1402 Campbell Biology Chapter (30) 5-10-2013
What is a generative cell?
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Describe the first three steps in the life cycle of a pine.
1. In most conifer species each tree has both ovulate and pollen cones. 2. Microsporocytes divide by meiosis, producing haploid microspores. A microspore develops into a pollen grain. 3. An ovulate cone scale has two ovules, each containing a megasporangium.
Describe the first 3 steps in the life cycle of an angiosperm.
1. On the anther, each microsporangium contains microsporocytes that divide by meiosis, producing microspores. 2. A microspore develops into a pollen grain. The generative cell of the gametophyte will divide, forming two sperm. The tube cell will produce the pollen tube. 3. In the megasporangium of each ovule, the megasporocyte divides by meiosis, producing four megaspores. One survives and forms a female gametophyte.
Describe steps 4-5 in the life cycle of an angiosperm.
4. After pollination, eventually two sperm cells are discharged in each ovule. 5. Double fertilization occurs. One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote. The other sperm fertilizes the central cell, forming the endosperm (a food supply, 3n in this example).
Describe steps 4-6 in the life cycle of a pine.
4. Pollinations when a pollen grain reaches the ovule. The pollen grain then germinates, forming a pollen tube that slowly digests its way through the megasporangium. 5. While the pollen tube develops, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis producing four haplod cells. One survives as a megaspore. 6. The megaspore develops into a female gametophyte that contains two or three archegonia, each of which will form an egg.
Describe steps 6-7 in the life cycle of an angiosperm.
6. The zygote develops into an embryo that is packaged along with food into a seed. (The fruit tissues surrounding the seed are not shown). 7. When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a mature sporophyte.
Describe steps 7-9 in the life cycle of a sperm.
7. By the time the eggs are mature, two sperm cells have developed in the pollen tube which extends to the female gametophyte. Fertilization occurs.
Define angiosperm.
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. Source: TB Glossary
What does a stamen consist of?
A stamen consists of a stalk called the filament and a terminal sac, the anther, where pollen is produced.
What is a gymnosperm?
A vascular plant that bears naked seeds - seeds not enclosed in protective chambers. Source: TB Glossary
83) In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg? 1. micropyle 2. style 3. ovary 4. stigma A) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 B) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 C) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 D) 1 → 3 → 4 → 2 E) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 30.3
A) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 4. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Ovary, 1. Micropyle Source: CB Page 628 - The pollen grain absorbs water and germinates after it adheres to the stigma of a carpel. The tube cell produces a pollen tube that grows down within the style of the carpel. After reaching the ovary, the pollen tube penetrates through the micropyle, a pore in the integuments of the ovule, and discharges two sperm cells into the female gametophyte (embryo sac).
94) Which of the following is not a valid argument for preserving tropical forests? A) People in the tropics do not need to increase agricultural output. B) Many organisms are becoming extinct. C) Plants that are possible sources of medicines are being lost. D) Plants that could be developed into new crops are being lost. E) Clearing land for agriculture results in soil destruction. 30.4
A) People in the tropics do not need to increase agricultural output.
2) A fruit is most commonly A) a mature ovary. B) a thickened style. C) an enlarged ovule. D) a modified root. E) a mature female gametophyte.
A) a mature ovary.
4) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? A) alternation of generations B) ovules C) integuments D) pollen E) dependent gametophytes
A) alternation of generations
88) The fruit is covered with spines or hooks. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents 30.3
A) animal skin, fur, or feathers
79) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? A) ovule B) ovary C) fruit D) style E) stamen 30.3
A) ovule
What is the micropyle? and what role does it play in fertilization of angiosperms?
After reaching the ovary, the pollen tube penetrates through the micropyle, a pore in the integuments of the ovule, and discharges two sperm cells into the female gametophyte (embryo sac).
18) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated: 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence A) 1 → 2 → 3 B) 2 → 3 → 1 C) 2 → 1 → 3 D) 3 → 2 → 1 E) 3 → 1 → 2 E 30.1
Answer E) 3 → 1 → 2 The earliest plant traits were gametophyte dominance and sporophyte dependence as seen in moss. Then it was sporophyte dominance and gametophyte independence as seen in ferns. Finally it was sporophyte dominance and gametophyte dependence as seen in seed plants (Gymnosperms and angiosperms). Source: TB Page 619.
