2 The Age of Absolutism

Absolute Monarchy

King or queen who rules without limits on their power; they controlled every aspect of society

Censorship

Restricting ideas and info, banning books and imprisoned writers

Czar

Russian word for Caesar, king

Spanish Armada

Sent by Phillip II to attack queen Elizabeth for religious and personal reasons. Failed because of storms and England had good defense

Aristocrat

Someone that comes from wealth

Cavaliers

Supporters of king Charles I in the English Civil War (ask Royalists)

The Commonwealth

The 5 years under Cromwell's rule when he declared England a Republic: A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can ELECT people to represent them

The Inquisition

The Church group Philip II used to force Muslims, Jews, and Protestants to convert or leave; period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.

The English Bill of Rights

William and Mary signed this document to rule with Parliament and give more religious freedoms (except Catholics)

Serfs

Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived; slaves bought and sold with the land

Westernization

(Peter the Great was obsessed with the) adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture— especially European or American policy of Peter the Great.

English Civil War (3)

-Charles I and Parliament didn't work well -Never calling on them and replacing them led to the Civil war -Roundheads won against Cavaliers/ Royalists

Estates General (2)

-Court of nobles that advise the king -never called on by Louis XIV

Elizabeth I

-ENGLAND, PROTESTANT , 44 year reign -worked well with PARLIAMENT -PERSECUTED Catholics and Puritans: Protestants that wanted extreme purity -defeated Spanish Armada -brought stability and since of "national IDENTITY" -Never married— last of the TUDOR dynasty

Summarize Peter the Great, Legacy (4)

-EXPANED Russia -gained PORTS, built up Russian NAVY -ended ISOLATION, increased tech and TRADE -took POWER from Boyars, kept SERFS

Mary Wollstonecraft (4)

-English ANTI - supported EQUAL EDUCATION, wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women -argued EDUCATION'S the only way that women could be EQUAL -WOMEN should be able to decide wha's in her best INTREST

John Locke (5)

-English ANTI -born BLANK slates, tends towards GOOD -unwritten agreement— SOCIAL CONTRACT: gov protects our rights, if not, we overthrow -supported SPERATION of the Church and State -described NATURAL rights

Thomas Hobbes (4)

-English PRO -lived through ENGLISH CIVIL war -believed all were cruel & GREEDY -humans need STONG GOV to control— to protect them from themselves

How did Louis XIV control the power of the nobles? (2)

-Excluded them from his councils -forced them to live with him in the palace of Versailles.

Frederick the Great (9)

-Expanded PRUSSIA -ENLIGHTENED monarch -trained in WAR, but wanted the FLUTE -BADLY treated by dad -brilliant MILITARY strategist, became "the great" -increased ECONOMY with religious tolerance and invited HUGONOTES and Jews -abolished TORTURE and capital punishments -improved AGRICULTURE , made wheat and potatoes accessible -better EDUCATION and public schools and college: Academy of Science

Versailles

-Expensive, 10 mile area, grand palace built under Louis XIV to control the nobles -If nobles live there: -no taxes -best music, arts, parties, food, and gardens -competed for Louis;s favor by tasks and attending his court

Phillip II's Wars (3)

-FOUGHT the Netherlands, Ottoman Turks, England, & France cuz of RELIGION -Sent the Spanish Armada navy to attack queen ELIZABETH due to religiousness and FAILED due to their defense and storms -lost in DUTCH too so they Dutch gained their independence as a Protestant country

Prussia (3)

-First of the northernmost PROTESTANT territories in the Holy Roman Empire -LARGEST German state -tired of being WEAK, strengthened military

Jean Jacques Rousseau (4)

-French ANTI -REPRESENTATIVE democracy -good of COMMUNITY, more important that individuals -GOV should SERVE

Voltaire (4)

-French ANTI -fought INJUSTICE and slavery -supported freedom of RELIGION & PRESS -"I do NOT AGREE with a word you say, but I will DEFEND to the death your RIGHT to say it"

Baron de Montesquieu (4)

-French ANTI -studied DIFF GOVS of all ages -SEPARATION of power -checks and BALANCES

William and Mary (4)

-GLORIOUS REVOLUTION, PROTESTANT England rulers that were invited by Parliament to overthrow Catholic James II out of fear. -signed the English BILL of Rights -the first LIMITED monarch -HABEAS COEPUS

Edict of Nantes (2)

-Henry IV Granted religious freedoms (to the Huguenots) in France -revoked by Louis XIV causing Huguenots to migrate

Salons (2)

-How enlightenment spread, informal gatherings where artists and philosophers exchanged ideas, usually hosted by women -Effects: novels, music, personal art

Louis XIV (4)

-Inherited FRANCE at 5, ruled 72 years "the SUN King" and said "I am the STATE" -Made French style the European STANDARDS -Expanded using WARS with the largest 300,000 men-ed army -challenged by England and Dutch to keep BALANCE OF POWER: when no European country is more powerful

Cesare Beccaria (6)

