1300 Questions

According to constructivist scholars, the laws of war distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants emerged for which of the following reasons:

A shift in norms about morality of warfare NOT The creation of international institutions designed to promote cooperation They helped to reduce the cost of warfare for both states They made battles simpler to plan and execute

Which of the following theories is NOT part of the liberal tradition of IR theory?

Balance of Power Theory NOT (as in, these ARE part of the liberal tradition) Commercial peace institutionalism Democratic peace theory

Which of the following is NOT a way that institutions foster cooperation among states, according to neoliberal institutionalism?

Changing the anarchic structure of the international relations NOT (as in, these ARE ways to foster cooperation) Making cooperation a "self-interest" for states Solving the repeated prisoner's dilemma Providing information about compliance with the regime

In a prisoner's dilemma game,

Cheating always leads to an individually better outcome NOT Cheaters are automatically punished. Uncertainty about the other's move hinders cooperation Cooperation is easy to achieve.

Which of the following is an example of a normative concern driving a positive analysis?

Concerned about promoting peace and reducing the costs of war, IR scholars study what causes wars to occur. NOT An IR scholar studies the balance of power using historical evidence. We might want to study why states fail to sign free trade agreements. We might employ a theory of justice from philosophy to outline why it's important to strive for equality around the world.

Which theoretical tradition emerged in response to the end of the Cold War?

Constructivism NOT Realism Liberalism Marxism

Political psychologist Margaret Hermann found that leaders can be divided into two foreign policy orientations based on their combination of personality traits. What are these orientations?

Independent and Participatory NOT independent and nationalistic participatory and nationalistic participatory and controlling

Which statement is true about humanitarian intervention, according to the lecture?

Some scholars and practitioners claim that individuals, not just states, qualify as subjects of rights under today's international law, and that states have an "obligation" to militarily intervene in humanitarian crises if it is necessary. NOT Humanitarian intervention is widely accepted as an excercise of state sovereignty today. Humanitarian intervention has traditionally been a part of self-defense under the Westphalia system. The practice concerning humanitarian intervention has historically been consistent.

At the time of writing this article, what was Jervis and Rapp-Hooper expecting of a possible Trump-Kim summit?

There is a risk that both leaders bring false expectations about each other's commitment, and their disappointment might further increase the likelihood of a war between them. NOT It will almost surely ease the tension between the US and North Korea, thereby leading to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Trump will withdraw Trump will abandon Guam because its military bases will no longer be needed. It will make Kim easy to announce his intention to have the North Korean team participate in the 2018 Winter Olympic Games.

What is Brooks and Wohlforth's view on American position in the world in 2002?

US unipolarity is fairly stable, which means US faces little systemic constraint on its foreign policy options NOT US is facing strong balancing effort from emerging countries, which erodes its unipolar position US unipolarity ended just after the Gulf War US is informally colonizing the former communist states

In a single-shot prisoner's dilemma game, defection is

always a dominant strategy NOT preferred only if the other side defects avoidable if the players are well informed always an irrational choice

Realists believe cooperation between states is difficult because they are naturally concerned about ______.

cheating survival NOT Communist Revolutions

Kenneth Waltz, a prominent neorealist scholar, argues that bipolar international systems are:

more stable than multipolar systems. NOT less stable than multipolar systems. just as stable as multipolar systems. neither inherently stable nor inherently unstable; it depends on social norms.

Individuals' existing perceptions serve as "screens" that help them:

process information selectively. synthesize and interpret information. expedite planning for future contingencies.

According to the lecture, the individual level of analysis is most useful for:

Explaining particular foreign policies or events. NOT Understanding broad historical trends. Generating theories that are generalizable. Understanding how the international system works. None of the above

According to constructivism, power is based primarily in material capabilities.

FALSE

According to constructivists, the international slave trade ended when it was no longer economically viable.

FALSE

Globalization, ethnonational movements, and transnational crime all strengthen the state today more than ever before.

FALSE

Multinational corporations are classified at the individual level of analysis because they are composed of individuals like a CEO, CFO, etc.