26) Which of these statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the 30.2
Answer: A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. 55) The yolk and/or albumen of an animal egg A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments 30.3
Answer: A) endosperm
69) In flowering plants, meiosis occurs specifically in the A) spore mother cells. B) gametophytes. C) endosperm. D) gametes. E) embryos. 30.3
Answer: A) spore mother cells.
28) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore A) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 C) 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 D) 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 E) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 B 30.2
Answer: B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 The megaspore is produced. Then the female gametophyte is produced. At step 3 there is an egg cell. The egg cell will get fertilized and you will obtain a 2n sporophyte embryo.
68) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? A) by nourishing the plants that make them B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds C) by attracting insects to the pollen inside D) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat E) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization 30.3
Answer: B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
53) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A) complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent B) double internal fertilization C) free-living gametophytes D) carpels that contain microsporangia E) ovules that are not contained within ovaries B 30.3
Answer: B) double internal fertilization
65) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis 30.3
Answer: B) mitosis
57) The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments 30.3
Answer: B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei
61) Which of the following is a structure of angiosperm gametophytes? A) immature ovules B) pollen tubes C) ovaries D) stamens E) sepals 30.3
Answer: B) pollen tubes
3) Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants? A) decrease in the size of the leaf B) reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle C) elimination of sperm cells or sperm nuclei D) increasing reliance on water to bring sperm and egg together E) replacement of roots by rhizoids 30.1
Answer: B) reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle Source: Page 618
2) The result of heterospory is A) the existence of male and female sporophytes. B) the existence of male and female gametophytes. C) the absence of sexuality from both plant generations. D) both (A) and (B) above. 30.1
Answer: B) the existence of male and female gametophytes. Source: TB Page 619
34) Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators 5. endosperm A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) 2, 4, and 5 30.2, 30.3
Answer: C) 1, 2, and 3 1. Pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes
9) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the cells below, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium 2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4. cells of a gametophyte A) 3, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 4, 2, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 2, 1, 4 E) 3, 1, 2, 4 30.1
Answer: C) 3, 1, 4 ,2 The cell that would be most likely to produce the pigment is the epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, then next up would be the cells of sporangium, and then the cells of a gametophyte, and least likely to produce a pigment is the cells in the interior of a subterranean root.
22) A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur? A) The pollen grains will be pure red. B) The pollen grains will be pure blue. C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors. D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors. E) Insofar as the pollen grains are independent of the plant that produced them, they will not absorb either stain. 30.1
Answer: C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors. Source: None
43) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales? A) They are female reproductive parts. B) None are capable of photosynthesis. C) They are modified leaves. D) They are found on flowers. E) They are found on angiosperms. 30.2, 30.3
Answer: C) They are modified leaves. Page 625-626
60) The seeds of orchids are among the smallest known, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule seed leaves. Consequently, what should one expect to be true of such seeds? A) They require extensive periods of dormancy during which the embryo develops. B) They are surrounded by brightly colored, sweet fruit. C) They germinate very soon after being released from the ovary. D) The developing embryo within is dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition. E) The sporophytes that produce such seeds are wind pollinated. 30.3
Answer: C) They germinate very soon after being released from the ovary.
23) Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because they A) are woody. B) have macrophylls. C) have pollen. D) have sporophylls. E) have spores. 30.2
Answer: C) have pollen. Source: TB Page 621 - Gymnosperms have the key terrestrial adaptations found in all seed plants, such as seeds and pollen.
21) Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? A) a different type of sporopollenin B) an internal reservoir of liquid water C) integument(s) D) ability to be dispersed E) waxy cuticle 30.1
Answer: C) integument(s) Source: TB Page 620 - A layer of sporophyte tissue called integument envelops and protects the megasporangium. Gymnosperm megasporangia are surrounded by one integument, whereas those in angiosperms usually have two integuments.
