bait shyness

Instincts

Innate behaviors Triggered by broader range of events Aging, hormones, change of seasons Complex behavior patterns Whole organism involved Higher brain centers

Shaping

Instead of rewarding only the target behavior we reward successive approximations of a target behavior

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Identify the major flaw with John b Watson's little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

21. How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? -Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. -Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. -Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. -Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Conditioned Stimulus

NS takes on values by being paired with UCS. Anticipation

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? -Judd does not believe he is good at math. -Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school. -Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. -Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments.

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? -John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. -John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. -John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. -John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Who proposed the locus of control concept

Julian rotter

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

Just Noticeable

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research? -Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables. -Kinsey recorded measurements of physiological variables; Masters and Johnson collected data with personal interviews. -Kinsey's research was funded and the Masters and Johnson research was not. -The research of Masters and Johnson was considered very controversial and the research of Kinsey was not.

Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes the object of fear to the student

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school. friendship, hobbies, and sports

Latency

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

According to Albert Bandura, __________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

According to Albert Bandura _____.

Learning can occur by watching others modeling what they do or say

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following is an example of self-serving bias

Leonard attributes a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is and exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade on the teacher

Association Learning

Minds automatically make connections between events that occur closely together or in sequence

The________ is composed of a series of true or false questions in order to establish an individuals clinical profile

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory MMPI

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children, he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. HE often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using

Moving against people

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the

Myers-Briggs Type indicator

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using _____.

Negative reinforcement

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

Observational

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

According to Sigmund Freud, and adult who smokes, drinks, over eats, or bites her nails is fixated i n the ______ stage of her psychosexual development

Oral

Self efficacy is

Our level of confidence in our own ability

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

An archetype is a

Pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Which of the following about social psychology is most accurate

People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

Carl Jung referred to the_______ as the mask we adopt

Persona

Immanuel Kant use the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a _____ person

Phlegmatic

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. Complex interaction of conscious and unconscious processes

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

The________ inkblot test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to revel the person unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

Rorschach

Following an outcome,_______ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light

Self-serving Bias

Which of the following is false about sensation?

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? -An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task. -Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis. -Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. -Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Fred's sister just got a cat. Fred is allergic to the cat, and whenever it gets near him, Fred sneezes. Fred's sister puts a collar with a bell on the cat, so Fred will know when it is nearby. Soon, whenever Fred hears the bell, even from far away, his nose begins to itch. In this situation, Fred has experienced classical conditioning, where the unconditioned response is the

Sneezing

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism? -Research clearly shows neither approach is effective. -Research shows anger expression is more effective. -Research shows anger suppression is more effective. -Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Positive reinforcement

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative punishment

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

______________ is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization

How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?

Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick

Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis? -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that it is possible to influence our emotions while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions. -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions.

The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

The correct answer is: Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress? -The heart is subjected to abnormal pressure. -The immune system is weakened. -The lungs are placed are under stress. -The thyroid is damaged.

The immune system is weakened.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In social learning theory, B.F. Skinner identified three types of models :live, verbal, and symbolic

The name "B.F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura"

Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a ______ stressor

acute

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? psychoneuroimmunology evolved from the discovery that there is a connection between the peripheral nervous system and the immune system

The word "peripheral" should be changed to the word "central"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word "socialization" should be changed to "sexuality"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The work "Acquisition" should be changed to the word "Recovery"

20. Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?

They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

16. Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

what do structuralism, gestalt psychology, and Freud have in common

They were all concerned with describing and understanding inner experience

T/F: "Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.

True

T/F: "Positive punishment" means I have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.

True

T/F: A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.

True

T/F: A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.

True

T/F: A response is a behavior.

True

T/F: A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.

True

T/F: A stimulus is a thing or event.

True

T/F: Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event.

True

T/F: Classical conditioning is a type of learning.

True

T/F: Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.

True

T/F: Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.

True

T/F: Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

True

T/F: Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.

True

T/F: Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.

True

T/F: The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."

True

T/F: To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.

