1865-1914 Test

*We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. *We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad. "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers." Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 15. Which of the following most plausibly influenced Garvey's argument in the excerpt? (A) The emerging support for United States intervention in the affairs of Asia and Latin America (B) Calls for integration of the United States armed forces (C) New cultural expressions that emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (D) The concept of self-determination debated at the Treaty of Versailles peace talks

D

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling.. "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . .. that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 47. Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because (A) Republicans feared the South would secede again if the party became too successful (B) Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerners (C) Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment (D) Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics

C

23. The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century trends? (A) The efforts of businesses to gain control over markets and resources abroad (B) The influx of migrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe (C) The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy (D) The development of political machines

C

26. The image was created most directly in response to (A) social reform efforts by settlement-house workers (B) poll taxes and literacy tests that blocked African Americans from voting (C) the power gained by urban political machines (D) the exclusion of women from voting

C

31. The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1901, which of the following was most true of the United States? (A) Theories of survival of the fittest had been widely rejected by the public. (B) Efforts to spread democracy overseas had been largely peaceful. (C) Interventionism had become a more prevalent feature of foreign policy. (D) Women were encouraged to join the armed forces

C

41. Which of the following arguments did some late-nineteenth-century leaders use to justify the situation depicted in the image? (A) The federal government provided social welfare services for people living in poverty. (B) Immigrant workers contributed to economic growth in the United States. (C Evolutionary principles determined that people succeeded based on their merits (D) The reliance on male laborers protected women from the dangers of factory work.

C

9. The trend depicted in the graph most directly contributed to which of the following developments after 1920 ? (A) A decline in internal migration (B) Federal efforts to return Mexican immigrants to their homeland (C) Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe (D) Total exclusion of immigration from China

C

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. ... The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned ... where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 29. Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt? (A) The growth of political tensions between the United States and Mexico (B) A conflict with Great Britain over the northern border of the United States (C) A large-scale African American migration to the region (D) The creation of farmers' groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

D

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee ... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops. . .. At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world--yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.. . Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 25. Which of the following is one important continuity in urban life in the United States throughout the nineteenth century? (A) Anarchism and similar radical ideologies attracted many workers. (B) Settlement houses assisted immigrants with adapting to life in the United States. (C) Workers and employers consistently maintained amicable relationships. (D) Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce.

D

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 31. Which of the following most accurately describes a group who acted on ideas such as those in the excerpt? (A) Business leaders planning to promote philanthropy (B) Activists calling for preservation of the western wilderness (C) Southern European immigrants seeking opportunity in urban areas (D) Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

D

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 35. Which of the following groups is most credited with advancing Progressivism? (A) Anarchist activists (B) Recent immigrants (C) Agricultural workers (D) Middle-class women

D

"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop moneymakers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools-intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it." W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," 1903 32. The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported the national expansion of (A) vocational job training (B) financial aid for college (C) exams for civil service jobs (D) access to higher education

D

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . .. But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying. ... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 40. One key change immediately following the Civil War aimed at achieving the "racial justice" that Blight describes was the (A) establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights (B) creation of new agencies to ensure racial integration in employment (C) campaign by the federal government to eliminate poverty (D) desegregation of the United States armed forces

A

"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural. ... Those who benefited most from the market revolution- merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families-faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Sean Wilentz, historian, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," published in 1997 19. Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt? (A) Data showing changes in the number of textile mills (B) Data showing population growth in the West (C) Data showing the growth of the slave population (D) Data showing changes in cotton production and price

A

"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural. ... Those who benefited most from the market revolution- merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families-faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Sean Wilentz, historian, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," published in 1997 20. Which of the following historical developments contributed most directly to the market revolution? (A) The emergence of new forms of transportation (B) The increased number of women in the paid workforce (C) The emergence of southern opposition to tariffs (D) The decline of slavery in the Northeast

A

"If we do not follow the most scientific approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature in her providence has given to man for his use but not abuse, the time will come when the world will not be able to support life, and then we shall have no need of conservation of health, strength, or vital force because we must have the things to support life or everything else is useless. . .. [DJo not forget that the conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon the sands that will be washed away." Marion Crocker, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1912 37. Based on the excerpt, Marion Crocker was most likely (A) a Progressive Era reformer (B) an advocate for an expansion of the New Deal (C) an advocate for African American civil rights (D) a member of the Populist Party