50) microspores of pollen cones A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte 30.2, 30.3
Answer: C) male sporophyte
41) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? A) stigma B) carpel C) ovule D) ovary E) anthers 30.2, 30.3
Answer: C) ovule
7) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? A) sporopollenin B) lignin present in cell walls C) pollen D) use of air currents as a dispersal agent E) megaphylls 30.1
Answer: C) pollen Source: TB Page 620 - In seed plants a sperm producing male gametophyte inside a pollen grain can be carried long distances by wind or by animals, eliminating the dependence on water for sperm transport. (similar to how planes were invented and we get all this mixing of the gene pool).
8) Which of the following most closely represents the male gametophyte of seed-bearing plants? A) ovule B) microspore mother cell C) pollen grain interior D) embryo sac E) fertilized egg
Answer: C) pollen grain interior Source: TB Page 620 - A microspore develops into a pollen grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall.
19) In seed plants, which part of a pollen grain has a function most like that of the seed coat? A) sporophyll B) male gametophyte C) sporopollenin D) stigma E) sporangium 30.1
Answer: C) sporopollenin
33) Which of these statements is false? A) A female pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. B) A male pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. C) A flower is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. D) A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. 30.2, 30.3
Answer: D) A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. Source: Page 626 - A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts. Fruits protect dormant seeds and aid in their dispersal.
27) Which of these statements is true of the pine life cycle? A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. B) The pine tree is a gametophyte. C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. 30.2
Answer: D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. Source: Page 624
58) The dispersal and/or nurture of young after hatching from the egg A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments 30.3
Answer: D) fruit
66) Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of A) two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells. B) one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells. C) two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs. D) one embryo involving one sperm cell and of endosperm involving a second sperm cell. E) one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell. 30.3
Answer: D) one embryo involving one sperm cell and of endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
5) Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because A) having no stomata, they lose less water. B) they all disperse by means of seeds. C) diploid plants experience fewer mutations than do haploid plants. D) their gametophytes are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue. E) eggs and sperm need not be produced. 30.1
Answer: D) their gametophytes are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue. Source: TB Page 619 - The tiny gametophytes can develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the parental sporophyte. This arrangement protects the gametophytes from environmental stresses.
24) The main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by using A) fruits that are eaten by animals. B) spores. C) squirrels to bury cones. D) windblown seeds. E) flagellated sperm swimming through water. 30.2
Answer: D) windblown seeds.
70) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 C) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3 30.3
Answer: E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3 4. The carpel, 1. ovary, 2. ovule, 5. embryo sac, 3. egg
6) The seed coat's most important function is to provide A) a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium. B) the means for dispersal. C) dormancy. D) a nutrient supply for the embryo. E) desiccation resistance. 30.1
Answer: E) desiccation resistance Source: TB Page 619 -The most reproductive tissues of the sporophyte shield the gametophytes from UV radiation and protect them from drying out.
56) The shell of an animal egg A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments 30.3
Answer: E) integuments
Describe the characteristics of a carpel.
At the tip of the carpel is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. A style leads from the stigma to the ovary at the base of the carpel; the ovary contains one or more ovules. If fertilized an ovule develops into a seed.
75) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 30.3
B) 8
72) How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 30.3
B) 8 (n) haploid
74) How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 30.3
B) 8.
87) The fruit is made of material high in calories. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents 30.3
B) animal digestive tract
92) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods? A) genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) pesticide and herbicide application 30.4
B) artificial selection
47) egg cell in the embryo sac A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte 30.2, 30.3
B) female gametophyte
3) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? A) egg-n B) megaspore-2n C) microspore-n D) zygote-2n E) sperm-n
B) megaspore-2n = the surviving megaspore is haploid. Source = Page 627
95) A botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except A) observing which plants sick animals seek out. B) observing which plants are the most used food plants. C) observing which plants animals do not eat. D) collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis. E) asking local people which plants they use as medicine. 30.4
B) observing which plants are the most used food plants.
76) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 30.3
C) 16
77) How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 30.3
C) 16
81) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of these features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A) wind pollination B) dominant gametophytes C) fruits enclosing seeds D) embryos enclosed within seed coats E) sperm cells without flagella 30.3
C) fruits enclosing seeds
89) The fruit contains an air bubble. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents 30.3
C) water currents
What are carpels?
