18 ENDOCRINE

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

0 neurohypophysis can only release hormones, not produce ("synthesize")

synergistic effect

2 hormones with similar effects amplify the cell's response ex. FSH and testosterone

Where is the pineal gland located?

3rd ventricle of epithalamus

neurophypophysis hormones (posterior pituitary)

ADH - antidiuretic aka vasopressin Oxytocin

3 stages of GAS

Alarm reaction, resistance reaction, exhuastion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. posterior pituitary

Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) hormones

Hormones are: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), GH (growth hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), Prolactin, and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

hormone receptors

Hormones only affect target cells with specific membrane proteins called receptors

Addison's disease

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids adrenal disorder

Seratonin and Melatonin are derived from?

Tryptophan are amines

thyroid hormone (lipid) is synthesized from

Tyrosine

Paracrine chemical signaling

a cell targets a nearby cell

autocrine chemical signaling

a cell targets itself

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered aka STRESS RESPONSE

anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis

diabetes type 2

adult onset diabetes, non-insulin dependent, body produces insulin but no enough, is more common, can be controlled by diet.

Amines (water soluble)

all contain an amine group

pancreatic hormones

alpha - glucagon beta - insulin delta - somatostatin

water soluble hormones include

amine hormones, peptides, paracrines and autocrines (eicosanoids)

water soluble hormones

amines, peptides, paracrine (eicosanoids)/autocrine

hypophyseal portal system

blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

The pancreas is

both an endocrine and exocrine gland

When hormones bind to receptors on a cell, they trigger a

cascade of actions within the cell that alter its physiological behavior

Hormones are

chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands "chemical messengers"

parathyroid glands are composed of

chief cells

pituitary disorders cause

children: hypo- dwarf hyper-giant adults: hypo- acromegaly hyper- diabetes insipidus

what is the purpose of the hypothalamus?

control the pituitary gland secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones link between nervous and endocrine systems

purpose of estrogen and progesterone

cycle regulation maintain preg sexual characteristics

Hypoparathyroidism

deficient production of parathyroid hormone - decreased calcium levels

steriod hormones

derived from cholesterol types: sex steroids corticosteroids

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells (pancreas), production of which hormone would be directly affected?

glucagon

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

glucose metabolism and resist stress (Adrenocortical)

Down regulation makes the target cell

less sensitive to hormone

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid soluble

beta, insulin

lowers blood glucose

endocrine system function

maintain homeostasis works closely with the nervous system use hormones

the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the

pituitary gland

parathyroid glands are located

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Insulin, once bound to an insulin receptor, activates glucose receptors to ________ into the cell.

uptake glucose

What do hormones do?

•Alter activity (metabolism) of target cell •Alter plasma membrane permeability or voltage •Stimulate production of proteins/enzymes •Activate or deactivate enzymes •Stimulate mitosis •Induce secretory activity

hyperparathyroidism

Bones soften and deform formation of kidney stones

Cushing's syndrome

Caused by a tumor or high levels (hypersecretion) of cortisol adrenal disorder

Two sections of Adrenal Glands

Interior (medulla) produces adrenaline-like hormones. Outer (cortex) produces corticosteroids.

Thyroid follicles secrete

T3 and T4

thyroid hormones

T3, T4, C cells (calcitonin)

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

ADH

Target collecting ducts in the kidney and sweat glands - minimize water loss

peptides

amino acid and polypeptide all releasing and inhibiting from the hypothalamus ex. ADH Oxytocin HGH Insulin water soluble

Graves disease

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.

development of T cells

lipid soluble hormones ________ into cell.

diffuse

water soluble hormones can not

enter the cell due to the plasma membrane ---must use a second messenger

Adrenomedulla Hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine - prolong sympathetic response sympathetic neurons innervate

Ovary hormones

estrogen and progesterone

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.

exposure to bright light

lipid soluble hormones are

hydrophobic use transport protien

thyroid hormones are regulated by

hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis

Where do releasing hormones secrete from?

hypothalamus

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea, inferior to larynx

alpha, glucagon

increase blood glucose

negative feedback loop

increased product inhibits secretion

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts

histamines

inflammation synthesized from histidine water soluble

Delta, somatostatin

inhibit insulin and glucagon

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects (pancreas disorder)

Where can lipid-soluble hormones act on the cell?

intracellular receptors

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of

nerve axons

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

neural

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary AXONS

posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis

Catecholamines

neurotransmitters- dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine water soluble Synthesized from tyrosine

antagonistic effect

one hormone opposes the action of another ex. insulin vs glucagon

water soluble hormone binds to receptor on the

outside of cell

If one hormone makes a target cell more responsive to another hormone that follows later, the first hormone is said to have a ___________ effect.

permissive

C cells

produce calcitonin decreases calcium in blood and stimulates osteoclasts

purpose of testes hormones

produce sperm sexual characteristics

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

regulate Na/K concentrations (Adrenocortical)

What does the pineal gland produce?

seratonin

androgens and estrogens

sex hormones (Adrenocortical)

The thyroid gland consists of rings of ________________ surrounding colloid.

simple cuboidal follicle cells

lipid soluble hormones include

steroid and thyroid hormones

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk secretion

down regulation

target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone response to high concentration decrease response ex. adipocytes and insulin

testes hormones

testosterone and androgens

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts

The adrenal cortex has __________ zones of cells that secrete different types of hormones.

three

A newly developed medication that disrupts hormonal activity has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, the medicine could disrupt levels of ________ hormone.

thyroid

T3 and T4

increase basal metabolic rate can help accelerate growth with (HGH)

goiter is caused by

iodine deficiency

Pancreas endocrine tissue is composed of

islets of Langerhans

Diabetes Type 1

juvenile diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes where the body produces little or no insulin. must inject insulin into the body.

What does the pineal gland secrete?

melatonin, derived from serotonin

Adrenocortical hormones

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

neurophypophysis is

not a true gland - cant make hormones, only releases them

water soluble hormones use

second messenger (cAMP)

Endocrine glands ________.

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

lipid soluble hormones

steroid and thyroid hormones act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes can enter cell

The adrenal medulla is modified nervous tissue of the

sympathetic nervous system fight or flight

up-regulation

target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone increase response greater sensitivity ex. oxytocin in late preg