2
Damage to the brain that affects speech and language can produce the condition known as __________. Fill in the blank
aphasia
Depolarization of an axon is a positive feedback mechanism because ________. -as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated sodium channels open -as more potassium channels open, the membrane potential decreases -as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated potassium channels open -as more sodium channels open, the membrane potential decreases
as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated sodium channels open
An electroencephalogram obtained from an adult who is thinking would probably display many ________ waves. theta alpha beta delta
beta
Ketone bodies are produced due to ________. excessive protein breakdown excessive carbohydrate breakdown excessive fat breakdown All of the choices are correct.
excessive fat breakdown
Glucose enters the cell through _____________ facilitated diffusion higher to lower thermal energy passive transport specificity
facilitated diffusion
The total amount of FADH2 produced by one turn of the citric acid cycle is ________. 15 molecules 30 molecules two molecules one molecule
one molecule
Movement of large molecules into a cell is called ________. Both endocytosis and bulk transport are correct. endocytosis exocytosis bulk transport
Both endocytosis and bulk transport are correct.
Removes phosphate groups is _____________. Hydrolase Phosphatase Synthase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase
Phosphatase
What amino acid is a precursor of dopamine? Serine Tyrosine Tryptophan Leucine
Tyrosine
The primary intracellular cation is ________. Mg2+ Ca2+ Na+ K+
K+
Adds phosphate groups is _____________. Hydrolase Phosphatase Synthase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase
Kinase
Active transport carriers are also called ________. channels receptors pumps vesicles
pumps
Match the class of enzyme with its function. 1. Adds water to split molecules 2. Removes phosphate groups 3. Removes water to join molecules 4. Removes hydrogens 5. Adds phosphate groups 6. Rearranges the atoms in a molecule
1. Hydrolase 2. Phosphatase 3. Synthase 4. Dehydrogenase 5. Kinase 6. Isomerase
Clinical Investigation: Parkinson's Disease Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. A physician examined Henry, a 66-year-old man, because he displayed symptoms of Parkinson's disease: resting tremor, muscle rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness in the initiation and continuation of movement). This made it difficult for Henry to perform daily tasks such as getting dressed, bathing, and many other activities. Further physical examination and a thorough history, together with an MRI to rule out alternative possibilities, confirmed the diagnosis. The physician placed Henry on a dopamine agonist that can cross the blood-brain barrier, and said that this could be supplemented later by levodopa, an MAO inhibitor, anticholinergics, and other medications. A drug must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier to be effective in treating brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Dopamine agonist drugs enter the brain and stimulate dopamine receptors on postsynaptic neurons. This helps to stimulate those neurons of the basal nuclei (basal ganglia) that are normally activated by dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Dopamine is derived from L-dopa (levodopa), and is a monoamine degraded within presynaptic axons by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Dopaminergic neurons produce effects that are antagonized by ACh released by other neurons that synapse in the basal nuclei. Getting You Thinking: What are the monoamines? What is the blood-brain barrier? How would a dopamine agonist, levodopa, and an MAO inhibitor benefit a person with Parkinson's disease? What is an anticholinergic drug, and how would such a drug benefit a person with Parkinson's disease? Aside from motor control, what other known functions are served by dopamine in the brain? 1. What is the nigrostriatal tract? Neural tracts that release dopamine Neural tracts that release serotonin Neural tracts that release dopamine and are involved in motor control Neural tracts involved with mood and emotion 2. What amino acid is a precursor of dopamine? Tyrosine Tryptophan Leucine Serine 3. What degrades and inactivates dopamine after it has stimulated the postsynaptic neuron? Norepinephrine Monoamine oxidase Serotonin Acetylcholinesterase 4. Where is dopamine needed to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? Basal nuclei Skeletal muscles Substantia nigra Red nucleus
1. Neural tracts that release dopamine and are involved in motor control. 2. Tyrosine. 3. Monoamine oxidase. 4. Basal nuclei.
