21-22 UIL Social Studies Terms

Henri de Baillet-Latour

Belgian aristocrat and the third President of the International Olympic Committee

Peter Ueberroth

The man behind the success of the new commercial mind-set brought to the Los Angeles Olympics was

Babe Didrikson

The most significant female athlete of the first half of the 20th century

Mark Spitz

During the 1972 games he set a swimming record with seven gold medals that stood until Michael Phelps received eight in 2008

Ludwig Guttman

German-British neurologist who established the Stoke Mandeville Games, the sporting event for people with disabilities that evolved into the Paralympic Games

State-Sponsored Athletics

Government sponsored athletic programs like the USSR had during the cold war to create better athletes and win more medals at the Olympics

Evangelos Zappas

Greek Patriot, philanthropist and businessman best known for being one of the founders of the modern Olympic Games

Dutee Chand

Banned from the olympics due to hyperandrogegism - extra testosterone Had to be altered to be able to compete

Gretel Bergmann

Gretel Lambert was a German Jewish track and field athlete who competed as a high jumper during the 1930s. Due to her Jewish origins, the Nazis prevented her from taking part in the 1936 Summer Olympics, after which she left Germany and vowed never to return

1952 POW Olympics

Held by the Chinese People's Volunteer Army, this was a mock Olympics game between POWs in North Korea during the Korean War

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

3 time host of the Summer Olympics, chosen as 2028 Olympics location

Korean Air Flight 007

A Korean Airlines flight that was on its way to NYC when it got shot down by a Soviet aircraft, killing everyone on board.

1968 Black Power Protest

A growing international movement for civil rights; demonstrated by Tommie Smith and John Carlos's rasied fist at the 1968 Olympics

Manifesto of 2000 words

A manifesto protesting hard-line elements in the government and called for increased reforms and openness. Big during the 1968 Olympic games

"Katrina Rule " ( Figure Skating)

A rule that made it mandatory for women to wear a skirt that covered their hips and behind.

John Ian Wing

A young Melburnian athlete came up with a new idea for the closing ceremony to have all the athletes commingle in an attempt to dissipate all the political tension

Jesse Owens

African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race).

1928 Women's 800m

After Lina Radke won the women's 800m, the event would be pulled because of it was assumed women were too delicate to run any farther than that

Elwood Stanley Brown

American sports organizer who promoted sports among Filipinos, originated international sports competitions in Asia, promoted Olympics around the world, founded first Boy Scout troop in the Philippines and organizing the American expeditionary forces games and the Inter-allied games at the end of World War I

Socialist Workers Sports International (SWSI)

An international socialist sporting organisation, based in Lucerne. It was founded in 1920, and consisted of six national federations (with a combined membership of about one million) at the time of its foundation. Initially it was known as International Association for Sports and Physical Culture. Informally it was known as the Lucerne Sport International. The Austro-Marxist Julius Deutsch was the president of SASI.

Marty Glickman

At the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, this Jewish-American sprinter was scratched at the last minute (along with fellow Jewish-American Sam Stoller) from the 400 meter relay team even though he wasn't injured. He was replaced by Ralph Metcalfe and Jesse Owens who went on to win the Gold.

Greg Louganis

At the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, an American diver named Greg Louganis wowed his viewers in the past, until he hit his head on the board during a complicated dive. However, he ended up winning gold.

Salt Lake Olympics figure skating judging scandal

At the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, it was alleged that the pairs' figure skating competition had been fixed. The controversy led to two pairs teams receiving gold medals: the original winners Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze of Russia, and original silver-medalists Jamie Salé and David Pelletier of Canada. This scandal is one of the causes for the change to the ISU Judging System, which was introduced in 2002 and discontinued in 2014.

Jean-Claude Ganga

Congolese sports administrator who organized a boycott of African countries at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. He later served in the International Olympic Committee and served as chair of the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa

Qatar World Cup Bid Controversy

Criticism highlighted problems such as Qatar's limited football history, the high expected cost, the local climate, and Qatar's human rights record. allegations of bribery between the Qatar bid committee and FIFA members and executives.