A

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 33. The excerpt suggests that Progressives in the early twentieth century most typically sought to (A) challenge political inequality (B) advocate a return to agrarianism (C) justify the inequality of wealth (D) oppose United States imperialism

A

"The National Progressive Party, committed to the principle of government by a self-controlled democracy expressing its will through representatives of the people, pledges itself to secure such alterations in the fundamental law of the several States and of the United States as shall insure the representative character of the government." Progressive Party Platform, 1912 34. Progressivism, as described in the excerpt, has the most in common with which of the following later domestic policy initiatives? (A) President Lyndon Johnson's protection of voting rights during the Great Society (B) President Ronald Reagan's deregulation of industries (C) President Bill Clinton's changes to welfare policy (D) President Herbert Hoover's support for increased tariffs during the Great DepressionA

A

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . .. But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying. ... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 41. Which of the following most directly supports Blight's argument in the excerpt? (A) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (B) The election of seventeen African Americans to Congress between 1869 and 1877 (C) The industrialization of some segments of the southern economy in the late nineteenth century (D) The emergence of the first national civil rights organizations, such as the Afro-American League and the NAACP

A

"Excepting only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the camp grounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. ... Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God's best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded." John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909 28. Muir's ideas are most directly a reaction to the (A) increasing usage and exploitation of western landscapes (B) increase in urban populations, including immigrant workers attracted by a growing industrial economy (C) westward migration of groups seeking religious refuge (D) opening of a new frontier in recently annexed territory

A

"The system of quotas . .. was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. ... Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration.. • The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 .. . completed Asiatic exclusion. ... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law." Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004 20. Which of the following evidence would best support Nai's argument in the excerpt? (A) Census data showing the changing percentages of the foreign-born population from 1920 to 1930 (B) Narratives describing the challenges of immigrant family life in the 1920s (C) Diplomatic correspondence reflecting the increasing isolationism of United States foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s (D) Census data revealing the Great Migration of African Americans to cities in the North and West in the 1920s

A

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful.. ..If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? ... [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street... then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 34. The ideas expressed in the excerpt most clearly reflect the ideals of which of the following? (A) Progressivism (B) Conservatism (C) Expansionism (D) States' rights

A

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful.. ..If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? ... [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street... then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 37. The concerns Addams raises in the excerpt were most directly a reaction to which of the following? (A) Social injustice and rising economic inequality (B) The expansion of government regulation of corporations (C) The transformation of rural society by mechanized agriculture (D) Fears about the growing number of immigrants in the United States

A

*We demand a graduated income tax. ... Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads.. .. The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. ... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . .. to every legal voter. ... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 16. Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the (A) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming (B) emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment (C) development of reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening (D) rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers

A

10. The pattern depicted in the graph in the first half of the nineteenth century most directly resulted in (A) the formation of a political party that promoted nativism (B) federal provision of financial assistance to immigrants (C) the establishment of settlement houses (D) a more unified national culture that embraced immigrants

A

24. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party? (A) Sharecroppers (B) Industrialists (C) Immigrants (D) Bankers

A

25. The conditions shown in the image came about most directly as a result of (A) low wages earned by workers in the late nineteenth century (B) the rise of the settlement house and Populist movements (C) increased corruption in urban politics (D) the migration of African Americans to the North in the late nineteenth century

A

26. The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the (A) expansion of federal power (B) decline of an agrarian economy (C) increase in sectional divisions (D) institutionalization of racial segregation

A

27. Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image? (A) The rapid growth of cities (B) The dismantling of the national bank (C) The acquisition of territory in the West (D) The rise of the People's (Populist) Party

A

30. Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? (A) The United States victory in the Spanish-American War (B) The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (C) The United States contributions to the Allied victory in the First World War (D) The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution

A

40. The situation depicted in the image contributed most immediately to (A) the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power (B) businesses seeking control over markets and resources outside the United States (C) efforts by southern leaders to achieve industrial development similar to that of the North (D) the creation of a federal agency to regulate the money supply

A

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free. . .. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. ... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. ... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.. ..A hundred thousand people lived in . .. tenements in New York last year. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 20. The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments? (A) The first Red Scare (B) Industrialization (C) The Great Depression (D) Reconstruction