Clinical Application Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Renal failure results in the accumulation of waste products in the blood that are normally removed by the kidneys. Individuals with renal failure develop conditions including edema and metabolic acidosis. Substances that normally filter through the nephron are no longer able to do so at the same rate, and therefore accumulate in the blood. One treatment modality for this condition is to put a patient on dialysis. In this process, waste molecules are removed from the blood by having them diffuse through an artificial porous membrane. The wastes pass into a solution called dialysate, which surrounds the dialysis membrane. Molecules needed by they body, however, are kept in the blood by including them in the dialysate. This prevents their net diffusion by abolishing their concentration gradients. Getting You Thinking: What would results if dialysis was not performed in the body? What types of molecules will move through the membrane? What types of molectules will not be abe to pass through the membrane? What is edema? Why would metabolic acidosis be harmful to the body? 1. What normally prevents blood cells and proteins from diffusing into the filtrate in the urine? They are in a higher concentration in the filtrate They are charged They are too large 2. Hydrogen ions can pass through a dialysis membrane because: They are actively transported with the sodium ions They are moving down their concentration gradient The positive charges are attracted to the negative interior 3. Edema occurs when: There is decreased fibrinogen production Tissue osmolality is too high Blood osmolality is too high There is excessive albumin production 4. Which of the following would be used to reduce cerebral edema? Ringer's lactate Normal saline Mannitol 5% dextrose
1. They are too large. 2. They are moving down their concentration gradient. 3. Tissue osmolality is too high. 4. Mannitol.
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves. 12; 31 15; 31 31; 12 12; 25
12; 31
he total percentage of blood flow to the body per minute that goes to the brain is 15 25 20 30
15
A six molar sucrose (molecular weight = 342g) solution would contain ________. 1026g sucrose per liter 57g sucrose per liter 2052g sucrose per liter 342g sucrose per liter
2052g sucrose per liter
The Na+/K+ pump transports ________ into the cell and ________ out of the cell per cycle. 2Na+; 3K+ 2K+; 3Na+ 3Na+; 2K+ 3K+; 2Na+
2K+; 3Na+
What percentage of energy released by aerobic respiration of glucose is captured by ATP? 25-30% 42-46% 38-40% 30-34%
38-40%
How much of the total body water content is in the intracellular compartment? 33% 50% 80% 67%
67%
How many grams of sucrose (molecular weight = 342g) would need to be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution? 342 855 500 2.5
855
A 0.5M glucose (molecular weight = 180g) contains ________ grams of glucose per liter. 6.02 × 1023 360 90 180
90
Which of the following is NOT true of a person who is dehydrated? Hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH Increased osmolality causes thirst ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water Plasma osmolality increases
ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water
The transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix occurs via ________. FADH-coenzyme Q reductase complex ATP synthase lactate dehydrogenase transaminase
ATP synthase
The hypothalamus and the limbic system are in _________. aggression fear sex goal-directed behavior All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following are natural analgesics? Endorphins Enkephalins Dynorphins All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
What structure connects Wernicke's area to the motor speech area? Corpus callosum Corpus striatum Angular gyrus Arcuate fasciculus
Arcuate fasciculus
Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? Central nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
NAD is derived from the vitamin ________. B-2, riboflavin B-6, pyridoxine B-12, cobalamin B-3, niacin
B-3, niacin
Where is dopamine needed to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? Substantia nigra Skeletal muscles Basal nuclei Red nucleus
Basal nuclei
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were to be cut, the individual would ________. have no motor responses for that nerve have no sensory perception from that nerve have no reflexes involving that nerve Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.
Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.
Hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell is caused by ________. Both inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K+ out of the cell are correct. movement of K+ out of the cell excitatory postsynaptic potentials inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
Both inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K+ out of the cell are correct.
Neural stem cells in adult mammalian brains are found in the ________. subgranular zone midbrain cerebral cortex subventricular zone Both the subventricular and subgranular zones.
Both the subventricular and subgranular zones.
Cerebrospinal fluid is found _______ Both within the central canal and within the ventricles. within the ventricles of the brain within the olfactory bulbs within the central canal of the spinal cord
Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
Cerebrospinal fluid is found ________ within the ventricles of the brain within the central canal of the spinal cord within the olfactory bulbs Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
Check all of the functions of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). Decrease blood osmolality Inhibit thirst Stimulate water intake Increase water retention Raise the osmolality of the cells
Decrease blood osmolality Stimulate water intake Increase water retention
Removes hydrogens is _____________. Hydrolase Phosphatase Synthase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase
Dehydrogenase
Which type of EEG pattern in an awake adult is indicative of brain damage? Beta waves Theta waves Alpha waves Delta waves
Delta waves
How many amino acids are essential for an adult? Eight Nine Ten Twelve
Eight
Which of the following statements about enzymes is FALSE? Enzymes decrease the free energy of activation of specific reactions. Enzymes increase chemical reaction rates. Enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction. Enzymes have unique pH and temperature optima.
