2.11

Collins five stages of Decline

1. Hubris born of success 2. undisciplined pursuit of more 3. denial of risk and peril 4. grasping for salvation 5. capitulation for irrelevance or death

Factors that reduce an organization's ability to learn form failure

1. blaming individual when failures are due to internal/ external matters 2. suffer " self serving bias" 3. don't realize failures = some preventable some uncontrollable 4. afraid to discuss failures and take risks 5. reluctant t o experiment

the steps in the OD process in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the final step listed at the bottom.

1. diagnosis 2. intervention 3. evaluation 4. feedback

this stage begins when a company develops arrogance and its employees begin attributing the company's success tot heir own superior qualities, forgetting about the underlying factors that created that success

1. hubris born of success

two primary myths of innovation...

1. innovation happens in a "Eureka" moment 2. Innovation can be systematized

reasons that failure can impede innovation

1. reluctance to experiment 2. blaming others for failures 3. not seeing all failures are not of a serious nature

in this stage, companies begin overreaching, making undisciplined leaps into areas where they cannot be great, leading them to ignore their core business

2. undisciplined pursuit of more

In this stage, internal warning signs begin tot increase, but managers explain them away, discounting negative data, amplifying positive data, and putting a positive spin on ambiguous data

3. denial of risk and peril

Jane is planning to implement the same work scheduling system in the accounting department that they use in the retail division. Which type of change is Jane going to use?

Adaptive change

Jane is planning to implement the same work scheduling system in the accounting department that they use in the retail division. Which type of change is Jane going to use? Innovative change Adaptive change Radically innovative change Somewhat threatening change

Adaptive change

Which type of change implementation makes employees feel the least threatened?

Adaptive change

What are the three parts of a systems model of change? Regulation Inputs Target elements of change Directives Outputs

B,C,E

How do organizational consultants carry out a diagnosis? select all that apply : By using surveys and questionnaires By attending meetings and performing direct observation By interviewing the competition By consulting company records

By using surveys and questionnaires By attending meetings and performing direct observation By consulting company records

What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change?

Change agent characteristics Employee characteristics

What are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business?

Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information. The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers.

Which statement about the need for faster speed-to-market is true? Pop-up stores are an ineffective way to increase speed-to-market. Competitors may be in and out of the market within days. Achieving faster speed-to-market requires skipping consumer trials. Faster speed-to-market is only possible for small companies.

Competitors may be in and out of the market within days.

Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation?

Create an innovation strategy Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers Establish the required structure and processes

Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization?

Demographic characteristics

Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization? Customer demands Demographic characteristics Market changes Supplier practices

Demographic characteristics

Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization? Supplier practices Demographic characteristics Market changes Customer demands

Demographic characteristics

Match each step in the organization development process with the type of question that it answers.

Diagnosis matches What is the problem?What is the problem? Intervention Intervention matches What should we do about it?What should we do about it? Evaluation Evaluation matches How well has the intervention worked?How well has the intervention worked? Feedback Feedback matches How can the diagnosis be further refined?How can the diagnosis be further refined?

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change? A climate of trust Disruption of group relationships Good timing Reinforcing reward systems

Disruption of group relationships

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization?

Education

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization? Education Job satisfaction Productivity Petroleum prices

Education

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization? Education Productivity Job satisfaction Petroleum prices

Education

What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change? Market characteristics Employee characteristics Competitor characteristics Change agent characteristics

Employee characteristics Change agent characteristics

What is achieved by integration of innovation activities into business strategies? Human capital resources are drastically increased. Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation. Innovation by the competition becomes irrelevant.

Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation.

What is achieved by integration of innovation activities into business strategies?

Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation.

Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation? Establish the required structure and processes Create an innovation strategy Create a climate of employee complacency Establish a firm hierarchy, with mechanisms of control at all levels Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers

Establish the required structure and processes Create an innovation strategy Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers

Which statements about rewards and innovation goals are true? There is no meaningful relationship between rewards and innovation goals. Extrinsic reward receipt needs to be tied to creativity and innovation. Organization reward systems are rarely at odds with innovation culture. Reward systems should be aligned with innovation goals.

Extrinsic reward receipt needs to be tied to creativity and innovation. Reward systems should be aligned with innovation goals.

True or false: Management support has little effect on the success of organizational development. True False

False

True or false: Organizational development is used to hire new executives.

False

Ted's company has recently reorganized. He has been reassigned into a new role for which he feels unprepared, and he is not sure that he can handle his new responsibilities. Which of the following best describes the reason why Ted is resisting the change? Fear of failure Personality conflict Climate of mistrust Peer pressure

Fear of failure

What are common reasons that employees resist change? Fear of the unknown Loss of status or job security Peer pressure Familiarity with innovation

Fear of the unknown Loss of status or job security Peer pressure

At Hudson Food Company, managers permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerate failure. Which step of supporting innovation does this represent?

Fostering an innovative culture and climate

At Hudson Food Company, managers permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerate failure. Which step of supporting innovation does this represent? Executing the process well Fostering an innovative culture and climate Disciplining employees that resist progress Gaining allies by communicating your vision

Fostering an innovative culture and climate

What are the three parts of a systems model of change?

Inputs Target elements of change Outputs

Carol is in charge of a meeting to decide what the company should do about the new sales people who don't know how to follow-up with former clients. Which stage of the organizational development process is Carol participating in?

Intervention

Carol is in charge of a meeting to decide what the company should do about the new sales people who don't know how to follow-up with former clients. Which stage of the organizational development process is Carol participating in? Evaluation Intervention Diagnosis Feedback

Intervention

What are common reasons that employees resist change?