B

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . .. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 21. The restrictions imposed by the Schenck decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States? (A) Arguments for self-government asserted in the Declaration of Independence (B) Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791 (C) Assertion of federal power over states' rights in the 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland decision (D) Expansion of voting rights during President Andrew Jackson's administration

B

"The remedy for . . . inefficiency lies in systematic management. ... The fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations. ... At the works of Bethlehem Steel, for example, ... thousands of stop-watch observations were made to study just how quickly a laborer . .. can push his shovel into the pile of materials and then draw it out properly loaded. . .. With data of this sort before him, . .. the man who is directing shovelers can first teach them the exact methods which should be employed to use their strength to the very best advantage." Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 35. Taylor's ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly in response to which of the following developments in the United States? (A) The need for rebuilding infrastructure after the Civil War (B) The rise of industrial capitalism (C) An increase in the standard of living (D) Excessive government regulation of business

B

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling.. "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . .. that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 46. The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? (A) The sale of most plantations to African Americans to keep them in the South (B) The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South (C) The Nullification Crisis caused by Southern resistance to federal policy (D) The rise of the Whig Party in the South

B

"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop moneymakers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools-intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it." W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," 1903 33. The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly contributed to the (A) emergence of organizations pursuing equality for African Americans (B) large-scale African American migration to northern cities (C) expansion of legal segregation by the Supreme Court (D) persistence of economic discrimination based on race

A

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . .. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 22. The Schenck case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following? (A) Critiques by radicals of United States foreign policy (B) African American migration from the rural South to the urban North (C) Challenges by women to their prescribed status in society (D) Nativist resistance to migration from abroad

A

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor--a reign of harmony. Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 32. The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the (A) growth of cities in both size and number (B) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies (C) efforts by workers to organize local and national unions (D) government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade

B

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful.. ..If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? ... [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street... then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 35. Addams' ideas expressed in the excerpt have most in common with which of the following historical views about women? (A) The seventeenth-century Puritan belief that women must be governed by their husbands and fathers (B) The belief of some mid-nineteenth-century reformers that women could act as the moral voice in society (C) The argument of some nineteenth-century advice books that women's sphere was restricted to the home and family (D) The rejection of traditional gender roles by feminists in the mid-twentieth century

B

*We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. *We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad. "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers." Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 16. The ideas expressed in Garvey's declaration drew the most significant support from which of the following? (A) Presidents favoring colonization efforts (B) Participants in the Great Migration (C) Urban Progressive reformers (D) Former slaves

B

*We demand a graduated income tax. ... Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads.. .. The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. ... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . .. to every legal voter. ... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 17. The ideas of the Populist Party, as expressed in the excerpt, had the most in common with the ideas of the (A) Federalists in the 1790s (B) Progressive movement (C) Whigs in the 1830s (D) Civil Rights movement

B

22. The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared which of the following? (A) The idea that wealthy people had some obligation to help people living in poverty (B) Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system (C) Support for United States expansionism (D) Advocacy of individual rights

B

24. Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) The passage of laws restricting immigration to the United States (B) An increase in Progressive reform activity (C) A decline in efforts to Americanize immigrants (D) The weakening of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor

B

32. The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to United States involvement in (A) competition with Russia in opening trade with Japan (B) the suppression of an independence movement in the Philippines (C) acquisition of territory from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (D) an international monetary system that supported free trade between nations

B

8. Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph? (A) Global fluctuations in credit and stock markets (B) The transformation of the United States into an industrial society (C) Progressive Era reforms of social conditions in the United States (D The outbreak of global war

B

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. ... The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned ... where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 30. The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was (A) discouraged by the federal government through legislation (B) motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity (C) accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership (D) the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery

C

"If we do not follow the most scientific approved methods, the most modern discoveries of how to conserve and propagate and renew wherever possible those resources which Nature in her providence has given to man for his use but not abuse, the time will come when the world will not be able to support life, and then we shall have no need of conservation of health, strength, or vital force because we must have the things to support life or everything else is useless. . .. [DJo not forget that the conservation of life itself must be built on the solid foundation of conservation of natural resources, or it will be a house built upon the sands that will be washed away." Marion Crocker, General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1912 38. People who shared Crocker's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by (A) proposing the use of new technologies to reduce pollution (B) seeking partnerships with business leaders to manage emissions (C) promoting federal legislation to protect the environment (D) creating alliances with politicians to promote sustainable farming

C

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling.. "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . .. that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 45. Schurz's analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South? (A) The industrialization of the South (B) The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation (C) The process of readmitting Confederate states (D) The extent of federal legislative power

C

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . .. But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying. ... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 43. Which of the following best characterizes the "sectional reunion" Blight describes? (A) Gilded Age financial policies encouraged economic growth in the North and the South. (B) The federal government removed troops from the South and eliminated aid for former slaves. (C) New political alliances united northern and southern members of the Democratic Party to win control of both houses in Congress. (D) White laborers in the North and African American farmers in the South joined together in the Populist movement.

