15 14, 12 13,
When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is,
A. "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"
_____ are considered leaders in the cognitive therapy movement.
A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by _____.
A. Albert Ellis
Which of the following best defines a defense mechanism?
A. An attempt to manage conflict between the id and superego
Which of the following is TRUE regarding cognitive psychotherapy?
A. Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy.
According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist-client relationships. _____ is among these three essential therapeutic conditions.
A. Empathy
Dr. James "forgets" to unlock the front door to his office on a Saturday when his only patient is Millie, a loud, disagreeable woman who often yells during therapy sessions. According to the psychodynamic school of thought, Dr. James has committed a _____.
A. Freudian slip
_____ was founded by Fritz Perls and it emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client's experience.
A. Gestalt therapy
Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie's psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is
A. Imaginal exposure
_____ is a variation of IPT developed for patients with bipolar disorder.
A. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
Which of the following lists Freud's psychosexual stages in the correct order?
A. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
_____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.
A. Relaxation training
Free association is to _____ as word association is to _____.
A. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung
Who among the following is not recognized as a leading proponent of cognitive therapy?
A. William Miller
According to the humanistic approach, psychological health is enhanced by
A. a match between the real self and the ideal self.
Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of _____ therapy.
A. behavior
The idea that the way we think about events determines the way we respond to them is a cornerstone of _____ therapy.
A. cognitive
Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by _____.
A. contingencies
If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind _____.
A. contingency management
Reaction formation is a defense mechanism characterized by
A. doing the opposite of the unconscious wish.
According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the part of the mind that generates defense mechanisms.
A. ego
For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.
A. exposure and response prevention
The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as _____.
A. extinction
The quality of _____ describes a match between a therapist's real and ideal selves.
A. genuineness
Third-wave therapies
A. have mindfulness as a core component of their treatment approach.
Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with the _____ approach to psychotherapy.
A. humanistic
Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has ____
A. increased
Compared to long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
A. involves a more narrow focus on specific clinical problems.
According to the psychodynamic approach, the actual plot of a dream as the dreamer remembers it is the _____.
A. manifest content
Prior to Freud,
A. mental health professionals did not generally acknowledge mental activity occurring outside of conscious awareness.
According to Carl Rogers, the three essential therapeutic conditions were _____ for psychotherapy to be successful with any client.
A. necessary and sufficient
Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for _____.
A. operant conditioning
Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that
A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement.
After a psychodynamic therapist makes an interpretation to a client, it can take many sessions for the client to incorporate that interpretation into his thinking and behavior. That post-interpretation period is often called _____.
A. the working-through process
The term third-wave therapies is most often applied to _____
A. therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance
The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is
A. to foster self-actualization.
The primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is
A. to make the unconscious conscious.
cognitive therapists
A. use the terms thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions to refer to cognitions.
When a patient is asked to engage in _____, the therapist presents the patient with a word, and the patient is to respond with the first word that comes to mind.
A. word association
Third-wave therapies
ACT DBT and metacognitive therapy
_____ is a cognitive technique that focuses on accepting internal psychological experiences, including emotions, thoughts, and sensations.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by _____.
Albert Ellis
would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart, whereas _____ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record.
Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck
Which of the following best describes genuineness as it is understood and applied by humanistic psychotherapists?
B. A therapist's true feelings of empathy and prizing toward a client
_____ would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart, whereas _____ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record.
B. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck
_____ is to Aaron Beck as _____ is to Albert Ellis.
B. Cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy
_____, according to psychodynamic psychotherapists, is the therapist's unconscious tendency to interact with clients as if the client is very similar to an individual from the therapist's own personal history.
B. Countertransference
_____ is a short-term humanistic therapy that emphasizes the expression, acknowledgement, and healing power of emotions in the present moment.
B. Emotionally focused therapy
Which of the following statements is TRUE about how well psychodynamic therapy works?
B. Many studies, including meta-analyses, indicate that psychodynamic treatment is generally beneficial.
Which of the following therapies has accumulated the most empirical evidence for its efficacy in recent decades based on humanistic principles?
B. Motivational interviewing
Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order?
B. Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses
Psychodynamic psychotherapy refers broadly to the approach created by _____ and including all subsequent adaptations or expansions of it.
B. Sigmund Freud
Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning?
B. Systematic desensitization
Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of _____
B. anxiety disorders
The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with _____ therapy.
B. behavior
Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of _____.
B. borderline personality disorder
The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is _____.
B. catastrophizing
Thorndike is to _____ as Pavlov is to _____.