True

Jennifer tends to live by the don't sweat small stuff concept. Jennifer has a ______ personality

Type B

Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome? -Diamond begs her mother for a puppy even after she is told she can't have one. -It is time for Fallon's nap, but he cannot fall sleep. -Patrice can't stop talking even after her teacher asks her to remain silent. -Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

Extinction

UCS not presented with CS

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

Partial or intermittent reinforcement

Variable interval - changeable time frame Fixed ratio - reinforced after a consistent, predictable amount Variable ratio - changeable number of behaviors to reinforce

a charitable organization makes an average of 10 calls for every donation it receives

Variable ratio

48. Not counting college expenses, it will cost about ____ to raise one child born in 2012 over the next 17 years a. $300,000 b. $500,000 c. $700,000 d. $900,000

a. $300,000

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? a. Because they could not be observed b. Because they could lead to treacherous results c. Because they could not be experimented with d. Because they were not suitable for group studies

a. Because they could not be observed

____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Association d. Shaping

a. Imprinting

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment. a. Instinctive drift b. Conditioned response c. Stimulus generalization d. Backward conditioning

a. Instinctive drift

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? a. Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games b. Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running c. Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes d. Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

a. Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? a. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. b. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. c. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. d. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

a. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? a. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. b. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. c. Learning and memory work separately. d. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

a. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning? a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. d. Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.

a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? a. The firing of mirror neurons b. The presence of reinforcement c. The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system d. The activation of conditioned stimulus

a. The firing of mirror neurons

9. Which statement is TRUE of language development? a. Children typically coo before they babble. b. Cooing consists of consonant and vowel sounds together. c. Babbling consists of vowel sounds. d. Infants begin cooing at around six months of age.

a. children typically coo before they babble

17. A neutral stimulus is defined as one that ____. a. does not naturally elicit a particular unconditioned response b. neither punishes nor rewards c. is elicited by the conditioned stimulus d. is not influenced by other stimuli

a. does not naturally elicit a particular unconditioned response

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. a. enactive learning b. integrative learning c. latent learning d. operant learning

a. enactive learning

When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______. a. enactive learning b. observational learning c. operant learning d. latent learning

a. enactive learning

12. The final step of problem solving is to ____ the solution. a. evaluate b. identify c. construct d. implement

a. evaluate

19. Viewing a pencil as only a writing instrument is an example of ____. a. functional fixedness b. a mental set c. an algorithm d. a phoneme

a. functional fixedness

42. Toddlers usually have better ____ motor skills than ____ motor skills. a. gross; fine b. major; minor c. minor; major d. fine; gross

a. gross; fine

41. Strict behaviorism tends to ____. a. ignore the influence of cognitive processes b. be fairly non-scientific c. emphasize free will and choice d. embrace the idea of social learning

a. ignore the influence of cognitive processes

36. Punishing a child's misbehavior only occasionally when it occurs may mean that the behavior is actually being reinforced on a partial schedule because the child is able to "get away" with doing the behavior some of the time. This program of punishment would then have the result of making the ____. a. misbehavior more resistant to extinction b. misbehavior less resistant to extinction c. person doing the punishing do it less often d. person doing the punishing do it more often

a. misbehavior more resistant to extinction

15. In classical conditioning, an association is learned between the ____. a. neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response d. conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

a. neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________. a. positive reinforcers b. instinctive drifts c. unconditioned stimuli d. negative punishments

a. positive reinforcers

47. Shaping differs from simple reinforcement in that ____. a. shaping involves the reinforcement of different behaviors until an ultimate behavior is expressed b. shaping involves the reinforcement of the same behaviors until they are firmly established c. reinforcement takes longer to accomplish than shaping d. reinforcement involves only negative consequences and shaping involves only positive consequences

a. shaping involves the reinforcement of different behaviors until an ultimate behavior is expressed

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________. a. social learning theory b. stimulus discrimination theory c. habituation theory d. imprinting theory

a. social learning theory

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. a. talk b. listen c. lift d. run

a. talk

Neurogenesis is ___________. a. the growth of new neurons b. the destruction of neurons c. the firing of neurons in the frontal lobe d. the mapping of the functions of neurons

a. the growth of new neurons

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: a. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. b. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. c. the meat powder and salivation. d. salivation and the sound of the apparatus.

a. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

In the initial period of learning, _____ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

acquistion

Tome believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence: however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of_____

actor-observer bias

adaptation

Positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

According to Skinner's view of operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come _____ the response.

after

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn? -after he has received some exciting news -after he is relaxed from finishing his daily meditation -during a period of tranquility -immediately after his calming afternoon nap

after he has received some exciting news

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

if the principles of social learning theory are true, then children model aggressive behavior_____.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Kim believed he failed his math test because the test was too hard. Julia Rotter would sat that Kim has

an external locus of control

What is the just-world hypothesis

an ideology common in the united states that people get the outcomes they deserve

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

an individuals personality develops throughout the lifespan

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the because she constantly practices. Julia Rotter would say Jessica has______

an internal locus of control

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. -analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast -produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem -provide correct or established answers to a problem -think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest what would happen if the hippocampus was dammaged

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuassion

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokesperson advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to_________

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

______ research uses past records or data sets to investigating research questions or to look for patterns or relationships

archival

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ____ learning

associational

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

attention

Encoding information occurs through ________. -automatic processing and effortful processing -automatic storing and effortful retrieving -processing and storing -storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following statements is true regarding imprinting? a. Imprinting occurs only in humans. b. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all. c. Imprinting provides clear evidence of synaptic change. d. Imprinting can be learned at any age.

b. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all.

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? a. Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time c. Converting a change in response into habituation d. Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. d. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time.

b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. Thomas is tired; he drinks coffee to stay awake. b. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. c. Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. d. Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

b. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? a. The words "good dog" b. The treat c. The word "sit" d. Mark

b. The treat

Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)? a. They are existent in only adult beings. b. They are involved in imitation and social learning. c. They are responsible for stimulus discrimination. d. They are found only in human beings.

b. They are involved in imitation and social learning.

14. The phase of classical conditioning during which the conditioned response is developing is often referred to as ____. a. extinction b. acquisition c. counter conditioning d. spontaneous recovery

b. acquisition

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he: a. conducted the first fMRI tests on infant-parent attachment. b. became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings. c. conducted a worldwide study on how infants recognize their parents' voices. d. conditioned few puppies to salivate to the sound of a bell.

b. became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings.

2. Jorge and Crystal's adult daughter, Florence, has recently moved back in with them when she lost her job due to downsizing. Jorge and Crystal are experiencing the ____. a. parent trap b. full nest c. empty nest d. departure phase

b. full nest

1. What is most likely to interfere with creativity? a. natural concepts b. functional fixedness c. divergent thinking d. inductive reasoning

b. functional fixedness

28. When your dog continually barks, you eventually pay less attention to the noise. This illustrates ____. a. sensory reduction b. habituation c. orienting d. classical conditioning

b. habituation

A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________. a. shaping b. imprinting c. association d. habituation

b. imprinting

7. The dominant perspective in the nature-nurture debate today is called ____ a. genetics b. interactionism c. environmentalism d. complementary functionalism

b. interactionism

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________. a. conditioned learning b. latent learning c. implicit learning d. operant learning

b. latent learning

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______. a. organized response to a repeated stimulus b. link between two events in the environment c. voluntary response that diminishes over time d. ever-changing model of behavior based on repetition

b. link between two events in the environment

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________. a. conditioning b. modeling c. imprinting d. habituation

b. modeling

35. Fluid intelligence is to ____, as crystallized intelligence is to ____. a. nurture; nature b. nature; nurture c. recall; recognition d. recognition; recall

b. nature; nurture

Some people continue smoking cigarettes because it reduces stress, social isolation, and appetite. From a learning perspective, these reductions can be considered as ___________. a. conditioned stimuli b. negative reinforcers c. conditioned responses d. instinctive drifts