Enzymes are consumed during a chemical reaction.
Complete the following sentences to explain the graph showing the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Body fluid pH optimum alkaline narrow wide increase acidic 2 7 decrease 9 pepsin
Enzymes exhibit peak activity in a narrow pH range called the pH optimum. If the pH is not in this range the reaction rate will decrease. The pH optimum of an enzyme corresponds to the body fluid in which it is found. For instance pepsin has a pH optimum around 2 to allow it to work in the extremely acidic gastric juice; whereas trypsin has a pH optimum around 9 to allow it to work in the alkaline pH of the pancreatic juice.
The glucose carrier of skeletal muscle is designated as ________ . GLUT2 GLUT3 GLUT4 GLUT5
GLUT4
What structures are used for direct cell to cell signaling? Exocytosis vesicles Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
Gap junctions
Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence about the facilitated diffusion of glucose
Glucose enters the cell through facilitated diffusion. Glucose diffusion involves traveling from a region of higher to lower concentration. The diffusion of glucose entering a cell utilizes thermal energy to power the process. Carrier-mediated transport of glucose into skeletal muscles is a form of passive transport. Carrier-mediated transport involves specificity, competition, and saturation.
Adds water to split molecules is _____________. Hydrolase Phosphatase Synthase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase
Hydrolase
Pancreatic amylase catalyzes the breakdown of oligosaccharides to disaccharides with the addition of water. What classification of enzymes would amylase be in? Hydrolase Dehydrogenase Synthase Isomerase
Hydrolase
What type of intravenous fluid would be given to reduce edema? Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Check all that apply. If you could modify an axon so that it transmits impulses faster than before, which of the following modifications should you make? Decrease the diameter of the axon Increase the diameter of the axon Increase the myelination of the axon Decrease the temperature in the body Increase the temperature in the body Increase the amount of voltage gated channels within the Schwann cells
Increase the diameter of the axon Increase the myelination of the axon Increase the temperature in the body
How do neurons code for a greater response? More active Na+/K+ pump Increased frequency of stimuli Greater amplitude of stimuli Greater Na+ concentration gradient
Increased frequency of stimuli
What structures affect cell motility, adhesion, and proliferation? Integrins Collagen IV Basal lamina Proteoglycans
Integrins
How do small molecules like Na+ of K+ pass through the plasma membrane? Ion channels Simple diffusion Gated channels Carrier proteins
Ion channels
Rearranges the atoms in a molecule is _____________. Hydrolase Phosphatase Synthase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase
Isomerase
Clinical Application: Hyperglycemia Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Jessica, a 16-year-old physiology student, reports to her doctor that she drinks water constantly but it does not quench her thirst. During a physiology lab exercise involving tests of her urine, she discovers that her urine contains measurable amounts of glucose. Alarmed, she makes an appointment with her physician, who tests her blood and urine. It is determined that Jessica has Type I diabetes mellitus, in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, which moves glucose out of the blood and into a number of tissues in the body. Getting you thinking: Is it OK to have small amounts of glucose in the urine? Why would higher or measurable amounts of glucose in the urine be an indication of problem? Why does the elevated level of glucose cause her to be so thirsty? How is the deficiency of insulin related to thirst?
