16.3 & 16.4

Worms

- city in Germany where a council of German priests met to try to bring Luther back to the Church by convincing Luther to take back his criticisms - when Luther arrived and refused to take back his words he was condemned a heretic outlaw and was rushed out of the city

predestination

- doctrine of John Calvin that each person's fate is predetermined by God

Anglicanism

- established by Elizabeth I - blend of Protestant belief and Catholic practice

Thomas More

- humanist scholar - devout Catholic who opposed the king's rule of the Church - beheaded for treason in 1535

John Knox

- leader of the Reformation in Scotland - used Calvin's teachings to encourage moral people to overthrow "ungodly" ruler

the Act of Supremecy

- passed in 1534 - made Henry head of the English Church instead of the pope

John Calvin

- reformer who established the most powerful and influential Reformed group in Geneva - grew up Catholic in France - studied theology, law and humanism which prompted him to study the Bible very carefully and form his own Protestant ideas - published his theology in The Institutes of the Christian Religion - became one of the most popular books of the time and influenced religious reformers

Pope Leo X

- sold church positions to his friends and authorized the sale of indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome - sent envoys to Germany to persuade Luther to withdraw his criticisms - 1520 the pope formally condemned Luther and banned his works - 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Church

95 Theses

- statements criticizing indulgences and other church polices

Lutherism

- the first Protestant faith - emphasized salvation by faith alone and the Bible's role as the only source of religious truth - services centered on biblical preaching rather than ritual and were held in the language of the people, instead of Latin - allowed people to understand and participate in the rituals - believed the Church was not a hierarchy of clergy but a community of believers - all useful occupations, not just the priesthood, were vocations, in which people could serve God and neighbor

Wittenberg

- town in which Luther was a professor and priest - place of the 95 Theses

Catherine of Aragon

- wife of Henry VIII - 6 children, only one survived, Mary - aunt of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who the pope depended on for protection - Charles V wanted Catherine to remain queen

Anne Boleyn

- woman Henry VIII married after divorcing Catherine of Aragon in hopes that he would have a male throne - one child, Elizabeth

Calvinism

- belief that God possessed all-encompassing power and knowledge - that God alone directed everything that has happened in the past, that happens in the present, and that will happen in the future - God determines the fate of every person - led by local councils of ministers and elected church members, it was easy to establish in most countries - the somewhat democratic structure of this organization gave its participants a stake in its welfare and inspired their intense loyalty - became a dynamic social force in western Europe in the 1500s and contributed to ti,e rise of revolutionary movements later in the 1600s and 1700s

Mary

- Catholic half-sister of Edward VI (daughter of Catherine de Aragon) who took the throne after his death - tried to restore Catholicism in England and ended up burning hundreds of Protestants at the stake - this only strengthened support for Protestantism - "Bloody Mary"

Henry VIII

- English king who broke from the Catholic Church - wanted a male heir believing that a female heir would result in civil war - felt wife too old to have more children, so asked the pope permission to divorce her - pope denied it - Parliament's support, he had a series of laws passed that separated the English Church from the pope - devout Catholic's opposed his rule of the Church - 1536-1540 closed monasteries and convents, seized their land, and shared the gains with nobles and other high officials - filled his treasury and ensured influential support for his religious policies - married 6 times but had only one son Edward

indulgences

- certificates issued by the Church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person's sins-as long as one also truly repented - people purchased them believing it would assure them admission to heaven

Martin Luther

- German monk - struggled to ensure his soul's salvation until his interpretation of Saint Paul's Epistle to the Romans - creating the justification of faith - ideas brought him in conflict with the Church - preached against the sale of indulgences and other church practices he thought were corrupt - nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg and published hundreds of essays advocating justification by faith and attacking church abuses - translated the New Testament into German, allowing for most people to be able to read the Bible - founded Lutheranism

Edward VI

- Henry VIII only son - took the throne at 9 years old - dominated by devout Protestant officials who introduced Protestant officials into the Church of England - died in his teens

justification by faith

- Luther's belief that that a person could be made just, or good, simply by faith in God's mercy and love

the Anabaptists

- Protestant group in western Europe that initiated the practice of baptizing, or admitting into their groups, only adult members - based this practice on the belief that only people who could make a free and informed choice to become Christians should be allowed to do so - denied the authority of local governments to direct their lives - refused to hold office, bear arms, or swear oaths, and many lived separate from a society they saw as sinful - often persecuted by government officials and forced to wander from country to country seeking refuge - left for the Americas and promoted two ideas that would become crucial in forming the United States of America: religious liberty and separation of church and state - ancestors to modern Protestant groups - Baptists, Mennonites and Amish

Elizabeth I

- Protestant half-sister of Mary who took the throne after Mary's death - to unite her people, she followed a moderate course in religion through Anglicanism

Puritans

- Protestants who wanted to "purify" the English Church of Catholic rituals

Zurich

- Swiss city in which Zwingli established theocracy

Geneva

- Swiss city where John Calvin established his theocracy - Calvin's model religious community - "city of God"

Huldyrch Zwingli

- a Swiss priest who led the Protestant movement in Switzerland - stressed salvation by faith alone and denounced many Catholic beliefs and practices such as purgatory and the sale of indulgences - wanted to break completely from the Catholic Church and establish a theocracy

vocation

- a calling from God to take up certain work

theocracy

- a church-run state

16.4 - The Spread of Protestantism

Main Idea: Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread.

16.3 - The Protestant Reformation

Main Idea: Luther's religious reforms led to Protestantism, a new branch of Christianity.