Carpels make megaspores and their products female gametophytes. Some flowers have a single carpel, whereas others have multiple carpels, which are either separate or fused together.
25. Which of these statements is true of the pine life cycle?
Conifers pollen grains contains male gametophytes 624
73) How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 30.3
D) 24 (3n) triploid
5) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except A) seeds. B) pollen. C) vascular tissue. D) ovaries. E) ovules.
D) Ovaries : gymnosperms do not bear tasty and delicious fruit.
90) The fruit has a heavy weight and spheroidal shape. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents 30.3
D) gravity and terrain
80) Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit? A) stigma B) style C) ovule D) ovary E) micropyle 30.3
D) ovary
85) Which feature of honeybees probably arose under the mutual evolutionary influence of insect-pollinated flowering plants? A) possessing three pairs of legs B) possessing a metabolism whose rate is influenced by environmental temperature C) possessing an exoskeleton made of chitin D) possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles E) possessing an ovipositor modified as a non-reusable stinger 30.3
D) possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles
1) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? A) in the style of a flower B) inside the tip of a pollen tube C) enclosed in the stigma of a flower D) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower E) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
D) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
35. Which of the following is characteristic of all angiosperms?
Double internal fertilization, where one fertilization produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell (page 628).
91) The fruit has light, fibrous plumes. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents 30.3
E) air currents
20) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a A) moss sporophyte. B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia. C) fern sporophyte. D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte. E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia. 30.1
E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.
93) What is the greatest threat to plant diversity? A) insects B) grazing and browsing by animals C) pathogenic fungi D) competition with other plants E) human population growth 30.4
E) human population growth
33. The egg cell in the embryo sac is the _____.
Female gametophyte, page 619
24. Which of these statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. Seeds are produced in ovulate cones; male gametophytes are in pollen which are produced in pollen cones. 624
21. Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because:
Gymnosperms have both naked seeds and pollen. Page 621
What is a flower?
In an angiosperm,it is a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction Source: G-14
What is endosperm?
In angiosperms, a nutrient rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seed. Source: CB G-12
23. Generally windblown pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow:
In dense and single species stands.
What is the set of modified leaves that are interior to the sepals?
Interior to the sepals are the petals, which are brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators. Source: TB Page 625
What does the seed consists of?
It consists of the embryo, the endosperm, and a seed coat derived from the integuments. Source: CB Page 628
What is double fertilization?
It is a mechanism of fertilization angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm. Source: CB G-11
What is a cotyledon?
It is a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two. Source: CB G-11
34. Microspores of pollen ______
Male sporophyte pg 620, pollen is male gametophyte.
26. Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which of the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs?
Megaspore gives rise to 619
Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?
Naked seeds and pollen. 620
30. Which traits are shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Pollen transported by the wind (625). Lignified xylem and microscopic gametophytes.
What does it mean to be heterosporous?
Seed plants are heterosporous which means that they produce two kinds of spores. Megasporangia produce MEGASPORES that give rise to female gametophytes. Microsporangia produce MICROSPORES that give rise to male gametophytes. Source: TB Page 619
What are the set of modified leaves at the base of the flower?
Starting at the base of the flower are the sepals,which are usually green and enclose the flower before it opens (think of a rosebud) Source: TB Page 625
31. Which structure is most common to gymnosperm and angiosperms?
The ovule - a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.
Arrange the following in order of the largest structure to the smallest of what can be found on male pine trees.
The sporophyte (2n), then the pollen cones, microsporangia, microspores, and then the pollen nuclei.
What are angiosperm seeds inclosed in?
They are enclosed in fruits, which are mature ovaries.
What are stamens?
They are modified leaves that produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes.
32. What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales?
They are modified leaves.
What are some examples of fruits that that are fleshy?
Tomatoes, plums, and grapes are examples of fleshy fruits, in which the wall (pericarp) of the ovary becomes soft during ripening.
When does an ovary develop into a fruit?
When the ovules become seeds.
22. The main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by:
Windblown seeds. In pines and conifers yellow pollen is released in large amounts and carried by the wind, dusting everything in its path. When the scales of each ovulate cone separate, the seeds are released and then carried by the wind. 625