Kidneys Hypothalamus Decreased plasma osmolality Decreased blood volume
Which of the following would be used to reduce cerebral edema? Mannitol Normal saline 5% dextrose Ringer's lactate
Mannitol
What degrades and inactivates dopamine after it has stimulated the postsynaptic neuron? Acetylcholinesterase Monoamine oxidase Norepinephrine Serotonin
Monoamine oxidase
During an action potential ________. Na+ influx causes depolarization Na+ efflux causes depolarization K+ influx causes after-hyperpolarization K+ influx causes repolarization
Na+ influx causes depolarization
What is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential, with all ions in the correct locations? Outflow of Na+ ions via passive ion channels Outflow of K+ ions via passive ion channels Na+/K+ pump action Influx of negatively charged ions into the cell
Na+/K+ pump action
A drug that blocked ligand-gated ________ channels would prevent neuron ________. Ca2+; repolarization Na+; depolarization Na+; hyperpolarization K+; depolarization
Na+; depolarization
What is the nigrostriatal tract? Neural tracts that release dopamine Neural tracts involved with mood and emotion Neural tracts that release serotonin Neural tracts that release dopamine and are involved in motor control
Neural tracts that release dopamine and are involved in motor control
Which ion's movement is responsible for repolarization? Outward diffusion of K+ Influx of K+ Influx of Na+ Outward diffusion of Na+
Outward diffusion of K+
Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence about the chemical signaling between cells. synaptic regulation receptor proteins within outside of synaptic clefts endocrine regulation
Paracrine regulation involves the release of regulatory molecules that act within the organ. In, synaptic regulation a neuron releases a neurotransmitter, which acts on a target cell. In, endocrine regulation a hormone is released into the blood and is carried to a target organ. Target cells must have receptor proteins in order to respond to a hormone, neurotransmitter, or paracrine regulator
What type of cell signaling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells? Synaptic signaling Endocrine signaling Paracrine signaling Gap junctions
Paracrine signaling
In what condition would a diet low in phenylalanine be recommended for a young child? PKU MI Prostate cancer Paget's disease
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Check all that apply regarding the hypothalamus. Responds to changes in ambient temperature Regulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone Regulates sleep and wakefulness Evokes nausea during anxiety Secretes the hormone melatonin Relays sensory information to the cerebrum
Responds to changes in ambient temperature Regulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone Regulates sleep and wakefulness Evokes nausea during anxiety
Which of the following types of transport does not require membrane proteins? Bulk Active Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Which of the following organs do NOT normally have many aquaporins in the plasma membranes of their cells? Skin Kidneys Salivary glands Lungs
Skin
What type of cell signaling uses neurotransmitters to innervate its target organ? Paracrine signaling Endocrine signaling Synaptic signaling Gap junctions
Synaptic signaling
Removes water to join molecules is _____________. Hydrolase Phosphatase Synthase Dehydrogenase Kinase Isomerase
Synthase
Check all that apply. If astrocytes were damaged or lost, how would this impact CNS function? An individual may experience difficulty initiating movement, or slowness in movement. The composition of cerebral spinal fluid would be very similar to blood plasma. Production of CSF would be diminished. Toxic substances could easily build up in the brain.
The composition of cerebral spinal fluid would be very similar to blood plasma. Toxic substances could easily build up in the brain
Which of the following does NOT affect the activity of an enzyme? Concentration of cofactors and coenzymes Concentration of enzyme and substrate molecules pH and temperature The organ the enzyme is in
The organ the enzyme is in
Hydrogen ions can pass through a dialysis membrane because: They are actively transported with the sodium ions They are moving down their concentration gradient The positive charges are attracted to the negative interior
They are moving down their concentration gradient
What normally prevents blood cells and proteins from diffusing into the filtrate in the urine? They are in a higher concentration in the filtrate They are too large They are charged
They are too large
Check all that apply as characteristics of oligodendrocytes. They are a type of neuroglia found in the PNS. They would be affected by a demyelinating disease of the PNS. They can surround multiple axons in the CNS at the same time. They myelinate the cell bodies of neurons in the CNS. They contribute to the "white matter" of the brain.
They can surround multiple axons in the CNS at the same time. They contribute to the "white matter" of the brain.
Edema occurs when: Tissue osmolality is too high Blood osmolality is too high There is excessive albumin production There is decreased fibrinogen production
Tissue osmolality is too high
Choose the statement that correctly describes the structure or function of dendrites. Transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body Release neurotransmitters to initiate graded potentials in adjacent cells Transmit action potentials away from the cell body Are thin extensions of the axon
Transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body
What type of neurons are found in the precentral gyrus? Upper motor neurons Second-order sensory neurons Third-order sensory neurons Lower motor neurons
Upper motor neurons
Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence regarding the steps of an action potential. (Open, Negative, Close, Less, Positive, More) When Na⁺ diffuses into the cell, the cell becomes ____________ depolarized. Na+ diffusing into the cell causes more Na+ gates to open, which is a ____________ feedback loop. When K⁺ diffuses out of the cell, the cell becomes ____________ depolarized. K⁺ diffusing out of the cell has a ____________ feedback effect on the initial depolarization. The voltage-gated Na⁺ channels ____________ when the cell membrane reaches threshold level as a result of a stimulus. The voltage-gated Na⁺ channels ____________ when the cell reaches +30 mV.