FALSE

Radicals in general argue that the capitalist logic in the international system never allows countries in the periphery to move up to the semi-periphery or to the core.

FALSE

T/F One way that realism and liberalism differ is that realism assumes the world is anarchic (based in anarchy) while liberals claim the world is not based in anarchy.

FALSE

The United Nations Security Council contains over 190 states while the smaller General Assembly has only 15 permanent members including Canada and Germany.

FALSE

The win-set for the government of Argentina was smaller in September 1978 than in 1977

FALSE

For constructivists, norms exist

Intersubjectively and are shared among relevant actors NOT Purely objectively as fictions made up by state leaders only at the domestic level

Wars that take place within states are referred to as

Intrastate Wars NOT Interstate wars Total Wars Asymmetric Wars

The sovereignty of what state is most directly affected by the Islamic State?

Iraq and Syria NOT United States

How has the European Union changed over time?

It's membership has increased over time NOT It has expanded from one policy area to another with no public opposition. Its membership has decreased over time. The EU has remained relatively unchanged since its founding.

According to neo-liberals, the prisoner's dilemma can be overcome through _______.

Repeated Interactions NOT Coercion Electoral Politics Idealistic Instigation

What is unilateralism, in Ikenberry's article?

Avoid persuading various countries or going through lengthy process of international institutions and implement assertive foreign policy on its own NOT Taking full advantage of unipolarity and bind itself to international institutions it creates. Retreating completely from world affairs Accommodating demands of potentially balancing powers

Which statement describes offensive realism most appropriately?

Because each state is uncertain about other states' intention, it is likely to seek endless expansion in order to secure its survival. NOT Every state leader is reckless and blood-thirsty and is tempted to embark on endless expansion to seek her/his glory. Because each state is uncertain about other states' intention, a wise foreign policy leads to self-restraint in order to reduce the chances of misperception. States often fail to balance against obvious threats because of domestic politics.

There is a lot of uncertainty in the anarchic international system, according to realists. Which of the following is a consequence of uncertainty for states?

Because states can't be certain of their friends and enemies, there always remains the possibility that states will cheat on agreements, and thus cooperation is difficult to achieve. NOT In order to avoid uncertainty, realists argue that states should abide by precise international laws and get out of anarchy. Uncertainty leads states to be more trusting of one another, producing more cooperation and less conflict.

How does Walt, as a realist, explain the US foreign policy after the end of the Cold War?

Because the US power became unrivaled, it was given more latitude in making foreign policies and thus became more prone to making errors NOT The US correctly learned the lessons from the demise of the Soviet Union and democratizing other countries was now the true national interest for the Americans. China replaced the Soviet Union as the rival of the US and the American foreign policy did not change significantly. The US now faced a severe prisoner's dilemma in the international stage and tried to strengthen international institutions to solve it

According to the lecture, why was the Corn Law repealed in 1846?

Because the capitalists who became more assertive with industrialization are organized into a party and pushed for its repeal in order to reduce wages NOT Because the landed aristocrats had already improved the productivity of agriculture by adopting the most advanced technology at the time Because the workers, who were suffering from high food prices, were organized into strong labor unions and became a pivotal actor in the Parliament Because Britain as a whole country embraced free trade as it became the most advanced and powerful country at the time

Which group of feminist scholars would argue that if we increased the number of women in leadership positions, global politics might be more peaceful and cooperative?

Difference Feminists (Difference feminists argue that there are differences between men and women, and that if women leaders were present in proportion to the number of women in the global population, global politics would be different.) NOT Feminist Constructivists Globalization feminists Gendered IR Theory (The idea of gendered IR theory suggests that the theories that we use to understand global politics come from a masculine perspective, and may be different if written by women.)

According to Walt, which was the period when the US foreign policy is more consistent with realism: during or after the Cold War?

During the Cold War NOT The US foreign policy has always been consistent with realism with little variation After the Cold War The US foreign policy has always deviated from realism

For radicals, _________ assume primary importance and are a determining factor for virtually all other phenomena.