Thomas Bach

Current IOC President

Vera Čáslavská

Czechoslovak gymnast, won 22 international titles between 1959 and 1968 including 7 Olympic gold medals, 4 world titles and 11 European championships. She is the most decorated Czech gymnast and is one of only two female gymnasts to win the all around gold medal at two consecutive olympics

Seperation of Germany

Due to the Cold War, an East German state (German Democratic Republic) was created in October 1949, and a separate National Olympic Committee (NOC) for East Germany was established in 1951. It was not immediately recognized by the IOC, which until 1965 required that athletes of the NOC of East Germany join the German team represented by the West Germany-based NOC of Germany. This team, which competed together from 1956 to 1964, is nowadays called the United Team of Germany (EUA, "Equipe Unifiée Allemande"), but was Germany (GER) then. As a result of the Germany being divided, from 1968 to 1990 two independent teams competed in each of the Games; the original designations were GER for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and GDR for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In 1980 the West German code was changed to FRG (which is currently also applied by the IOC in retrospect). After the GDR ceased to exist in 1990 and its states joined the Federal Republic of Germany, Germany once again was represented by a single team, designated GER.

George Poage

First African American Olympian at 1904 St. Louis games. Won two bronze medals in hurdles and sprints, first to run at University of Wisconsin

Rugby School

Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity. Its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian public school. It was one of nine prestigious schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission of 1864 and later regulated as one of the seven schools included in the Public Schools Act 1868. Rugby School is the birthplace of Rugby football.

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

Founder of the modern Olympic movement, which held its first games in Athens in 1896.

Monique Berlioux

French swimmer, competed in women's 100 meter backstroke at 1948 Olympics, won the ASA National British Championships 150 yards backstroke title in 1946

Captain Wolfgang Furstner

German Wehrmacht captain who was appointed as commander and later vice-commander of Berlin's Olympic village during the 1936 Summer olympics

Rafer Johnson

In 1960, he won silver medal in decathlon in Melbourne and had the honor of carrying the American flag during the opening ceremonies in Rome... Who?

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

In 1980, the United States led a boycott of the Summer Olympic Games in Moscow to protest the late 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In total, 65 nations refused to participate in the games, whereas 80 countries sent athletes to compete.

Michael Johnson

In the 1996 Olympic Games, who became the first athlete to win both the 200-and-400 meter races?

Red Sports International (RSI)

International Association of Red Sports and Gymnastics Associations or Sportintern. Was a Comintern-supported international sports organization established in July 1921. Established in an effort to form a rival organization to already existing "bourgeois" and social democratic international sporting groups. The RSI was part of a physical culture movement in Soviet Russia linked to the physical training of young people prior to their enlistment in the military. The RSI held 3 summer games and 1 winter games called "Spartakiad" in competition with the Olympic games of the International Olympic Committee before being dissolved in 1937.

Lausanne, Switzerland

Known as the "Olympic Capital" and home of the International Olympic Committee

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Emil Zatopek

Legendary Czechoslovakian runner nicknamed the "Czech locomotive". In 1948 London: Won gold in the 10,000m and silver in the 5,000m. In 1952 Helsinki: Won gold in the 5,000m and 10,000m, then the marathon

Jean Drapeau

Mayor of Montreal who secured the hosting of the 1976 Summer Olympic games, he also built the city's iconic Olympic stadium

Eleanor Holm

Member of the U.S. Olympic swim team who was dismissed from the team for alcoholism

Norma Enriqueta Basilio

Mexican track and field athlete. She was the first woman to carry the torch as well as the last torchbearer in the 1968 olympics

Jim Thorpe

Native American who, in 1950, was voted the greatest athlete of the 20th century

Don Catlin

Never intended to, but eventually became America's top doping detective Was asked by the International Olympic Committee to run a drug testing program for the 1984 Summer games in Los Angeles and initially said no but yes to receive equipment. Helped develop tests for an artificial version of testosterone, EPO and THG. His UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab became one of the world's top anti-doping facilities. "You had to do testing, but it wasn't going to fix the problem of drugs in sports."