b. negative reinforcers

10. Social learning involves ____. a. receiving reinforcement and punishments from other people b. observing the behaviors of others and learning from them c. learning that occurs outside of the home environment d. the learning of social emotions such as jealousy, love, and anger toward others

b. observing the behaviors of others and learning from them

39. Positive punishment ____. a. is the same thing as negative reinforcement b. occurs when something unpleasant is added to an organism's environment c. occurs when something pleasant is taken away from an organism's environment d. is a phase which does not exist, as punishment cannot be positive, only negative

b. occurs when something unpleasant is added to an organism's environment

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. a. explicit conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational conditioning d. backward conditioning

b. operant conditioning

11. Jordan believes that a parent should emphasize friendship and affection over discipline with children, and that children should have very few demands placed on them. Diana Baumrind would characterize Jordan's parenting style as ____. a. permissive-neglectful b. permissive-indulgent c. authoritative d. authoritarian

b. permissive-indulgent

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. a. catalyst b. reinforcer c. converter d. unconditioned stimulus

b. reinforcer

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. a. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus b. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place c. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly d. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

b. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

Habituation refers to a: a. cognitive process that results in increased response to a stimulus. b. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one. c. sensory process in which organisms adapt to intermittent stimulation. d. cognitive process that results in decreased response to a stimulus.

b. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.

22. Classical conditioning is to____ as operant conditioning is to ____. a. active; passive b. simple responses; complex behaviors c. unimportant behaviors; important behaviors d. actions; feelings

b. simple responses; complex behaviors

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________. a. the associative potential of mirror neuron systems (MNS) in his brain b. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument c. years of classical conditioning leading to a permanent increase in GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) activity d. the consolidation of episodic memories by the limbic system

b. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: a. the desirability of a stimulus. b. the addition of a stimulus. c. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. d. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

b. the addition of a stimulus.

6. Bereavement is to ____ as grief is to ____. a. the experience of dying; experiencing another person's death b. the experience of losing a loved one; the emotional reaction to the loss c. sadness; anger d. the stage of depression in response to a terminal illness; the entire process of dealing with death

b. the experience of losing a loved one; the emotional reaction to the loss

40. Robert Sternberg's analytic intelligence reflects the ability to ____. a. use knowledge in novel situations b. use logic to solve problems c. adapt to the environment d. understand patterns in nature

b. use logic to solve problems

20. Assimilation is to ____ as accommodation is to ____. a. preoperational development; sensorimotor development b. use of existing schema; creation of new schema c. Jean Piaget; Lev Vygotsky d. object permanence; logical thinking

b. use of existing schema; creation of new schema

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. a. fixed-interval schedule b. variable-interval schedule c. fixed-ratio schedule d. variable-ratio schedule

b. variable-interval schedule

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and sucking

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

According to Carl Jung, Which of the following best served the goal of self-relization

balance between extroversion and introversion

Why is psychology considered a social science

behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our intentions with others

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

law and effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

The concept of perceived control refers to

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned:_________

beliefs and expectations

the possible range for a correlation coefficient is_____

between -1 and +1

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

binocular

________ is a stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes

biofeedback

2. Inattentional ___ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. -best action to take in order to eliminate the stressor -body's baseline reaction to ordinary events -body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it -mental health of the individual

body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working onâ a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

boys display fear differentyl from girls ???

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? a. Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. b. Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. c. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. d. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment.

c. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? a. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. b. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. c. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. d. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction.

c. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior. a. Etiology b. Enology c. Ethology d. Entomology

c. Ethology

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? a. Conscientiousness b. Agreeableness c. Extraversion d. Intuitiveness

c. Extraversion

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? a. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. b. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. c. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. d. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

c. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions? a. Cerebellum b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Corpus callosum

c. Hippocampus

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? a. Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates b. Velma, who is learning how to play the piano c. Jack, who takes part in running races d. Celeste, who reads books

c. Jack, who takes part in running races

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others? a. Conditioning b. Shaping c. Modeling d. Reinforcement

c. Modeling

43. When we think about the world, there are three conceptual levels that we use to categorize our knowledge. Typically, our thinking of the world falls within the ____. a. subordinate category b. superordinate category c. basic level category d. mid-level category

c. basic level category

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: a. punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. b. the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. c. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. d. all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

c. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life.

