16.3 The Holocaust (Based on PPT)

italy falls

, but fighting continues until Germany fell in 1945. In July 1943, Allied forces push into Italy. The conquest of Italy results in the execution of Mussolini by Italian resistance fighters. Italy surrenders on September 3rd, 1943...why does fighting continue? Mussolini was executed, along with other fascists, and his body hung up in downtown Milan for all to see.

Us immigration policy

-US and Jews sent -didn't have enough jobs to take all Jews -shied away

Nuremberg laws 1935

-targeting jews is a new government policy -deprived Jews of their rights to German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and non-Jews -later remitted the kinds of work that Jews could do

Origins of North African campaign?

1. Origins: Mussolini had ordered his army to attack British-controlled Egypt for Suez Canal and oil fields. Get 60 miles into Egypt, then push back. Britain sweep 500 miles cross North Africa and take 130K prisoners. Hitler step in to save Italy. Sent in Afrika Korps under Erwin Rommel.

Nuremberg War Trials, '45-'49

Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against peace, and war crimes. Why significant? International trial of war criminals Three categories of international crimes were defined: Crimes against peace War crimes Crimes against humanity "Nuremberg Defense" not acceptable Set precedent that individuals and leaders are responsible for their own actions, even in times of war, and even if they claim they were "following orders." Allegations of "victor's justice."

Postwar Japan

American General Douglas MacArthur leads post-war rebuilding efforts in Japan His goal: be fair and not repeat the mistakes of the Treaty of Versailles. Reforms: Demilitarization. Article 9 of the Constitution said that Japan could no longer make war unless attacked. Justice for war criminals Democratization: New Constitution made Japan a constitutional monarchy. Emperor no longer seen as divine—what?! Expanded voting rights: 20+, including women People elected a parliament Protection of basic freedoms Economic reforms Land reform

MARTIN NIEMÖLLER (Lutheran Priest)

First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out—Because I was not a Socialist. Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I did not speak out— Because I was not a Trade Unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out— Because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me.

Martha Gellhorn

Gellhorn is considered one of the greatest war correspondents of the 20th century and was one of the first journalists to report from Dachau Primary Source

Curtis LeMay

General in the US Air Force who planned and executed the massive bombing campaign against Japanese cities. "Killing Japanese didn't bother me very much at that time... I suppose if I had lost the war, I would have been tried as a war criminal.... Every soldier thinks something of the moral aspects of what he is doing. But all war is immoral and if you let that bother you, you're not a good soldier." (on the morality of the firebombing campaign)

Kristallnacht—The German Response

German government blamed the Jewish community for the event and confiscated insurance payouts. , officials did not want German insurance companies to carry the cost of the damages. So, the government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs.

ghettos

Ghettos were segregated Jewish area. Hoped that the Jews inside would starve to death or die from disease. A segregated ethnic area within a city. During the Holocaust, it was areas where the Jews lived.

How does war influence the political views of Europeans? (this does too)

Hatred of leaders and collaborators (Germany, Italy, Vichy France) Desire for the old leadership to return (Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway) Initial attraction of Communist Party in France and Italy, but interest wanes after Communists stage a series of violent strikes

What were some of the costs of war that the statistics don't show us? (this seems like it could be an essay question)

Homelessness Destruction of cities and homes Lack of water, electricity, food, transportation Displacement of civilians Spread of disease Famine War created 50 million people who were uprooted from homes and roaming countrysides. Long-term famine created because no one had planted and transportation systems destoryed. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5i9k7s9X_A

Why Hiroshima?

It was one of the only Japanese cities NOT already destroyed by bombs. Hiroshima had a high concentration of troops, military facilities and military factories that had not yet been subject to significant damage.

Kristallnacht, 1938- What was the pretext for this violent attack?

Jewish youth from Germany shoots German diplomat living in Paris after learning that his father had been deported to Poland after living in Germany for 27 years. Nazi leaders heard news and launched a violent attack on Jewish communities.