Carl Lewis

Nine-time Olympic gold medalist, Carl Lewis won gold over three Olympics and was the great star of 1980s track and field.

South African Apartheid

South Africa did not compete at Olympic Games from 1964 to 1988, as a part of the sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era. The South African National Olympic Committee (NOC) was expelled from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1970. In 1991, as part of the transition to multiracial equality, a new NOC was formed and admitted to the IOC, and the country competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona.

Johnny Weissmuller

Olympic swimming championship, undefeated in freestyle races, held 67 records, movie star as Tarzan

1916 Olympics

Olympics, scheduled for Berlin, are cancelled due to the outbreak of WWI

Tonya Harding

Planned the attack on teammate, Nancy Kerrigan, so that she could go to the olympics (Nancy was clubbed on the knee by this woman's boyfriend)

Juan Antonio Samaranch

President of the International Olympic Committee who "opened" the games, allowing professionals to compete openly

Refugee Olympic Team

Refugess competing in the Olympics. Started in 2016 with "Team of Refugee Olympic Athletes" (ROA). Later "Refugee Olympic Team" (ROT). now EOR

Ben Johnson

Renaissance poet, (wrote sentimental poems) "Song: to Celia", "On My First Son", , Most important writer of his age after Shakespeare

Dr William Penny Brookes

The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850

Rules 40, 41 and 50 of the Olympic Charter

Rule 40: To participate in the Olympic Games, a competitor, team official or other team personnel must respect and comply with the Olympic Charter and World Anti-Doping Code, including the conditions of participation established by the IOC, as well as with the rules of the relevant IF as approved by the IOC, and the competitor, team official or other team personnel must be entered by his NOC Rule 41: 1. Any competitor in the Olympic Games must be a national of the country of the NOC which is entering such competitor. 2. All matters relating to the determination of the country which a competitor may represent in the Olympic Games shall be resolved by the IOC Executive Board. Rule 50: 1. Except as may be authorized by the IOC Executive Board on an exceptional basis, no form of advertising or other publicity shall be allowed in and above the stadia, venues and other competition areas which are considered as part of the Olympic sites. Commercial installations and advertising signs shall not be allowed in the stadia, venues or other sports grounds. 2. No kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas.

Russian Surcharge

Russia was barred from competing at the Tokyo Olympics due to a doping scandal but Russian athletes not caught doping can compete as members of the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC)

Speed City Track Program

San Jose State track program where Tommie Smith and John Carlos competed before the 1968 Olympics where they raised their fists in the air after coming in 1st and 3rd place in the 200 meter dash

Rhodeisa

Southern Rhodesia first participated as Rhodesia in the Olympic Games in 1928, when it sent two boxers to Amsterdam, both of whom were eliminated in their second bout. The dominion did not appear at the Games under a Rhodesian banner until 1960, when it sent a fourteen-athlete delegation as part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In Rome, two sailors, Alan David Butler and Christopher Bevan, finished fourth, which was Rhodesia's best result until it became Zimbabwe in 1980. Southern Rhodesia sent 29 competitors, including a field hockey team, to the 1964 Summer Games, which was its last Olympic appearance under the Rhodesian banner. In 1965, Prime Minister Ian Smith declared a unilateral independence that allowed the country's white minority to dominate the government. The United Kingdom pressured the Mexican state to deny Rhodesia an invitation to the 1968 Summer Olympics and supported a proposed African boycott of the Games that ultimately prevented Rhodesia from taking part. The nation was positioned to compete at the Olympics in 1972 and made it to the Olympic Village before a last-minute International Olympic Committee (IOC) decision barred its athletes from participating. The National Olympic Committee was expelled permanently in 1975 and Rhodesia never again participated under that banner. Rhodesia never took part in the Winter Olympic Games and no Rhodesian competitor ever won an Olympic medal, although it was able to continue competing at the Paralympics through 1972 and reached the podium on multiple occasions.