When Na⁺ diffuses into the cell, the cell becomes more depolarized. Na+ diffusing into the cell causes more Na+ gates to open, which is a positive feedback loop. When K⁺ diffuses out of the cell, the cell becomes less depolarized. K⁺ diffusing out of the cell has a negative feedback effect on the initial depolarization. The voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open when the cell membrane reaches threshold level as a result of a stimulus. The voltage-gated Na⁺ channels close when the cell reaches +30 mV.
Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by ________. a 10 mm diameter myelinated axon a 10 mm diameter unmyelinated axon a 40 mm diameter unmyelinated axon a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon
a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon
Sweet smelling breath may be the result of elevated ________ in the blood. fructose glucose acetone cholesterol
acetone
The substrate binds to the ________ of the enzyme. neutral site acidic site allosteric site active site
active site
A defect in the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of melanin from DOPA results in ________. phenylketonuria albinism maple-syrup disease lactose intolerance
albinism
In order to prevent a patient from experiencing pain, local anesthetics must ________ in sensory neurons, which would prevent an action potential. inhibit the release of acetylcholine bind to potassium channels bind to sodium channels bind to calcium channels
bind to sodium channels
Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by ________. blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal blocking repolarization of the axon terminal stimulating protein kinase activity stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal
blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal
REM sleep is unique from other stages in that ________. learning from activities during the day occurs breathing and heart rate mimic the patterns during waking hours memory consolidation can occur it causes ideal rest, without emotional activation
breathing and heart rate mimic the patterns during waking hours
Under normal conditions, ATP can only be produced through aerobic respiration by ________. cardiac muscle fibers skin cells red blood cells skeletal muscle fibers
cardiac muscle fibers
Individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis have defective ________ ion channels. potassium chloride calcium sodium
chloride
Metal ions such as magnesium or calcium can serve as enzyme ________. substrates cofactors ribozymes coenzymes
cofactors
A cell placed in a 9% saline solution (molecular weight = 58.5g) would ________. lyse not change crenate swell
crenate
The famous patient "H.M." could not remember events that occurred after his memory was damaged after he had brain surgery to treat his epilepsy. He retained his perceptual and motor skills, but lost his memory of new facts and events. Thus, H.M.'s deficit was in ________. nondeclarative or explicit memory declarative or explicit memory declarative or implicit memory nondeclarative or implicit memory
declarative or explicit memory
The amount of water in a cell placed in a 0.8 Osm solution would ________. remain constant increase decrease
decrease
Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson's disease is often due to ________. degeneration of the substantia nigra degeneration of the red nucleus damage to the caudate nucleus degeneration of the mesolimbic system
degeneration of the substantia nigra
In, ________ a hormone is released into the blood and is carried to a target organ. synaptic regulation receptor proteins within outside of synaptic clefts endocrine regulation
endocrine regulation
Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing ________ flaccid paralysis hemiplegia spastic paralysis None of the choices are correct.