Economic factors NOT Individuals' innate characteristics Power capabilities

What are the plausible mechanisms of democratic amity provided by Ikenberry?

Electing the officials by people limits these officials' ability to mobilize the society for a costly war. Political openness in democracies makes commitments between them credible to one another. Democracies share a lot of social goals and interests so they have little disagreement to fight over in the first place. In democracies, disputes are settled peacefully at home, so they try to do so internationally as well.

According to the textbook and lecture, what is NOT considered a tool of state power.

Foundational NOT (as in, they ARE a tool) Military Economic Diplomatic

According to the text, which of the following is an example of the frustration-aggression syndrome?

German society following World War I NOT Jimmy Carter launching a rescue mission to free the Iranian hostages. Gorbachev's attempts to reform the Soviet economy. The war over the Falkland Islands.

Which of the following is NOT a member of the P5?

Germany NOT (these are the P5 countries) Russia China US UK France

When decision-makers feel pressure to conform to the prevailing views of the group, rather than present contradictory information, this is known as:

Groupthink NOT Dynamic inclusion. Evoked sets. Dissent minimization.

Which conventions codify humanitarian law today?

Hague and Geneva NOT VIenna and Geneva Basel and Vienna Hague and Kyoto

The argument that a unipolar system is the safest and most peaceful form of polarity is consistent with ______.

Hegemonic Stability Theory NOT Democratic Peace Theory Balancing behavior Bandwagoning

According to the text, Japan's sources of power include its:

High level of economic development NOT large military and nuclear weapons arsenal. abundant national resources, including oil.

Which of the following is an individual-level explanation for World War II?

Hitler's unique ideology prescribed territorial growth and thus German aggression NOT There was a power transition in Europe, with Germany rising and challenging the British hegemon Even if Hitler had not been the leader, any other German leader would have pursued an aggressive strategy during WWII Germany was not a true democracy, and thus was able to go to war without being accountable to the public.

Denmark's referendum on the Maastricht Treaty is an example of which of the following?

How mass publics can constrain foreign policy elites through voting NOT The neorealist argument that domestic politics make cooperation difficult. The problems associated with "evoked set" thinking. A foreign policy orientation by national leaders.

According to Classical Realism, _____________ is the main cause of war in international politics.

Human Nature NOT Multipolarity Nationalism Interdependence

The United Nations defines security issues more broadly today than it did in the past. In addition to traditional national security issues, today the UN is concerned with the security of individuals in their day-to-day lives. This is known as:

Human Security NOT The developmental approach. Quotidien security. Arms control.

UNSURE OF ANSWER: How might a democratic peace theorist suggest that the US respond to a rising China?

INCORRECT They would point out that the U.S. and China are highly interdependent because of their trade relations and thus unlikely to go to war. They would advocate working through the democratic United Nations and World Trade Organization to foster security. OTHER ANSWERS They would point out that the U.S. is democratic while China is autocratic, and as such war may be possible. The U.S. should seek to promote democratic reform in China. They would point out that China is a security-maximizing state that is unlikely to be aggressive if unprompted, and encourage the US to proceed with caution. They would point out that because China is an autocracy, the US should work to establish a regional collective security institution to meet an attack by China with great force.

INCORRECT ANSWER According to neoliberal institutionalists, international institutions facilitate cooperation primarily by

INCORRECT ANSWER Allowing states to signal their interest OTHER ANSWERS reducing transaction costs making the international relations more hierarchical democratizing member states

INCORRECT ANSWER Which of the following do not consider the international system central to their theoretical view?

INCORRECT ANSWER None of the Above OTHER ANSWERS Liberals Neo-realists Realists

INCORRECT ANSWER The notion that individually rational behavior may not benefit the group as a whole is illustrated by the:

INCORRECT ANSWER None of the above OTHER ANSWERS Collective action problem Invisible hand of the market. New International Economic Order

INCORRECT ANSWER What was the role of the "standard of civilization" in the "society of states," according to Buzan?