Avery Brundage

Strongly believed in the maintenance of strict amateur rules; held idealistic view about separation of sports and politics

Sigfrid Edström

Swedish Industrialist, chairman of the Sweden-America Foundation and 4th President of the International Olympic Committee

Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis

The 'Louisiana World Fare' was a big exposition in Louisiana, it was a big event alongside the 1904 Olympic Games in the city

Robert Dover's Cotswold Games

The games likely began in 1612 and ran (through a period of discontinuations and revivals) until they were fully discontinued in 1852. However, they were revived in 1963 and still continue as of 2020. The games originated with a local lawyer, Robert Dover, with the approval of King James I. Dover's motivation in organizing the games may have been his belief that physical exercise was necessary for the defense of the realm, but he may also have been attempting to bring rich and poor together; the games were attended by all classes of society, including royalty on one occasion.

1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia

The Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia made it so that Czech athletes would have to compete under the Soviet Union

16 Days of Glory (film)

This film depicts the events of the 1984 summer Olympics as told by the athletes who competed in it

Bob Beamon

Took over the world record for long jump by 2 feet in 1968

Republican Olympiad

When the French monarchy was overthrown in the French Revolution of 1789, leaders of the new republic were excited about change to come. One of the leaders of the revolution, Charles Gilbert Romme, devised a way to update the calendar for a new, enlightened France. With five days added to the year, with the inclusion of another day added to a Leap Year, which would take place every four years. In 1796, the first Republican Olympiad was held in Paris, where hundreds of thousands came out for games, music, dancing, running and wrestling. Winners of competitions won wreaths of laurels, pistols, sabres, vases and watches. The Republican Olympiad continued for two more cycles, but died out before the start of the 19th century.

Alice Coachman

Who was the first African American female to win an Olympic Gold Medal?

Dick Fosbury

Won high-jump at Mex. City Olympics

Caitlyn Jenner

Won the men's decathlon event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, has become a media personality since then

Richard McLaren

a Canadian lawyer who led the World Anti-Doping Agency's investigation into Russian Olympic cheating

Fanny Blankers-Koen

a Dutch athlete, best known for winning four gold medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Horst Dassler

businessman who was the son of Adolf Dassler, founder of Adidas. He would go on to found Arena, a swimwear company and become chairman of Adidas

Paavo Nurmi

distance runner from Finland

Larry Nassar

doctor for university of Michigan there gymnastics and Olympic tennis; manipulated and touched girls

Nadia Comaneci

girl from a poor Romanian town who was the first to score a perfect ten in gymnastics.

Manfred Donike

head of IOC-approved drug testing lab in West Germany Created a test to tell, and to test positive you had to have 6 times the amount of testosterone that your gender is supposed to have

Nawal El Moutawakel

is a former Moroccan track star. She was the first Muslim woman to win the 400m hurdles, which she did at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Afterward, she returned to Morocco, became their secretary of state for youth and sport, and inspired other Moroccan and Arab women to be active in athletics. Because she did not wear a headcovering while competing, she was heavily criticized by many Muslims.

Dennis Brutus

led a campaign to exclude South Africa from the Olympics in the 1960's he believed this would change Apartheid

Cathy Freeman

lit the Olympic flame in Sydney, Australia in September 2000

Sorbonne

on June 16 1894, the first Olympic Congress was declared open in the auditorium of the Sorbonne University in Paris.

Snurfer

the predecessor of the snowboard. It was a monoski, ridden like a snowboard, but like a skateboard or surfboard, it had no binding. According to the 1966 patent by inventor Sherman Poppen, it was wider and shorter than a pair of skis, with an anti-skid foot rest. Like a sled, it had a lanyard attached to the front.

Spartakiad

was an international sports event that was sponsored by the Soviet Union. Five international Spartakiades were held from 1928 to 1937. Later Spartakiads were organized as national sport events of the Eastern Bloc countries. The games were organised by Red Sport International.