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________. a. continuous reinforcement b. imprinting c. classical conditioning d. latent learning

c. classical conditioning

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

c. conditioned stimulus (CS)

29. Dr. Trujillo is conducting studies on classical conditioning and experimenting on the effect of placing the neutral stimulus either before or after the unconditioned stimulus. She is investigating the element of ____. a. contingency b. habituation c. contiguity d. instrumentality

c. contiguity

33. Ashley grew up fearing clowns because of an incident early in her life. Although it took several years before the fear disappeared completely, she can now enjoy the entertainment that clowns offer. Her fear of clowns has undergone ____. a. dismissal b. dishabituation c. extinction d. stimulus generalization

c. extinction

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. a. habituation b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. backward conditioning

c. extinction

3. Continuous schedules of reinforcement are to ____ as partial schedules of reinforcement are to ____. a. slower extinction rates; faster extinction rates b. internal motivation; external motivation c. faster extinction rates; slower extinction rates d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

c. faster extinction rates; slower extinction rates

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. a. variable-interval schedule b. variable-ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. fixed-ratio schedule

c. fixed-interval schedule

25. Some people might say that the "glass is half full," while others might say that the "glass is half empty." These different ways of saying the same thing reflect a difference in ____. a. exemplars b. insight c. framing d. using heuristics

c. framing

30. An adolescent who is actively trying out different roles, belief systems, career paths, and hobbies is in the midst of Erikson's ____ stage. a. industry b. autonomy c. identity d. generativity

c. identity

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. a. dark adaption b. learning by association c. mimicry d. habituation

c. mimicry

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________. a. reinforcement b. habituation c. modeling d. enactive learning

c. modeling

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. latent learning

c. observational learning

16. Token economies are used as a means of ____. a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. latent learning

c. operant conditioning

32. Scaffolding occurs when parents ____. a. let children solve tasks completely on their own b. intervene in children's tasks by completing the tasks for them c. provide initial guidance and then withdraw as children are able to complete the task on their own d. expect their children to perform even new and challenging tasks without any assistance from others

c. providing initial guidance and then withdraw as children are able to complete the task on their own

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. a. unconditioned stimulus b. discriminating stimulus c. reinforcer d. converter

c. reinforcer

31. In order for a test of intelligence to be accepted by psychologists as a "good" test, it must be ____. a. short and logical b. meaningful and accurate c. reliable and valid d. challenging and predictable

c. reliable and valid

The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation. a. habituation period b. spontaneous recovery period c. sensitivity period d. synaptic change period

c. sensitivity period

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. a. stimulus generalization b. habituation c. shaping d. backward conditioning

c. shaping

18. What is the most basic level of knowledge that contains the most specific concepts? a. superordinate category b. mid-level category c. subordinate category d. basic level category

c. subordinate category

37. When you go to the store in search of a particular brand or style of shoes, you are searching most directly within a ____. a. superordinate category b. mid-level category c. subordinate category d. basic level category

c. subordinate category

In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: a. the desirability of a stimulus. b. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. c. the removal of a stimulus. d. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

c. the removal of a stimulus.

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

change the word "transitional" to the word " sensory"

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? a. Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. b. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. c. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Which of the following statements is true regarding synaptic connections? a. Synaptic connections, once formed, are permanent. b. Synaptic connections between neurons are stronger but lesser in number during long-term associative learning. c. Synaptic connections lessen during long-term associative learning. d. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

d. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking. a. conditioned taste aversion b. modeling c. classical conditioning d. behavior modification

d. behavior modification

4. The genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily is called ____. a. acquisition b. physiological cognition c. biological conditioning d. biological preparedness

d. biological preparedness

45. You once lived on your own and now are back living with your parents. The common phrase to describe this situation would be ____. a. revolving door phenomenon b. "if you can't beat them, join them" c. sandwich generation d. boomerang generation