Why Is Kristallnacht considered a Turning Point in the Nazi campaign against Jews?

Jews realize that violence was only going to increase. Hitler focused on a policy of emigration. Jews are arrested on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity. Spurs emigration of Jews from Germany. The passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. In other words, German citizens had proven to be complicit bystanders to all this violence and discrimination.

D-Day:

June 6, 1944.

Kristallnacht, 1938-

Kristallnacht- "Night of the Broken Glass"; The Germans lead an attack on the Jewish community; Almost 100 Jews were murdered 267 synagogues were destroyed Many synagogues burned throughout the night, in full view of the public and of local firefighters, who had received orders to intervene only to prevent flames form spreading to nearby buildings. SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments, and looted their wares. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions. Nazis destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues in Germany and Austria. 100 Jews killed and many more injured Some 30,000 Jews males were arrested. Most of them were transferred from local prisons to concentration camps.

North African Campaign

Origins of North African campaign? Erwin Rommel meets his match: Dwight D. Eisenhower, who crushes the Afrika Corps in May 1943.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Philippines battle under command of General Douglas MacArthur Desperate last move by Japanese, but defeated. Japanese army use kamikazes as new weapon of war to sink Allied ships. Iwo Jima and Okinawa next, which were hundreds of miles off Japan.

Why was Warsaw Ghetto famous?

Resistance. Warsaw....form resistance organizations. The Warsaw ghetto was the largest in Nazi-occupied Europe with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles. It is estimated that 300,000 of these occupants died from starvation, disease, death camps, or the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The above photo was taken after Hitler ordered the ghetto destroyed after the 1943 uprising. 400,000 Jews in an area of 1.3 square miles

Nuremberg Laws, 1935

Stripped Jews of citizenship, jobs, voting rights, and property. They deprived Jews their rights to German citizenship and forbade marriage between Jews and Germans Restrict marriages between Jews and Aryans Identified Jews not by their religion or by how they wanted to identify themselves, but by the religious affiliation of their grandparents. Why significant? What was the Nazi goal?

Battle of Stalingrad

The Soviet Union lost over one million soldiers in the Battle of Stalingrad. The Germans lost over 250,000 men. By comparison, the Americans lost 420,000 men in all of World War II. It is often considered the bloodiest battle in the history of warfare....

Holocaust Definition:

The state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims— 6 million were murdered. The systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis; "Death by Fire" Nazis targeted non "Aryans" Other targeted groups included: Gypsies, the handicapped, homosexuals, and political dissidents (primarily communists or socialists). -1. Proclaimed Aryans a "Master race." misue of the term Aryan. Refers to the Indo-European people who went into Indian subcontinent around 1500. Nazis used it to refer to Germanic peoples.

Genocide

The systematic killing of an entire people

Atomic Bombs

Trinity Test, July 16, 1945 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru2PWmGIoB8 August 6, 1945 Hiroshima August 9, 1945 Nagasaki

Allies demand unconditional surrender

V-E Day: May 8, 1945. Who was the American president on this date? Why? Why did they demand unconditional surrender?

Battle of the Bulge

What was Germany's goal? Last-ditch offensive Disrupt Allied supply lines and split American and British forces What was the result? Why is this a significant battle? German losses cannot be replaced Germans now on the retreat

What was Hitler's initial proposed solution to what he called the "Jewish problem"? aka Final Solution," 1942

What was Hitler's initial proposed solution to what he called the "Jewish problem"? A policy of genocide, the deliberate and systematic murder of an entire population. Gas chambers could kill 6,000 humans a day Concentration camps vs. death camps Example: Auschwitz A program of genocide that killed all the "impure" groups in Germany; Concentration camps Why did Hitler propose the "Final Solution"? What is the significance?

The "Final Solution"

deport jews to extermination camps

Dachau concentration camp

was the first camp established by the Nazis when they came to power in 1933