2.1 Cell Checkpoint (Richardson)

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to large molecules?***

ATP production will decrease because of an increase in the occurrence of uncontrolled chemical reactions.

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

An ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Both contain DNA molecules.

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

Which of the following best describes an advantage that eukaryote organisms have over prokaryote organisms?

Eukaryotes have organelles that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, which increases the efficiency of those processes.

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

Fewer lysosomes will be available to store materials required for the functioning of the mitochondria.

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi Complex

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

Golgi apparatus

Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Lysosomes

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?

Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.

Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells?

Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA.

The endosymbiont theory proposes a model for the evolution of mitochondria. According to the model, an ancestral eukaryote engulfed a small, free-living prokaryotic organism. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP .

Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes?

Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission.

Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?

Mitochondrion

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

Ribosomes

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?

Structure Y packages proteins for export from the cell.

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?

The Golgi apparatus

Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?

The Golgi complex

Muscle cells have high ATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATP to be synthesized.

The figure shows a process by which a cell might absorb food from its surrounding environment and break it down for use as a source of energy and matter. The process involves lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Activation of the hydrolytic enzymes requires an acidic pH, and lysosomes maintain an internal acidic pH by using ion pumps. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes?

The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.

Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in Figure 1.

The organelle has a double membrane.

The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

They have highly folded membranes.

Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote

b. mitochondria

Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell

c. golgi apparatus

The organelle that is a major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the

mitochondrion

This group of questions refers to the following groups of biological compounds. (A) Proteins (B) Carbohydrates (C) Nucleic acids (D) Lipids (E) Steroids Synthesized at the ribosome

proteins