14.2 Social, environmental and political tensions caused by globalisation

Internet censorship in China and North Korea

- For nearly 70 years the people's republic of China's has been ruled by the communist party. - The rulers are intolerant to criticism - In 1988 Chinese students demonstrated against communism in Tienanmen square. Hundred were thought to have died in the army crackdown that followed - Many Chinese do not know what happened to this day, due to strict censorship of the press and the internet. Google withdrew its services from china in 2010 when the Chinese government insisted that search engine results should be censored to hide information about Tienanmen square. - Facebook, Twitter, Google and YouTube are Banned. - More than 400 million communicate using local social media such as Youku Tudou. In contrast, north Koreans have no access to the internet.

Particular concerns about the 200 million barrels of oil has been extracted since 1920 in the Dene residents are: What are Oil TNCs like Shell and Exxon Mobil doing now?

- the death of trout and other fish in oil-polluted lakes (Subsistence fishing is apart of the Dene cultural identity ) - the effects of alcohol and drugs brought by oil workers on the young people of Dene Oil TNCs are now exploring the surrounding Canol shale and assessing its potential for shale oil. Shale fracking has been linked with water pollution.

Since 2010, a five-tier point system has been in place in the UK designed to help control immigration by checking that economic migrants possess skills or resources that the UK economy needs. For example, Tier 1 migrants must be prepared to invest more than 2 million pounds in the UK or possess 'exceptional talent' These rules do not apply to EU migrants, who are allowed freedom of movement. The incoming UK government pledged to cut net migration to 100,000 a year. This target has not been met because :

-Fewer british citizens have left the UK to live overseas since the recession -The government has no control over EU migrants wanting to work in the UK -Refugees are allowed to remain in the UK under human rights law

'Resource nationalism' describes a growing tendency for state governments to take measures ensuring that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the national resources found within their borders. For instance:

-HUGO CHAVEZ seized control of exxonmobil and conocoPhillips operations in Venezuela -In 2009, Canada-based First Quantum was forced to hand over 65% ownership of a $550 million copper mining project in the democratic republic of Congo to the country's government. -Until recently, resource nationalism in china took the form of restrictions on rare earth exports. Japan, USA and the EU expressed concerns to the WTO, As a result china relaxed restrictions in 2014

Legislating Against global flows: Governments may try to prevent or control global flows of people, goods and information, with varying success:

-Laws can be strengthened to limit numbers of economic migrants. How illegal immigration is sometimes hard to tackle. Although European countries are obliged to let in genuine refugees. Since 1948 he UDHR has guaranteed refugees the right to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution. -Around 40 world governments limit their citizens freedom to access online information. Violent or sexual imagery is censored in many countries. However a dark web exists, which is harder to control. -Trade protectionism is still common despite the effort of the bretton woods institutions.

Where are UK diaspora's? How are they being recognised? In a good or bad way?

A thriving British Diaspora has seeded itself across other EU countries. UK residents began relocating to the Mediterranean coastline in 1993, when freedom of movement in the EU was first allowed. British enclaves can be identified through local 'ethnoscapes' features such as bars and cafes. However, poor behaviour of some of the younger Brits has sometimes strained cultural relations with indigenous communities

There are varying attitudes towards migration and cultural mixing. What happened in 2004 that led to mainly positive attitudes to migration in the UK?

In 2004, 8 Eastern European nations (including Poland and Slovakia) joined the EU. This led to an unprecedented amount of post-accession migration in the UK and Ireland of 1 million people. This is an important reason why the UK's population has grown from 59.5 million to 64.5 million between 2004 and 2015

Extremism in Europe

In some EU states, nationalist parties, such as France's front national, command significant support. Nationalist parties often oppose immigration; some reject multiculturalism and openly embrace fascism. In the 1990's, the UK's British nationalist party voiced its opposition to the continuing presence of post-colonial migrants and their families. Although race relations in the UK have improved over time, racially-aggravated assaults do unfortunately occasionally occur.

How do Londoners feel about migration?

Many other Londoners feel very differently, they believe too much in-migration has been allowed to take place. Some voted for UKIP in the 2015 General election. This political party wants to see even stricter controls on migration, including the UK's membership in the EU and freedom of movement. 2.4 million of London's residents are from another country and on many of London transport multiple languages can be heard. Some judge the scale and rate of cultural change to have been too great.

What does nationalist mean? What does Post-colonial Migrants mean?

Nationalist : a political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty or national culture. Post-colonial migrants : people who moved to European countries from former colonies during the 1950's, 60's and 70's. The UK received economic migrants from the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Uganda.

Migrants have sometimes concentrated in particular areas and enclaves. What is the Polish Diaspora on Balham, London?

New polish migrants usually join the long established diaspora in Balham. Many non-Polish Balham residents have welcomed new arrivals and their contribution to the local economy and society. Small shopkeepers have visibly courted polish custom. However, some people are worried the increased crude birth rate will be beyond the capacity of the area's primary schools.

Particular cultural group within a nation my sometimes take a view on whether global forces should be allowed to exploit their resources. Opposition can be strong when an important landscape is threatened by the resource extraction process Example of this is The first nations in Canada, the ogoni people have an on-going struggle with oil companies in Nigeria

Some first nation regions of the Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins oppose the attempts of global oil companies to 'switch on' their region. The Dene residents have already experienced negative impacts of globalisation and petroleum development near the settlement of Norman Wells. Over 200 million barrels of oil has been extracted since 1920.

What is post-accession migration? What is a Diaspora? What is crude birth rate?

The flow of economic migrants after a country has joined the EU. The dispersion or spread of a group of people from their original homeland. The number of live births per 1000 people per year

How do British, Indian, Chinese and Brazilian TNC's feel about migration?

The leaders of some of the UK's largest TNCs have argued that migration restrictions threaten their own competitiveness and the UK's role as a global hub. Deregulation of the city of London in 1986 removed large amounts of 'red tape' for businesses. London's financial and legal firms began to rotate staff between their different international offices in Asia, Europe and The Americas. Other companies have recruited large numbers of skilled people from overseas, such as Indian computer programmers. It is not just the UK HQ's TNCs that are alarmed by restrictions. Indian, Chinese and Brazilian TNCs wanting a European base may be less likely to choose London if it becomes harder to transfer staff to the UK.

Examples of Extremism in Europe

The murder Stephen Lawrence in Eltham in 1993 is an example of a racially-aggravated assault. Recently, tensions between different communities have risen in Europe. In France in 2015, staff of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo were killed by gunmen of Algerian descent. The killers said their Islamic faith had been mocked. Extreme events such as these are rare but demonstrate tensions in multicultural Europe. Around 25% of voters supported France's Front National Party in the 2014 European Parliamentary Elections.