INCORRECT ANSWER Serving as criteria for other political units to join the sovereign state system OTHER ANSWERS Serving as criteria for other political units to join the sovereign state system. Encouraging some countries to go through rapid modernization. Settling the Thiry Years' War in favor of the Roman Catholic Church All of the above a. and b.

INCORRECT ANSWER: What is the acronym for the legislation that gave fast-track authority to President for negotiating trade deals with foreign countries?

INCORRECT ANSWER TPA OTHERS unsure of them

INCORRECT ANSWER Which model of foreign policy decision-making would likely have the highest predictive ability but the lowest explanatory power?

INCORRECT ANSWER The Bureaucratic/Organizational Model OTHER ANSWERS The Rational Actor Model The Pluralist Model The Constructivist Model

INCORRECT ANSWER According to Sances-Cuenca, how did the Eurozone crisis change the debate on the democratic deficit in the EU?

INCORRECT ANSWER The crisis heightened the concern over the fiscal deficits of certain democratic member countries. OTHER ANSWERS The crisis empowered the power of technocrats such as those in the European Central Bank, so the debate became depoliticized. The crisis extended the power of EU technocrats over distributive issues and its policy actively undermined the democracy of the member countries. The crisis was successfully resolved by the EU agencies and thus enhanced its democratic legitimacy among citizens.

INCORRECT ANSWER The organizational component of the Bureaucratic/Organizational Model most directly questions which aspect of the Rational Actor Model?

INCORRECT ANSWER The idea that states can be treated as having unitary preferences OTHER ANSWERS The idea that states will accurately assess what is in their own interests The idea that political organizations like the oil lobby do not determine state policy The idea that states have a menu of choices for any potential policy option

INCORRECT ANSWER What is NOT included in the widely accepted definition of the "Responsibility to Protect"?

INCORRECT ANSWER The international community should respond, if necessary, with military means when the host state clearly lacks the willingness or capacity to fulfill the responsibility to protect OTHER ANSWERS States should protect its citizens from mass atrocities The international community is obliged to help states fulfill the responsibility to protect The criteria for "crimes against humanity" and military intervention are up to the Security Council's permanent members

INCORRECT ANSWER Which is (are) (a) possible reaction(s) from neorealists like when they observe state behavior that doesn't seem to meet its strategic goals as a nation?

INCORRECT ANSWER They don't care much, saying that such a state will be punished and probably won't be able to survive under anarchy. OTHER ANSWERS They think the international system has changed because of interdependence They don't care much, saying that such a state will be punished and probably won't be able to survive under anarchy. They tell you they don't care about each decision on foreign policy made by individual states. They accept the assumption of states as irrational actors 1. and 4. 3. and 4. 2. and 3.

Actors in the study of international relations include

Iceland Domestic bureaucracies Transnational NGOs

Which of the following is not one of the essential assumptions of realism?

Leaders are driven by the same morality as ordinary individuals. NOT The state is the principle actor in international relations. States exist in an anarchic international environment. Security issues are of primary concern to states.

That human nature is basically good and that people can cooperate to affect social progress are basic tenets of:

Liberalism

According to Ikenberry, how did liberalism inspire American foreign policy after Wilson's experiment?

Liberalism provided a hidden but persistent backbone in American pursuit of facilitating international cooperation. NOT Liberalism in IR was badly discredited and eliminated thoroughly from practice. Liberalism was transformed into historical materialism. Liberalism reappeared as an idea behind the doctrine of containment against the Soviet Union after the WWII.

If the international system is characterized by anarchy, realists argue, then each state must:

Look out for its own interests above all NOT work to cooperate as fully as possible with others. find its niche in the system and avoid confrontation. capitalize on what little interdependence does exist.

Theories of IR can be analogized to maps because

Maps guide us to our destination by choosing necessary information and dropping irrelevant information NOT Maps are complicated Maps always faithfully reflect reality

The UN, among many other functions, sets the standard for what constitutes a violation of human rights and monitors state behavior for violations. This is consistent with the expectations of which theoretical perspective?