d. boomerang generation

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

d. conditioned response (CR)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________. a. conditioning of behaviors b. conditioning of habits c. conditioning of stimuli d. conditioning of reflexes

d. conditioning of reflexes

49. Which term refers to refers to the degree to which the NS/CS and US occur close together in time? a. consequence b. conflation c. contingency d. contiguity

d. contiguity

50. Katherine is shopping for a wedding gown and is on a tight budget. She prints off a picture of her dream dress and has all her friends and family looking for a similar gown. Katherine is using the picture as a(n) ____. a. prototype b. superordinate c. concept d. exemplar

d. exemplar

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. a. dark adaptation b. learning by association c. mimicry d. habituation

d. habituation

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process. a. association b. reinforcement c. extinction d. imitation

d. imitation

27. To critics of the idea that animals can learn language, a highly trained circus animal that responds to its trainer's verbal requests would not be convincing primarily because of the critics' arguments that such behavior ____. a. is simply not possible given the animal's small cortex b. has been shown to be a product of a hoax carried out by fraudulent researchers c. does not fit our understanding of evolutionary processes d. merely reflects behavioral conditioning

d. merely reflects behavioral conditioning

34. Shane's mother tells him that if he is not quiet when she is working, he will not be allowed to play computer games later in the evening. Shane's mother is using ____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. a. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented b. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus d. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

46. Which progression represents the correct sequence of language development in children? a. pragmatics, telegraphic speech, morphemes, phoneme b. telegraphic speech, morphemes, phonemes, pragmatics c. morphemes, phonemes, pragmatics, telegraphic speech d. phonemes, morphemes, telegraphic speech, pragmatics

d. phonemes, morphemes, telegraphic speech, pragmatics

44. If you assume that a man is homeless because his hair is messy and his clothes are old and tattered (which fits your concept of a typical homeless person), you are using a(n) ____ as the basis for your assumption. a. sample b. algorithm c. phoneme d. prototype

d. prototype

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. a. behaviors b. habits c. stimuli d. reflexes

d. reflexes

13. Kim is a daycare worker. She recently decided that the children would no longer be allowed to watch Batman on TV because so many kids were getting into fights on the playground after watching this cartoon. What best explains why watching Batman would influence the children to fight on the playground? a. habituation b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. social learning

d. social learning

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

21. How does the brain develop after adolescence? a. The brain will no longer develop. b. The only part of the brain left to develop is the gray matter of the frontal cortex c. The only part of the brain left to develop is the connection between the two hemispheres. d. The brain will continue to develop throughout life.

d. the brain will continue to develop throughout life

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a _______

daily hassel

Extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease

depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart diseas

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? -blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating -determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting -pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand -rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which kind of psychological area does the work or Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

23. When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________ to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

_____ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating

distress

15. Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. -believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g -developed Multiple Intelligences Theory -developed triarchic theory of intelligence -divided intelligence into two components

divided intelligence into two components

neutral stimulus (NS)

does not initially elicit a response

researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participants beliefs and/or the experimenters beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a _____ study

double-blind

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

What did John b Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Oleksiy is a adjunct professor in the department of fine arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork. What type of coping approach is Olekisy using?

emotion focused

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotions can be a conditioned response

Mark and Rosa commit and support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called_____

empty

Which of the following statements about encoding id incorrect

encoding involves the input if information into the memory system

What did Lashley developed by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete the same task?

equipotentiallity hypothesis

_____ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

euostress

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conslusions

experimental

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ____ train

extroversion

What is confirmation bias? -believing the event you just experienced was predictable -focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs -focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision -stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it _________

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she has a bad day. Lee is making a _____

fundamental attribution error

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats is an example of stimulus ___________.

generalization

When Ibrahim was six years old, he became terrified when the family's parrot flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he's been afraid of all birds. Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of ______________.