B

"Article 2: [The United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in . . . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. ... They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 4. The conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing (A) styles of farming (B) claims to land (C) forms of government (D) family structures

B

"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic-Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . .. Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. ... And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 31. Based on the excerpt, Beveridge would have most likely opposed which of the following? (A) Senator Henry Dawes's program to reform American Indian policy through forced assimilation (B) Antiexpansionist groups that advocated Filipino independence (C) The Chinese Exclusion Act and limits on immigration (D) The doctrine of survival of the fittest as applied to society

B

"Article 2: [The United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in . . . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. ... They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 6. Article 6 of the treaty most likely reflected which of the following sentiments? (A) A desire by many American Indians to change their way of life (B) A hope held by some in government that American Indians would adopt lifestyles similar to the lifestyles of White settlers (C) A need felt by many American Indians to more clearly legitimize their claims to the land (D) A wish by some in government to protect American Indian landholdings from encroachments by railroads

B

"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural. ... Those who benefited most from the market revolution- merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families-faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Sean Wilentz, historian, "Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution, 1815-1848," published in 1997 18. Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt? (A) A sharp decline in regional differences (B) The emergence of new ideas about the proper roles of husbands and wives (C) A decline in the income gap between those in the wealthiest class and those in the working class (D) An increase in the importance placed on extended family relationships

B

"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic-Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . .. Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. ... And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 32. Beveridge's ideas in the excerpt best support which of the following positions commonly expressed at the time? (A) Mexico and Canada have no right to question or check United States expansion. (B) The right of the United States to assert power over foreign lands is God given (C) The United States foreign policy has always been isolationist and reluctant to intervene abroad. (D) A smaller federal government was necessary to face the foreign policy challenges of the twentieth century.

B

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee ... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops. . .. At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world--yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.. . Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 23. Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt? (A) Innovative uses of photography to achieve social change (B) Technological innovations in the production of goods (C) The economic hardship resulting from years of civil war in the United States (D) The end of the apprenticeship system in craft work

B

"In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee ... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their different shops. . .. At the center of the photograph, at Outcault's carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city's workshop world--yet class differences mark these craftsmen's every feature.. . Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new." Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984 24. The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to the (A) decrease in tariffs for manufactured goods (B) growth of an organized labor movement (C) expansion of government regulation of industry (D) loss of class distinctions in the United States

B

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 29. Which of the following late-nineteenth-century federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt? (A) The passage of antitrust legislation (B) The sale of land to settlers at low cost (C) The exclusion of immigrants from Asia (D) The purchase of silver by the United States Treasury

B

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 30. The fulfillment of advice such as that in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following in the late nineteenth century? (A) The economic decline and depopulation of eastern cities (B) Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians (C) The outbreak of war with Mexico over control of territory (D) Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe

B

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free. . .. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. ... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. ... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.. ..A hundred thousand people lived in . .. tenements in New York last year. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 21. By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by (A) government unemployment programs (B) acceptance of immigrants by native-born Americans (C) efforts of middle-class reformers (D) consolidation of large corporations

C

"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free. . .. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. ... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell. ... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.. ..A hundred thousand people lived in . .. tenements in New York last year. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 22. Studies similar to Riis' were most effective in prompting action by the federal government during the (A) 1920s (B) 1950s (C) 1960s (D) 1980s

C

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas--healing and justice. . .. [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition. . .. But theories of inevitability . .. are rarely satisfying. ... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 42. Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight? (A) Mass immigration from abroad and internal migration of African Americans reduced racial tensions in the North and South. (B) The federal government established a limited social welfare state that reduced regional differences between the North and South. (C) Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve. (D) The theory of Social Darwinism encouraged political and business leaders to reduce efforts to create racial equality in the South.