B. classical conditioning, operant conditioning
According to behavior therapists,
B. client behaviors are the problem.
According to the humanistic approach, conditional positive regard from others brings forth _____.
B. conditional positive self-regard
Empirical examinations of humanistic therapy
B. discovered that its main elements—empathy, positive regard, and genuineness—play an important role in therapy success.
Cognitive psychotherapy
B. emphasizes objective measures of psychotherapy outcome to a greater extent than psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy
B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures.
Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom are most closely associated with _____ psychotherapy.
B. existential
The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____.
B. exposure therapy
Which of the following best describes the three-step process typically used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client's cognitions?
B. identify illogical thoughts; challenge illogical thoughts; replace illogical thoughts with more logical thoughts
According to the humanistic approach, _____ is the root of psychopathology.
B. incongruence
The term _____ succinctly captures the primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy.
B. insight
Relative to its prominence in the early and mid-1900s, psychodynamic psychotherapy is currently
B. less prominant
Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy
B. may be written or behavioral.
According to the behavioral approach, _____ essentially means "getting something good," and _____ essentially means "losing something good."
B. positive reinforcement, negative punishment
According to Rogers, the term _____ is synonymous with positive regard.
B. prizing
The "blank screen" role of the psychotherapist is most important to _____ psychotherapists.
B. psychodynamic
Displacement is a defense mechanism characterized by
B. redirecting the unconscious wish toward a safer target.
In humanistic psychotherapy, _____ takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the client's feelings or emotions.
B. reflection
Ron is a psychotherapy client who senses that certain unconscious material will soon be exposed. This makes him anxious, so he abruptly changes the subject and then misses his next appointment. Ron's psychodynamic psychotherapist is likely to understand Ron's actions as _____.
B. resistance
When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, they create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.
B. resistance
According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the part of the mind that establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions.
B. superego
Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target
B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day
In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) _____.
B. unconditioned stimulus
When a psychodynamic therapy patient does not immediately accept his analyst's interpretation, the analyst may need to repeat the interpretation across multiple sessions before it is fully accepted. This process is known as _____.
B. working through
_____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.
C. Assertiveness training
Some empirical evidence does exist for particular components of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Which of the following components has/have empirical support?
C. Both interpretation of transference and countertransference reactions
Natalie, a psychotherapy client, is depressed about a recent breakup with her boyfriend. She believes that the breakup is entirely her fault, and that if she had done things differently, she would not be alone now. This belief best exemplifies the cognitive thought distortion known as _____.
C. personalization
The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is _____.
C. personalization
Freud is to _____ as Maslow is to _____.
C. psychodynamic, humanistic
Elise's psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happen her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise's psychologist is likely treating her with _____.
C. rational emotive behavior therapy
An individual's _____ is how the person actually is at present; the _____ is what a person could be if he or she fulfilled his or her potential.
C. real self, ideal self
Cognitive therapy
C. represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches.
Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is _____.
C. self-actualization
Of all defense mechanisms, _____ is typically considered to be the most mature or healthy by psychodynamic psychotherapists.
C. sublimination
Sometimes, clients will argue in favor of continuing with the problem behavior rather than stopping or replacing it. According to the motivational interview approach to therapy, this client behavior is labeled _____.
C. sustaining talk
In _____, the therapist's primary task is to identify the "script" that the client appears to be unknowingly following, which is likely to be based on previous important relationships, and to refuse to enact that script in the therapeutic relationship.
C. time-limited dynamic therapy
Juan has formed a psychotherapy relationship with his clinical psychologist in which Juan unconsciously and unrealistically expects the psychologist to behave like Juan's mother. Juan's situation best illustrates
C. transference
Behavior therapies
C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD.
_____ occurs when a patient forms a relationship with a therapist in which he unconsciously and unrealistically expects the therapist to behave like important people in his life
Transference
Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning?
D. Contingency management
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true?
D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.
Which of the following statements about positive psychology is NOT true?
D. It considers a client's strengths, but not his weaknesses
Of the following approaches to psychotherapy, which most heavily relies on inferential methods?
D. Psychodynamic
_____ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future
D. Punishment
_____ is a cognitive technique that believes when young children are exposed to poor parenting, they are likely to develop deep-seated, maladaptive cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others.
D. Schema therapy
Which of the following statements about empirical studies of cognitive therapy is NOT true?
D. Studies suggest mindfulness may not be as beneficial as originally suggested by its proponents.
According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "D" represents
D. a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts.
Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes thoughts about _____, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels.