generalization

What is Prader-Willi syndrome? -genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism -an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise -larger individuals have an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change and smaller individuals do not -smaller individuals have an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change and larger individuals do not

genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

In the ____ stage there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urge resurfaces. The young person redirects the urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other sex-parent)

genital

Which of the following is the best example of the foot in the door technique

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarets, then asking them to quit altogether

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence

giving them unconditional love

Eli's grandmother gives him a Tootsie Roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandmother arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is ____.

grandma

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior

group processes

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities

Primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else

Secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Primary reinforcers

have innate reinforcing qualities

The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on__________

healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion , and minfdulness

Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition?

hearing a song on the radio

3. What is amplitude?

height of a wave

____________ frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ____________frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds

high, low

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: when she doesn't purchase her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has_______

high-self efficacy

________ amplitudes are associated with _____ sounds.

higher , louder

In ______ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

higher order

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

higher order

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor

how a threat is perceived

inattentional blindness

the _____ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

Which of the following best defines the Asch effect

influence of one person on the creation of a large group goal

People view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know the correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess_____ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group corm of recycling

informational

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons

instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids, attention. Carl Jung would call her a(n)

introvert

Which part of the eye holds eye color?

iris

Who is the best sister ever?

jackie

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from

job burnout

Factory worker, supermarket cashier, and short-order cook are all examples of occupations with high levels of ______

job strain

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute is an example of _________________.

latent learning

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

learning

Latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he could succeed. Albert Bandura would say Dan has______

low self-efficacy

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. -another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage -memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running -rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward -rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in_______.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as objects recognition and maze running

Cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

partial reinforcement/punishment

modifying behavior using a portion of a reinforcer/punisher

when Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a primitive heideaway

moving away from people

Unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural and artificial

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________.

obese

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park is an example of what type of learning?

observational

observational learning

occurs by watching others

A negative correlation means_______

one variable decreases as the other increases

Is this classical conditioning or operant conditioning? rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

operant

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____.

operant conditioning

an______ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest

opperational definition

5. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of the people and situations. Lydia exemplifies______

optomism

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

Which of the following experiments involves the use of the social learning theory?

pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

Acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

acquisition

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example

Model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes_____

placebo effect

Optimism is a tendency toward a______

positive outlook and positive expectations

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contended lives

positive psychology

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.

posttraumatic stress disorder

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?`

punishment

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? -being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once -dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation -remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV -thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called

replication

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

response relocated by the CS

Spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

Continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

intermittent reinforcement/punishment

rewarding/punishing behavior only some of the time

5. According to Erik Erikson, an adolescent who does not successfully handle the tasks of the identity stage will experience ____. a. role confusion b. stagnation c. despair d. inferiority

role confusion

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions are physically attracted to each other but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called____

romantic

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots is an example of _____________.

vicarious punishment

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases. -moderately elevated rates of lung cancer -significantly elevated rates of heart disease -slightly shorter life spans -survivor guilt

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

6. Congenital deafness refers to deafness ___

since birth

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Unconditioned stimulus

stimulus elicits reflexive response

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by______

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental process

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory

suggest that our birth order shapes our persoality

Negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

what is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness is known as _____.

taste aversion

13. Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

What is amplitude?

the height of a wave

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through

the use of reinforcement and punishment

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? in classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent

the word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory

the word "long-term" should be changed to "declarative"

research shows that people who smoke cigarets are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

What is the major criticism of both the stimulus- and response-based definitions of stress?

these definitions provide a complete definition of stress

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health

they tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

9. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of

transduction

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

A person can be more readily conditioned to dislike a particular food than to dislike the place where the food was eaten.

true

Research indicates that televised violence leads to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the programs.

true

18. In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, the _____ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (stimulus).

unconditioned response

Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus

Classical conditioning

unconscious processes

Instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

higher-order conditioning

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Primary reinforcers _____.

usually satisfy a biological need

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

A _____ schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for a behavior in an unpredictable manner (e.g., the number or amount of response/reinforcement varies).

variable ratio

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

1/2 Psych test 2 sets

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