Neoliberal Institutionalism NOT Radicalism Classical Realism Neorealism

According to Morgenthau, a state's interests are defined in terms of:

Power NOT Domestic politics Democratic values The leader's preferences

What is the core theoretical mechanism that drives or motivates liberalism and neoliberalism?

Prisoner's Dilemma NOT Instability Spiral Unipolarity Security Exchange

Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for her activities in what area?

Promoting the rights of women and girls, especially their right to education NOT Preventing nuclear proliferation. Advocating for action to combat climate change as a human security risk. Promoting peace negotiations over the conflict in Kashmir.

Which of the following states has been granted observer status by the UN and is recognized by most other states but lacks control over its territory?

Palestine NOT Switzerland Italy Kashmir

Which critique is the most damaging to the bargaining theory, according to David Lake?

Recent developments in behavioral economics propose decision-making processes that challenge the assumption of rationality. NOT Bargainings surrounding war involve players other than "two" governments. A state is not monolithic and is influenced by its constituents and interest groups. In making decisions to go to war, leaders should consider the costs that they would suffer post-war as well.

Which could be an example of "offshore balancing" advocated by Walt?

Reduce the American engagement in Europe and having NATO's European members to make more effort in defending themselves NOT Overturning the Assad regime in Syria and establish a democratic government there. Siding with Israel in any situations.

Which of the following is an international system level explanation for the 2003 US invasion of Iraq?

UN resolutions condemning Iraq had to be enforced in order to maintain the legitimacy of the organization. NOT The business community in the U.S. demands a stable oil supply and lobbies the US government accordingly. George W. Bush had sought to remove Saddam Hussein from office since the late 1990s.

Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic politics in action?

The State Department advocates using diplomacy to deal with a proliferating state while the Pentagon favors military options. NOT Disagreements among various countries over the size of the UN budget. Coordination by international organizations to create an international tax regime.

Arms control can be a mechanism for

Reassurance NOT deterrence collective security democratic peace

For nuclear deterrence to be effective, a state must have

Second Strike Capability NOT a large conventional force. first-strike capability. an ability to completely destroy the enemy. none of the above.

What does collective security involve?

States band together, promising that if one member is attacked there will be a collective response against the aggressor. NOT Citizens rally around the flag and each country tries to protect itself as best it can. States collect allies and try to balance power against another collection of opposing states. Alliances of states rely on nuclear weapons to deter terrorist attacks.

Which of the following best describes the constructivist (especially Wendt's) perspective on the mutual constitution of actors and structures?

Structure itself does not determine what an actor does, and does emerge out of actors' interaction in the system, and then constitute their identities in turn, but the actors retain rooms for agency to interpret them. NOT The structure of the international system completely determines/constrains state behavior. The structure of the international system means that all states must mutually help each other in order to assure their survival.

Which of the following is a state-level explanation for the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq?

The US considers it to be in its national interest to build a democratic regime in the Middle East. American oil companies sought a stable oil supply and influenced the US government's decision making. NOT George W. Bush wanted to avenge the attempted assassination of his father by removing Saddam Hussein.

According to the text, a(n) ________ is "an assemblage of units, objects, or parts united by some form of regular interaction."

System NOT machine weapon organization construct

According to the lecture, jus ad bellum was less important in the period between the Treaty of Westphalia and WWI than before 1648, because war was basically a legitimate means to solve disputes between sovereign states.

TRUE

Gender hierarchy is a constant condition which makes interstate relations conflictual and war-prone, but different ways in which gender are understood can also affect the extent to which particular states are war-prone and how frequent wars are in an international system.

TRUE

What is puzzling about war in the framework of Fearon's "rationalist explanations"?

That states ever choose to pay the costs of fighting while a peaceful bargaining always leads to a better outcome. NOT That democratic leaders drag their people into war despite their will. That democracies rarely fight each other That states willingly limit WMD available to them.

Which of the following is true of the constructivist perspective on the role of identities?

