1.4 + 3.4 World History Test

Heliocentric

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

Enlightened Despot

an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change

Laissez-faire

an economic system allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

Adam Smith

author of The Wealth of Nations; proponent of the free-market system

Catherine the Great

became empress of Russia in 1762; believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty. She also abolished torture, established religious tolerance, granted nobles a charter of rights, and criticized the institution of serfdom.

Gravity

force keep planets in orbit; proposed by Newton

Johannes Kepler

mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical

baroque

ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s

rococo

personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s

Montesquieu

philosophe who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances

Diderot

philosophe who edited and published the Encyclopedia

Voltaire

philosophe who used his writings to fight ignorance, superstition, and intolerance

Rousseau

philosophe who wrote The Social Contract

censorship

restriction on access to ideas and information

natural law

rules discoverable by reason

Isaac Newton

scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically

Robert Boyle

scientist who explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; proposed laws governing gases

Galileo

scientist who proved that the Earth moves around the sun; in 1633, the Inquisition forced him to recant his heliocentric views

Thomas Hobbes

seventeenth-century thinker who wrote Leviathan

John Locke

seventeenth-century thinker who wrote Two Treatises of Government

Frederick the Great

(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia. He also Reduced use of torture, allowed a free press, and tolerated religious differences.

Robert Boyle in the 1600s

- Explained that all matter is composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways - Defined the difference between individual elements and compounds - Explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases

What did Isaac Newton link and theorize

- he linked science and mathematics - Newton theorized that gravity was the force that controls the movements of the planets. - He believed that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically. - He contributed to the development of calculus, a branch of mathematics, to help explain his laws.

philosophes

French thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society

Whose revolutionary idea was rejected and why?

Copernicus's idea was rejected because the church did not want to take a step back and revaluate everything they knew

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Francis Bacon

English thinker who, with Descartes, rejected the assumptions of Aristotle; stressed experimentation and observation

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician who proposed the need to search for provable knowledge

social contract

Hobbes' proposal for an organized society in which people enter into an agreement accepting a powerful government in exchange for their freedom

natural right

Locke's view of the rights belonging to all people at birth, including the right to life, liberty, and property

Why did middle-class readers start to like reading?

Middle-class readers liked stories about their own times told in straightforward language.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

Scientific Method

Step by step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data

How did the government try and stop enlightenment from spreading?

The government would burn books, and imprison it's writers

How did writers avoid censorship?

They drove their point across using works of fiction.

calculus

a branch of mathematics partially developed by Isaac Newton

Hypothesis

a logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using the scientific method

Joseph II

the most radical of the enlightened despots; ruled Austria and worked for religious equality and an end to censorship. He also modernized Austria's government, supported religious equality for Jews and Protestants, ended censorship, and abolished serfdom.

What did medieval alchemists believe?

they had believed that any substance could be turned into any other and tried to transform ordinary metals into gold.