flaccid paralysis
During reduction, a molecule or atom ________. loses protons or gains electrons gains protons or gains electrons loses protons or loses electrons gains protons or loses electrons
gains protons or gains electrons
Ion channels that can be opened by physiological stimuli are said to be ________. hypertonic gated aquaporins polar
gated
A person fasting for several days would meet the majority of their blood glucose needs through ________. glycogenolysis lipolysis ketogenesis gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis
The opposite process of glycogenesis is ________. gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogenolysis glyconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would have the greatest impact on ________. voluntary skeletal muscle contraction distinguishin between different somatic sensations vision hearing
hearing
A red blood cell placed into a 0.3 m-solution of urea (a penetrating solute) will exhibit __________. crenation hemolysis no change
hemolysis
Glucose diffusion involves traveling from a region of _______________ concentration. facilitated diffusion higher to lower thermal energy passive transport specificity
higher to lower
A reaction which uses water to break bonds between molecules would be catalyzed by a ________ enzyme. isomerase synthase hydrolase dehydrogenase
hydrolase
Cerebral edema would be treated with a(an) ________ intravenous solution of mannitol. isotonic hypotonic hypertonic
hypertonic
Releasing and inhibiting hormones are produced in the ________. posterior pituitary gland pineal gland hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus
A chemical reaction rate can be increased by either ________ the temperature or ________ the activation energy increasing; decreasing increasing; increasing decreasing; increasing decreasing; decreasing
increasing; decreasing
The model that describes how an enzyme can adjust its shape to fit the shape of the substrate is the ________ model. induced-fit enzyme-substrate conformational lock-and-key
induced-fit
Being able to recognize the face of a schoolmate at your 30-year reunion would be a function of the ________. medial temporal lobes inferior temporal lobes occipital lobe anterior frontal lobes
inferior temporal lobes
A 0.1 Osm plasma sample would stimulate the action of osmoreceptors stimulate an increase in blood volume inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone be hypertonic to the cells
inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone
A 0.1 Osm plasma sample would ________. be hypertonic to the cells inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone stimulate the action of osmoreceptors stimulate an increase in blood volume
inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone
The ________ is a cerebral lobe that is involved in memory and integration of sensory information (mostly pain) with visceral responses. frontal parietal temporal insula
insula
The function of ________ is to link sensory stimuli with the appropriate motor responses. bipolar neurons pseudounipolar neurons motor neurons interneurons
interneurons
The Cori cycle converts ________ to pyruvate. lactate acetyl CoA glucose alcohol
lactate
Damage to the ________ will cause a lack of motivation and sexual desire as well as deficient cognitive functions. medial temporal lobe amygdaloid body lateral prefrontal area hypothalamus
lateral prefrontal area
After an accident, a patient has difficulty moving the limbs on his right side. Damage was most likely sustained by the ________. left cerebral cortex right cerebral cortex cerebellum left globus pallidus
left cerebral cortex
Blood glucose concentrations can be maintained by hydrolysis of glycogen in the ________. kidneys smooth muscle liver skeletal muscle
liver
During oxidation, a molecule or atom ________. loses protons gains electrons loses electrons gains protons
loses electrons
Energy lost during the process of aerobic cell respiration is given off as ________. water metabolic heat oxygen carbon dioxide
metabolic heat
Alzheimer disease is ________. -not associated with or mediated by any lifestyle changes -associated with excessive accumulation of cortical neurons, preventing proper synaptic transmission in the brain -a genetic disease with a clinical course similar to Parkinson's disease -multifactorial, involving potential changes in enzyme, protein and lipid activity in the brain.
multifactorial, involving potential changes in enzyme, protein and lipid activity in the brain.
The formation of new neurons from stem cells is called ____________. neural plasticity endogenesis neurogenesis embryogenesis
neurogenesis
The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the ________. white matter node of Ranvier sheath of Schwann neurilemma
node of Ranvier
Fatty acid metabolism ________. occurs via beta-oxidation occurs via oxidative deamination occurs via the Cori cycle occurs via glycolysis
occurs via beta-oxidation
The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by ________. oligodendrocytes leukocytes Schwann cells ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
Each turn of the citric acid cycle directly produces ________ molecule(s) of ATP. one no four two
one
Passive transport of water is known as ________. osmosis a water pump facilitated diffusion filtration
osmosis
Ammonia is produced through the process of ________. glycogenolysis the Cori cycle transamination oxidative deamination
oxidative deamination
The final electron acceptor in aerobic cell respiration is ________. carbon dioxide oxygen ATP water
oxygen
Accumulation of lactate contributes to ________. glycogen synthesis decreased liver gluconeogenesis decreased brain function oxygen debt