D. an individual, a group, and a nation
According to Carl Rogers, the therapist's _____ determine(s) the success of therapy.
D. attitude toward the client
The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.
D. behavioral activation
_____ is a pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy.
D. carl rogers
Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool?
D. cognitive
According to the psychodynamic approach, the process by which the latent content of a dream is converted into manifest content is called _____.
D. dream work
Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to
D. focus on the client's current problems
Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness
D. foster a client's self-healing.
When a patient is asked to engage in _____, the patient's task is to verbalize any thought that comes to mind, no matter how nonsensical, inappropriate, illogical, or unimportant it may seem.
D. free association
The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems
D. has increased significantly in recent decades.
Jill is a 13-year-old girl whose mother loves her "no matter what." According to humanistic psychotherapists, Jill's mother
D. is providing unconditional positive regard.
B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with _____.
D. operant conditioning
Recalling the plant metaphor from the textbook, a sun shining sunlight on all angles of a plant is analogous to
D. unconditional positive regard.
According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "D" represents
Dispute
Who among the following is not recognized as a leading proponent of cognitive therapy?
Ellis and Beck are leading proponents
According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents _____.
Emotional Consequence
Which psychotherapy uses a technique where people are directed to describe something about themselves, and then to add the phrase, "and I take responsibility for that"? a. Gestalt therapy b. primal scream therapy c. existential therapy d. logotherapy
a. Gestalt therapy
_____ is a contemporary variation of psychodynamic psychotherapy.
a. Interpersonal therapy
According to Rogers, successful therapy is facilitated by a. empathy. b. insight. c. both of the above d. neither of the above
a. empathy.
Oscar is receiving client-centered therapy. He is expressing his feelings fairly freely and beginning to assume some responsibility for his situation in life. He is most likely at which of the following stages of therapy, as conceived by Rogers? a. fourth b. first c. seventh d. tenth
a. fourth
A study comparing the effectiveness of two forms of treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia (Craske et al., 1997) found that a. interoceptive exposure resulted in a better outcome than breathing retraining. b. interoceptive exposure and breathing retraining were associated with similar outcomes at post-treatment, but interoceptive exposure was superior at follow-up. c. breathing retraining resulted in better outcome than interoceptive exposure. d. interoceptive exposure and breathing retraining were associated with similar outcomes.
a. interoceptive exposure resulted in a better outcome than breathing retraining.
In general, research evidence suggests that client-centered therapy is a. more effective than no treatment. b. more effective than most other forms of psychological treatment. c. both of the above d. neither of the above
a. more effective than no treatment.
Client-centered psychotherapists assume that clients a. possess growth potential. b. are incapable of improving without critical feedback. c. must rely upon the therapist to assume authority over their lives. d. more than one of the above
a. possess growth potential.
In the 1950s, Rotter theorized that a. behavior was determined by the value of the reinforcement that followed it. b. behavior was determined by the expectancy that it would be reinforced. c. both of the above d. neither of the above
c. both of the above
Viktor Frankl's experience with __________ led to his development of __________. a. concentration camps; ego-analytic psychotherapy b. psychotic children; client-centered therapy c. concentration camps; logotherapy d. psychotic parents; logotherapy
c. concentration camps; logotherapy
Deena and her therapist are using behavioral rehearsal to address her difficulties with social anxiety, and currently they are drawing up a hierarchy of social situations where Deena has been having problems. This suggests that they are in the __________ stage of the behavioral rehearsal. a. fourth b. first c. second d. third
c. second
Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of _____.
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Which of the following statements about empirical studies of cognitive therapy is NOT true?
what is true is that it has a lot of empirical support
Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy
written, or assigned to be performed outside of the therapy
The belief that life is awful, terrible, horrible, or catastrophic when things don't go the way we'd like them to go a. is one of the common irrational beliefs identified by Ellis. b. is the type of belief that, according to cognitive therapists, increases one's risk of psychopathology. c. would be a target of change for an RET therapist. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to
focus on important mental processes
Cognitive therapists
function as teachers with their clients, and fix faulty thinking
_____ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise.
mindfulness
The term third-wave therapies is most often applied to _____.
mindfulness and acceptance based therapies
_____ can be defined as full engagement with one's own internal mental processes in a nonconfrontational way, which often involves a reduction in _____.
mindfulness, experiential avoidance
The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is _____.
personalization
Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has _____.
risen a lot
Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes thoughts about _____, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels.
the self, external world, and future
The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems
the use of cognitive therapy can have a positive effect on healing processes
The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is
to increase logical thinking, fix faulty thinking.