C

"Article 2: [The United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in . . . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. ... They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 5. Which of the following was typical of agreements such as the Fort Laramie Treaty between the United States government and American Indians in the post-Civil War West? (A) They frequently led to the formation of a common interest between the United States government and American Indians in controlling the activities of White settlers. (B) They generally led to the formation of strong, independent American Indian nations. (C) They usually lasted a short time before being broken by settlers' incursions onto American Indian reservations. (D) They led to the abandonment of most reservations as American Indian families sought economic opportunities in urban areas.

C

"Excepting only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the camp grounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. ... Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God's best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded." John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909 27. Which of the following aspects of Muir's description expresses a major change in Americans' views of the natural environment? (A) The idea that wilderness areas are worthy subjects for artistic works (B) The idea that wilderness areas serve as evidence of divine creation (C) The idea that government should preserve wilderness areas in a natural state (D) The idea that mountainous scenery is more picturesque and beautiful than flat terrain

C

"In 1789 the flag of the Republic waved over 4,000,000 souls in thirteen states, and their savage territory which stretched to the Mississippi, to Canada, to the Floridas. The timid minds of that day said that no new territory was needed; and, for the hour, they were right. But [Thomas] Jefferson, through whose intellect the centuries marched; Jefferson, who dreamed of Cuba as an American state; Jefferson, the first Imperialist of the Republic-Jefferson acquired that imperial territory which swept from the Mississippi to the mountains, from Texas to the British possessions, and the march of the flag began! . .. Jefferson, strict constructionist of constitutional power though he was, obeyed the Anglo-Saxon impulse within him. ... And now obeying the same voice that Jefferson heard and obeyed, that [Andrew] Jackson heard and obeyed, that [James] Monroe heard and obeyed, that [William] Seward heard and obeyed, that [Ulysses] Grant heard and obeyed, that [Benjamin] Harrison heard and obeyed, our President today plants the flag over the islands of the seas, outposts of commerce, citadels of national security, and the march of the flag goes on!" Albert J. Beveridge, candidate for United States Senate, "The March of the Flag" speech, 1898 33. Beveridge's speech was written in the context of (A) war with Great Britain during the James Madison administration (B) efforts to gain concessions from Mexico through conflict (C) debates in the aftermath of war with Spain (D) the decision to avoid war with France during the John Adams administration

C

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. *I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" Horace Greeley. editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 28. The advice in the excerpt most directly reflects the influence of which of the following prevailing American ideas? (A) Nationalism (B) Popular sovereignty (C) Manifest Destiny (D) Isolationism

C

"The remedy for . . . inefficiency lies in systematic management. ... The fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations. ... At the works of Bethlehem Steel, for example, ... thousands of stop-watch observations were made to study just how quickly a laborer . .. can push his shovel into the pile of materials and then draw it out properly loaded. . .. With data of this sort before him, . .. the man who is directing shovelers can first teach them the exact methods which should be employed to use their strength to the very best advantage." Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 36. Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to oppose Taylor's management ideas? (A) Tenant farmers (B) Owners of large businesses (C) Factory workers (D) White-collar professionals

C

"The system of quotas . .. was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. ... Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration.. • The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 .. . completed Asiatic exclusion. ... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law." Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004 18. The Immigration Act of 1924 produced highly discriminatory results because it (A) created a guest worker program that encouraged temporary immigration but denied citizenship (B) relied on a series of literacy tests and physical examinations to manage immigration (C) placed restrictions on immigration by national origin, ethnicity, and race (D) encouraged immigration of people with highly sought after skills or family in the United States

C

"Article 2: [The United States now solemnly agrees that no persons ... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in . . . this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select . .. a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . .. but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. ... They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. ... They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 7. Which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? (A) The rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands (B) A decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations (C) The implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land (D) The destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

D

"Excepting only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the camp grounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. ... Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God's best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded." John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909 29. Muir's position regarding wilderness was most strongly opposed by which of the following? (A) Members of the Progressive movement (B) Urban political bosses (C) American Indians living on reservations (D) Companies involved in natural resource extraction

D

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. ... The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned ... where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 28. Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt? (A) The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast (B) The building of new roads and canals (C) Increased immigration from eastern Europe (D) Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

D

"The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop moneymakers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools-intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it." W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Talented Tenth," 1903 34. Which of the following best describes the relationship of ideas such as those in the excerpt to the broader Progressive reform movement of the era? (A) The ideas in the excerpt were adopted widely by Progressive reformers as worthy objectives. (B) Progressive presidents supported the ideas in the excerpt while social reformers tended to reject them. (C) State laws addressing Progressive reform issues tended to incorporate ideas like those in the excerpt. (D) The ideas in the excerpt challenged the racial stereotypes held by many White Progressive reformers.