oxygen debt
Carrier-mediated transport of glucose into skeletal muscles is a form of _____________. facilitated diffusion higher to lower thermal energy passive transport specificity
passive transport
Glucose transported via the GLUT carrier is characterized as ________. active transport passive transport co-transport receptor-mediated endocytosis
passive transport
The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ________ ions than ________ ions. potassium; sodium sodium; potassium chloride; potassium calcium; potassium
potassium; sodium
Riding a bicycle with ease after years of not riding is an example of ________ memory. working procedural semantic episodic
procedural
Unlike chemical synapses, electrical synapses ________. -are not dependent on the movement of ions across a plasma membrane -provide adjacent cells with the ability to act in a coordinated fashion -are the method of connection between adjacent neurons -allow communication between cells with larger distances between the membranes
provide adjacent cells with the ability to act in a coordinated fashion
Acetyl CoA is generated from ________. citric acid water oxaloacetate pyruvate
pyruvate
Target cells must have___________ in order to respond to a hormone, neurotransmitter, or paracrine regulator synaptic regulation receptor proteins within outside of synaptic clefts endocrine regulation
receptor proteins
Anaerobic metabolism is the primary source of ATP production in ________. red blood cells neurons skeletal muscle cells white blood cells
red blood cells
The electron transport chain functions to ________. reduce oxygen molecules in order to create the energy to bind phosphate molecules together create a proton gradient across the outer mitochondrial membrane create a proton gradient across the cytoplasm that reduces oxygen molecules reduce oxygen molecules in order to create the energy to break down ATP
reduce oxygen molecules in order to create the energy to bind phosphate molecules together
A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through it is called________ countertransport selectively permeable porous permeable
selectively permeable
One glucose would generate ________ NADH molecules via the citric acid cycle. six three eight two
six
Muscarinic ACh receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT ________. cardiac muscle smooth muscle glands skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
A solution consists of a ________ which dissolves the ________. solvent; solute solute; solvent solvent; solid liquid; solid
solvent; solute
Regardless of solubility, a cell signaling molecule could not affect a target cell without ________. being attached to another cell a second messenger in the plasma membrane specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane All of the choices are correct.
specific receptor proteins within the cell or in the plasma membrane
Carrier-mediated transport involves ___________, competition, and saturation. facilitated diffusion higher to lower thermal energy passive transport specificity
specificity
Osmotic pressure is a measure of the force needed to ________. open aquaporins stop edema stop osmosis cause osmosis
stop osmosis
Reactant molecules of enzyme action are called ________. cofactors substrates products allosteric inhibitors
substrates
Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the ________. superior colliculi inferior colliculi medial geniculate nuclei red nucleus
superior colliculi
In, __________ a neuron releases a neurotransmitter, which acts on a target cell. synaptic regulation receptor proteins within outside of synaptic clefts endocrine regulation
synaptic regulation
A reaction which creates larger molecules from substrates and results in water as a byproduct would be catalyzed by a ________ enzyme. hydrolase dehydrogenase isomerase synthase
synthase
The primary site of ketone body synthesis is ________. the liver adipose tissue the lung the kidney
the liver
Check all that apply as characteristics of myelinated axons. -Myelinated axons transmit nerve impulses via continuous conduction. -Myelinated axons transmit nerve impulses in the same manner as unmyelinated axons. -Myelinated axons utilize fewer voltage-gated channels than unmyelinated axons of the same length and diameter. -Myelinated axons are more energy efficient than unmyelinated axons. -Myelinated axons would be unaffected by diseases that attack the CNS.
-Myelinated axons utilize fewer voltage-gated channels than unmyelinated axons of the same length and diameter. -Myelinated axons are more energy efficient than unmyelinated axons.
The diffusion of glucose entering a cell utilizes _____________ to power the process. facilitated diffusion higher to lower thermal energy passive transport specificity
thermal energy
The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the ________. refractory period threshold all-or-none law repolarization
threshold
To go through glycolysis, ________ ATP per glucose molecule must be "invested" in order to activate the glucose molecule. one four three two
two
Active transport ________. cannot transport molecules against a concentration gradient utilizes energy cannot reach a saturation point requires cofactors
utilizes energy
Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called ________. voltage-gated channels ion-gated channels potential-gated channels stimulation-gated channels
voltage-gated channels
Paracrine regulation involves the release of regulatory molecules that act ________ the organ. synaptic regulation receptor proteins within outside of synaptic clefts endocrine regulation
within
The average resting membrane potential of an axon is ________. +30mV 0 mV −70mV −85mV
−70mV