The main goal of behavior therapy is
C. observable behavior change.
A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's
C. observable behaviors.
The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is _____.
C. observational learning
The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is
C. logical thinking.
Clarissa dreams she is a platypus flopping about on a never-ending sandy beach while the bright sun slowly bakes her to a crisp. Dr. Siggie, her psychologist, explains that the never-ending beach represents her inability to emotionally escape from an abusive relationship, and the sun represents the abuser. What is the manifest content in this scenario?
C. Clarissa as a platypus flopping about on a beach
In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus' beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert?
C. Generalization
Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy places the strongest emphasis on empathy provided by the therapist?
C. Humanistic
Which of the following statements about free association is NOT true?
C. It asks clients to say the first word that comes to mind after the therapist speaks a word.
In the early 1900s, _____ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also.
C. John Watson
Freud's psychodynamic psychotherapy has been reinvented in many forms, including all of the following EXCEPT
C. Jung's associative psychology.
_____ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise.
C. Mindfulness
Rollo's therapist is applying a technique in which he emphasizes how Rollo's behavior is inconsistent with his goals and values. Which of the following techniques Rollo's therapist is likely using?
C. Motivational interviewing
_____, developed by William Miller, is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism.
C. Motivational interviewing
_____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while _____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning.
C. Pavlov, Skinner
Ronald's parents inform him that they will only pay his college tuition and support his professional ambitions if he enters the profession of medicine, law, or engineering. What would a humanistic psychotherapist say Ronald's parents are doing in this scenario?
C. Placing conditions of worth on Ronald
_____, according to humanists, is essentially the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us.
C. Positive regard
_____ is the defense mechanism in which the ego projects an id impulse onto other people around us.
C. Projection
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with _____
C. Steven Hayes
_____, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety.
C. Systematic desensitization
Dr. Vogt's new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment?
C. The classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training
Thorndike's law of effect states that
C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur.
Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy
C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors.
According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents _____.
C. choice behavior
According to psychodynamic psychotherapists, fixation at the oral stage can result in problems related to _____ later in life, fixation at the anal stage can result in problems related to _____ later in life, and fixation at the phallic stage can result in problems related to _____ later in life.
C. dependency, control, self-worth
According to the humanistic approach, it is important for the therapist to communicate _____ to the client, which is described as the ability to sense the client's emotions compassionately and without judgment.
C. empathy
According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the part of the mind that generates all pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses.
C. id
According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from
C. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives.
A client tells his behavioral therapist that he has a goal of jogging for 30 minutes every other day. The therapist helps the client create a system by which he rewards himself first for putting on jogging clothes and doing any kind of exercise for any length of time, then for jogging for 5 minutes, then for jogging for 15 minutes, and ultimately for jogging for 30 minutes. This technique is best described as a. shaping. b. a token economy. c. behavioral instruction. d. time-out.
a. shaping.
Ethan, who is in the third grade, has not been doing his homework. The counselor at school suggests that his parents institute a token economy where Ethan receives a poker chip each time he completes his homework, and every time he accumulates 5 chips and turns them in to his parents, they buy him a comic book. In this case, what is considered the "backup reinforcer"?: a. the comic book b. the parents' praise c. the poker chip d. the homework
a. the comic book
According to existentialism, the fundamental human characteristic is a. the search for meaning. b. the struggle between biological drives and societal norms. c. the desire for rational thought patterns. d. the tendency toward self-actualization.
a. the search for meaning.
Which of the following best describes the three-step process typically used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client's cognitions?
an event happens, we think about the event, then this influences our mood
Cognitive therapy combines
aspects of both behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy
ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true regarding Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)? a. It views emotion regulation as necessary for personal growth. b. It has been around for decades, but is currently experiencing a surge in popularity. c. To date, the empirical research on the efficacy of EFT has been favorable. d. It is based on the idea that emotions are fundamentally adaptive.
b. It has been around for decades, but is currently experiencing a surge in popularity.
__________ procedures attempt to alter behavior by controlling the consequences of the behavior. a. Restructuring b. Operant c. Classical conditioning d. Pavlovian
b. Operant
What have recent psychotherapy studies found regarding the relationship between therapist empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence/genuineness and therapy outcome? a. These variables show significant and strong (>.50) correlations with therapy outcome. b. These variables show significant but modest (<.30) correlations with therapy outcome. c. These variables show no correlation with therapy outcome. d. Therapist empathy and unconditional positive regard are positively related to therapy outcome, but congruence/genuineness is unrelated to therapy outcome.
b. These variables show significant but modest (<.30) correlations with therapy outcome.