D

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . .. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919 23. The federal government most enhanced its legal authority to address threats considered a clear and present danger during which of the following later periods? (A) In the 1970s, following antiwar protests against United States involvement in Vietnam (B) In the 1980s, following the renewed United States concerns over the Soviet threat (C) In the 1990s, following United States military interventions in Somalia (D) In the 2000s, following the terrorist attacks in the United States

D

"The system of quotas . .. was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. ... Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration.. • The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 .. . completed Asiatic exclusion. ... Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law." Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004 19. The Immigration Act of 1924 most directly reflected (A) cultural tensions between scientific modernism and religious fundamentalism in the 1920s (B) conflicts arising from the migration of African Americans to urban centers in the North (C) the emergence of an increasingly national culture in the 1920s shaped by art, cinema, and mass media (D) social tensions emerging from the First World War

D

"There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor--a reign of harmony. Under its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 33. Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported? (A) The use of federal power to redistribute wealth (B) Government creation of jobs for unemployed people (C) Increased regulation of corporations (D) Laissez-faire economics

D

"To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful.. ..If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? ... [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street... then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot that latest implement for self-government." Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910 36. Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt? (A) Know-Nothings (B) Machine politicians (C) Southern Democrats (D) Settlement house workers

D

*We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color. *We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world, and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the Asiatics, we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad. "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast continent of our forefathers." Marcus Garvey, Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, adopted at the first convention of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), August 1920 17. Which of the following later movements held ideas closest to those expressed by Garvey in the excerpt? (A) A. Philip Randolph's organizing of Black railroad workers into the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (B) Thurgood Marshall and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's legal efforts to desegregate schools in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (C) Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, efforts to win equal rights for African Americans through nonviolent civil disobedience (D) Malcolm X's Black nationalism emphasizing racial pride and economic self-sufficiency

D

*We demand a graduated income tax. ... Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads.. .. The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited. ... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . .. to every legal voter. ... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 15. Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century? (A) Establishment of a transcontinental network of trains and the improvement of roads in the western United States (B) Expansion of United States influence in Central America and access to new international markets (C) Social and political reform guided by the idea of the survival of the fittest (D) Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system

D

11. The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1821 and 1880 settled in the (A) West and Midwest (B) South and Midwest (C) South and Northeast (D) Midwest and Northeast

D

25. The cartoonist most likely supported (A) reform of local government (B) women's political equality (C) redistribution of wealth (D) government policies favoring corporations

D

25. The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction (A) led to the unfair punishment of White Southerners by the North (B) encouraged large-scale rebellions by former slaves (C) involved unconstitutional abuses of government power (D temporarily altered race relations in the South

D

26. Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the image would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives? (A) The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was justified. (B) Capitalism, free of government regulation, would improve social conditions. (C) Both wealth and poverty are the products of natural selection. (D) Government should act to eliminate the worst abuses of industrial society.

D

27. During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South? (A) Many African Americans found manufacturing employment. (B) Many White Southerners supported African Americans' rights. (C) African Americans favored the Democratic Party. (D) African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

D

28. During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following? (A) Social services provided to immigrants by local politicians (B) Granting American Indians full citizenship and voting rights (C) The expansion of the transcontinental railroad system (D) Calls for reforms to local and state governments

D

29. The ideas addressed in the image most directly relate to (A) opposition to the United States collective security arrangement with Western Europe (B) the fear of increased militarism among European and Pacific powers (C) the increased visibility of women's organizations that criticized imperialism (D) debates about United States acquisition of overseas territories

D

39. The image was created most directly in response to the (A) provision of government subsidies for transportation (B) rampant consumerism of the middle class (C) increased migration of people from southern and eastern Europe (D) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

D

42. Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers? (A) Widespread movement to suburban neighborhoods (B) Groups that advocated for women's voting rights (C) Alternative visions of a good society offered through utopianism (D) Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

D