The identity of a state shapes/implies its preferences and actions. States have a particular set of interests based on their identity. NOT A state's identity is determined by where it stands given the distribution of material power in the world. States have only one meaningful identity, that of self-interested states. Identities of states do not vary - they are constant regardless of historical and cultural context.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major elements of terrorism?

The targets are primarily military personnel and compounds. NOT (as in, they are one of the four) It is political in nature/intent. Attacks are unconventional and difficult to predict. The perpetrators are nonstate actors None of the above

What is the source of NGOs' power in the international system?

Their credible information and expertise NOT Their rigid structure Their complete separation from grassroots groups Large military arsenals

Which of the following is true of conventional weapons?

Their destructive effects can be limited to only legitimate targets of war. NOT Their destructive effects cannot be limited in space and time. World War I and World War II were fought solely with conventional weapons. Chemical weapons are one important example of conventional weapons. Nuclear weapons are one important example of conventional weapons.

For Blainey, what would be the most plausible cause that leads two countries in rivalry to fight war?

Their leaders' misperception in their relative strengths NOT Their clashing aims An insane leader on one side The capitalist world economy

Radical theorists argue that states primarily seek:

To make the wealthy class wealthier NOT Military Power Security Economic advancement for the whole population

The 2008-09 global economic crisis began because:

U.S. markets had excess credit and insufficient equity NOT China's economy went into recession The price of oil increased sharply in 2008 The IMF refused to respond to the crisis

According to Saunders, a ________ strategy specfically aims to change domestic institutions within a state as part of the intervention.

Transformative NOT nontransformative internally focused externally focused

According to Blainey, when does war occur between two conflicting countries?

When either one of them fails to curtail its aim to its relative power against the other and the two are both confident that they will be better off fighting. NOT When either one is ruled by a warmonger who has a limitless ambition When communists take over a state that has been ruled by a monarch. When their economies are stagnant and need colonies overseas in order to foster growth.

How does the Rubicon model explain the onset of wars despite the prevalence of a sense of insecurity among leaders?

When leaders are persuaded that war is inevitable, they are more resistant to change their beliefs or mindsets. NOT After a certain bargaining stage leaders are more hesitant to make concessions. Bounded rationality makes leaders too optimistic. Leaders tend to feel a loss of control over the situations as crises escalate.

Study of international relations covers questions such as: (check all the answers you think are right)

Why did the US, Iran, and other countries reached an agreement on Iran's nuclear development? When do transnational NGOs push governments to adopt stricter environmental standards effectively? Why do states engage in war? NOT Which forms of government, democracy, monarchy, or one-party rule for example, promote economic growth within a given country?

According to the lecture, international institutions play

a greater role in globalization of trade than in financial globalization because protectionists in trade policy are more visible and stronger in domestic politics NOT a smaller role in globalization of trade than in financial globalization because those who are negatively affected by financial globalization lobby more actively. equally significant roles because the losers of globalization in both areas are well organized and therefore have to be overcome by international institutions in order to achieve liberalization the role of a proxy for the global capitalist class.

The UN's Millennium Development Goals set forth eight categories of goals designed to:

reduce poverty and increase sustainable human development NOT abolish the capitalist system reform international lending agencies such as the IMF and World Bank decrease attention paid to 'soft' issues such as education and healthcare

How would radicals explain the 2003 Iraq War?

the United States acting in its economic interest to stabilize and control its oil supply NOT a failure of international institutions the United States acting in its national interest to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction a clash of Christian and Islamic identities

According to Dessler and Owen, it is often difficult to apply if-then type of explanation to constructivist claims because

the explanatory factors, like norms, reflect the actors' interpretation of the objective situations, not just these objective situations themselves, thereby making the explanation of their behavior appear tautological NOT the explanatory factors, such as norms, are given from outside of the actors their claims are too novel and creative the norms are contingent on existing power relations

International law differs from law at the state level in that:

there is no sovereign body with enforcement power. NOT the World Court's compulsory jurisdiction supersedes state interests. law at the state level relies on reciprocity for its enforcement. none of the above.