A client who is afraid of flying describes a recent episode in which his/her job required her to take a one-hour flight. A client-centered therapist is most likely to respond by a. offering social reinforcements including smiles and compliments to increase the likelihood that the client will fly again. Correctb. acknowledging the anxiety that the client must have felt . c. offering the interpretation that the client's fear of flying may actually be a response (reaction formation) to an unconscious wish to "fly" away from home. d. pointing out to the client that he/she survived the flight and no catastrophe occurred, thus challenging the belief that flying is dangerous.
b. acknowledging the anxiety that the client must have felt .
Which of the following is NOT a routine part of a cognitive therapy session, as outlined by Beck? a. assigning homework b. eliciting emotional expression c. setting an agenda d. checking mood symptoms
b. eliciting emotional expression
To achieve maximum benefit in exposure therapy, a. the client should be directed to attend as little as possible to the feared stimulus. b. exposure should be graduated, starting with stimuli that evoke low levels of anxiety and moving up. c. the duration of exposures should be short rather than long. d. exposures should not provoke anxiety.
b. exposure should be graduated, starting with stimuli that evoke low levels of anxiety and moving up.
DeMarre is seeing a Gestalt therapist who asks him to act out both sides of a dialogue involving a "topdog" and an "underdog." The "underdog" is most likely to a. echo the rules taught to DeMarre by his parents. b. express DeMarre's primitive wishes. c. express DeMarre's deepest fears. d. be defeated by the "topdog.
b. express DeMarre's primitive wishes.
Rogers' view of personality emphasizes __________, which is an appreciation of how an individual experiences the world around him/her. a. logotherapy b. phenomenology c. moral precepts d. congruence
b. phenomenology
Joseph Wolpe's name is most closely associated with which of the following? a. free association b. systematic desensitization c. contingency management d. thought stopping
b. systematic desensitization
In the ABC model of RET, a. "A" represents the "actions," or target behaviors, that the client wants to change. b. the fundamental goal is to alter "C" by increasing the extent to which "B" is logical. c. both of the above d. neither of the above
b. the fundamental goal is to alter "C" by increasing the extent to which "B" is logical.
Emma, who is seeing Dr. Charles for client-centered therapy, is currently going through a particularly difficult time. How might Dr. Charles reassure Emma at this time, while also working within the confines of client-centered therapy? a. by telling her repeatedly that she has the ability to make positive life changes b. through her tone of voice, facial expression, and general demeanor c. by patting or holding her hand during especially tough portions of session d. none of the above
b. through her tone of voice, facial expression, and general demeanor
Which of the following is NOT one of the skills training areas outlined by Dialectical Behavior Therapy? a. mindfulness b. time management c. interpersonal effectiveness d. distress tolerance
b. time management
In 1924, Mary Cover Jones worked with a young boy to remove a fear of rabbits and similar objects. Her therapeutic technique a. involved pairing rabbits with objects that elicited a higher intensity of fear. b. emphasized the replacement of irrational cognitions with more logical cognitions. c. was similar to Wolpe's later techniques involving reciprocal inhibition. d. emphasized the symbolic meaning that the child attached to the rabbits.
c. was similar to Wolpe's later techniques involving reciprocal inhibition.
The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is _____.
catastrophizing
The idea that the way we think about events determines the way we respond to them is a cornerstone of _____ therapy.
cognitive therapy
Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool?
cognitive therapy
Aversion therapy is typically applied when a client has a. an aversion to a food or other stimulus and the goal is to overcome it. b. a behavioral deficit and the goal is to expand his/her behavioral repertoire. c. a desired response in his/her repertoire and the goal is to increase its frequency. d. an unwanted response in his/her repertoire and the goal is to decrease its frequency.
d. an unwanted response in his/her repertoire and the goal is to decrease its frequency.
A client-centered therapist is seeing a client who frequently makes racially hateful comments. The therapist will probably a. examine with the client the social costs and benefits of holding and stating such beliefs. b. design a homework assignment that will enhance the client's cultural sensitivity. c. object only if the therapist holds dissonant beliefs. d. show respect and acceptance for the client as a person.
d. show respect and acceptance for the client as a person.
Cognitive psychotherapy
has lots of empirical support
Elise's psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happen her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise's psychologist is likely treating her with _____.
homework/cognitive therapy
According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from
illogical cognitions/faulty thinking