-Italian ANTI -against death penalty, wrote Crimes and Punishment -no TORTURE or death penalty -yes PUBLIC trials, allows EQUAL justice -right to BEAR ARMS -punishments should FIT crime

The Glorious Revolution (3)

-James II's bloodless overthrow (he ran to France when William's army arrived) -Stuart Charles II, elected by Parliament died so James II took over with his Catholicism, so Parliament feared Jame him and planned to rid him -invited his Protestant daughter, Mary and her husband to overthrow him

Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances (3)

-Montesquieu -Power shouldn't be CONCENTRATED in one person to avoid corruption -Government powers should be DISTRIBUTED to permit each branch of government to check and balance the other branches

Peter the Great (8)

-RUSSIAN czar -brutally ELIMINATED enemies/ revolts (at 17?) -obsessed with WESTERNIZATION so he travelled across Europe -brought back western people and STRENGTHENED the army and modern navy -improved EDUCATION with colleges -WEAKENED NOBLES cuz anyone can work up to gov -needed W-WP but won land around BALTIC from SWEDEN and expanded all around the PACIFIC -build ST. PETERSBURG "Window on the West"

Catherine the Great (7)

-RUSSIAN husband Peter III assassinated, so she took throne -used MILITARY connections to keep power -REORGANIZED Russian gov and laws -created more SCHOOLS -considered very GOOD monarchs, not by serfs cuz he didn't rid SERFDOM -finally won W-WP from Ottoman Turks on BLACK Sea that accesses the MEDITERRANEAN -took POLAND parts

What kind of problems were people facing that caused so much unrest throughout Europe? (3)

-Religious persecution -High taxes -Wars.

Boyars (2)

-Russian nobles -Peter forced them to serve the state tried "westernize-ing" them

The Stuarts (2)

-SCOTTISH family that ruled England after Queen Elizabeth 1 (Tutor) died with no heir -Started with JAMES I but he argued with Parliament over debts

Phillip II (6)

-SPAIN -"GUARDIAN of the church" -serious ABSOLUTE monarch, believed in DIVINE right -wanted to STRENGTHEN Spain and Church: DEFEND the Church -Sent colonists to the NEW World and CONVERT natives to Christianity -Used a Church group: the INQUISITION to force non-Christians to convert or leave

Adam Smith

-Scottish ANTI -supported FREE_MARKET economy, wrote Wealth of Nations -believed in Laissez faire: argued that GOV shouldn't REGULATE businesses -the LESS GOV interferences with business, the better the ECONOMY

Henry VIII (3)

-Separated England from Catholic Church -6 wives, 2 daughters, 1 son -legalized his actions with Parliament: England's legislative body

War of the Spanish Succession (2)

-Several other European states fought to stop the Bourbon family from controlling Spain and France. Into one super power. -to keep peace, Louis calls off his son's Spanish heir

Oliver Cromwell (5)

-Strict PURITAN dictator -Crowned after the ROUNDHEADS won for 5 years -EXECUTED Charles I -PERSECUTED (Ireland) Catholics -Parliament asked CHSRLES II to rule

How did Louis XIV influence culture in France and throughout Europe?

-The arts grew and they glorified the king/ individual accomplishments instead of the church -Created a palace for the government

What is a common reason for the decline of Spain and France? How do these reasons affect Prussia? (6)

-Too many wars and piracy costed lots of money. -Also lack of strong leadership -Lost power: Spain lost England and the Dutch; France was succeeded by Louis XIV's weak son: Louis XV -Religious reasons, after kicking out certain religion's businessmen whom helped the economy -Some Prussian rulers took in the people kicked out, and gave them freedoms: countries like Prussia could expand -Inflation/ bankruptcy left people hungry

How did the Church react to enlightened philosophers' ideas

-felt threatened, people could challenge authority -used censorship -banned and burned books, imprisoned writers

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (2)

-if people make laws that describe physics, why not make laws the govern human nature -Played a huge role in the enlightement

The Fronde (2)

-noble revolt against Louis XIV, challenged absolutism -the gov won, but gave Louis trust issues

Philosophers (5)

-seekers of wisdom -believed REASON could solve every (social) PROBLEM -CHALLENGED AUTHORITY and the Church & Monarchy -new IDEAS described how to run SOCIETY -challenged the idea that WOMEN were inferio

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation; legislative body (of England?)

Enlightened Despot

Absolute monarchs that accepted enlightenment ideas and used power for political/ social change (ex: Fredrick the Great)

Intendants

Educated middle-class men appointed to gov jobs by Louis XIV to keep nobles out of politics to expand his power

Limited Monarchy/Constitutional Monarchy

Ensures Parliament superiority over monarchy; A ruler rules but does not have absolute power, and in which a constitution limits the monarch's power

Huguenots

French Protestants

Roundheads

Opposed the king, supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War

Warm-water Port

Ports that are ice-free year round

Habeas Corpus

Principle stating that no one can me imprisoned without being charged of a crime (Latin: "to have the body")

Divine right

The belief held by monarchs that they received the right to rule directly from God

Free-market

economic system based on supply and demand, prices are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.

Nobles

people from rich and powerful (ruling or high ranked) families