Loss of status or job security Fear of the unknown Peer pressure

Which is a purpose of organization development?

Managing conflict

Which is a purpose of organization development? Investigating the competition Providing training Designing products Managing conflict

Managing conflict

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change? Personality agreement Peer pressure Reinforcing reward systems A climate of trust

Peer pressure

People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.

People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change? Personality conflicts A climate of trust Good timing Preservation of group relationships

Personality conflicts

What are the stages of the Lewin model for change?

Refreezing Changing Unfreezing

Which of the following is an adaptive change in an organization? Introduction of a technique that is new to the organization's industry Introduction of a method that is new to the organization Reintroduction of a practice familiar to the organization Introduction of an innovative change by an organization's top management

Reintroduction of a practice familiar to the organization

Which of the following BEST describes "demassification"? Eliminating bottlenecks in distribution Offering mainstream products to a broad marketplace Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups Offshoring jobs to countries with cheaper labor and production costs

Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups

Which statement about organizational development is true?

Successful organization development usually involves multiple interventions.

Which statement about organizational development is true? Successful organization development usually involves multiple interventions. Single interventions are generally more effective than multiple interventions. Training is the most successful type of organizational development intervention. It best to master one intervention and use it in all situations.

Successful organization development usually involves multiple interventions.

What are likely to cause resistance to change? select all that apply: Reinforcing rewards systems Preservation of cultural traditions The potential for loss of status Fears about job security

The potential for loss of status Fears about job security

What are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business?

The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers. Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information.

What are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information. Simple, one-size-fits-all solutions are becoming more popular. The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers. The overall speed of product releases is decreasing.

The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers. Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information.

True or false: Multiple organizational development interventions have been found to work better than single interventions.

True

True or false: Multiple organizational development interventions have been found to work better than single interventions. True False

True

What are companies doing to respond effectively to increasing segmentation of the marketplace? Using more narrowly targeted marketing messages Promoting the same product to all potential customers Following a traditional sales model Engaging in conversations with individual consumers

Using more narrowly targeted marketing messages

When is organizational development most likely to succeed? When it is supported by top managers When it involves change for the sake of change When it focuses solely on short-term results When it utilizes a single intervention

When it is supported by top managers

Tonya sees her company eliminating jobs in order to reduce costs, but the CEO was recently given a bonus of several million dollars. The likely cause of her resistance to the current organizational change is ______. fear of failure a climate of mistrust peer pressure fear of the unknown

a climate of mistrust

Laila loves her immediate supervisor, her co-workers, and her job, but she does not like her supervisor's boss, Hamid. When he decides to institute some new policies that impact Laila, she is automatically resistant. This is most likely due to ______. poor timing of the changes peer pressure a personality conflict a nonreinforcing reward system

a personality conflict

To promote innovation, organizational structure and internal process should foster ______. select all that apply: agility interest in the market collaboration cross-functional communication

agility collaboration cross-functional communication

An innovative culture is a place where failures are ______ the organization's culture. ignored by the ultimate goal of forbidden from existing in an accepted part of

an accepted part of

Managers can reduce mistrust and resistance to change by ______. using a nonreinforcing reward system breaking up group relationships surprising employees with changes being open and honest about changes

being open and honest about changes

transformational innovations

breakthrough products or services that do not currently exist and are aimed at creating brand new markets and customers

Contribute to resistance to change?

change agent characterisitics & employee characteristics

Organizational development can be used to manage ______ within an organization.

conflict

Organizational development can be used to manage ______ within an organization. promotions profits conflict diversity

conflict

One assumption of a systems approach to change is that change ______.

creates a ripple effect through an organization

One assumption of a systems approach to change is that change ______. can be mitigated through clear management hierarchies creates a ripple effect through an organization should be avoided at any cost relies on having a culture where failure is not an option

creates a ripple effect through an organization

________ is the act of developing new and imaginative ideas into reality

creativity

first step after deciding how to handle a problem or opportunity?

develop and communicate vision

Organizational _____ is a set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective.

development

Organizational _____ is a set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective. production value mission development

development

The common term used to describe the techniques for implementing planned change to make people and companies more effective is called organizational ______. development placement intervention diagnosis

development

Managers use the four levers of targeting elements of change to ______. create new products learn more about the competition diagnose problems release products to consumers

diagnose problems

Inessa has worked as part of a four-person development team for several years. Recently, however, one of her coworkers transferred to a different office and a replacement was hired. Inessa and her other long-term teammates are having a hard time accepting the new employee. This is most likely due to ______. loss of job security a nonreinforcing reward system fear of failure disruption of the group relationship

disruption of the group relationship

Netflix causing demise of Blockbuster is an example of....

disruptive innovation

The third step in the organization development process is ______.

evaluation

The third step in the organization development process is ______. evaluation feedback diagnosis intervention

evaluation

Sometimes changes on the job are intimidating and lead to self-doubt. In this case, employees are most likely to resist change due to _______. personality conflicts fear of failure peer pressure poor timing

fear of failure

Miriam's mother was in the army, so as a child, Miriam moved a lot. It was rare for her to spend more than a year in any location, which meant she was always the new girl in school and had a hard time making friends. She was often lonely and unhappy as a result. Recently, Miriam's company decided to move into a new building and reorganize the different departments. Miriam is likely to be resistant to this change because ______. she has a great fear of the unknown and surprises the company is promoting a climate of mistrust her childhood predisposed her to dislike change the move will result in disruption of group relationships

her childhood predisposed her to dislike change

People's reaction to change depends largely on ______. how long they have been working for the organization how they were taught to handle change as children whether or not they are highly educated how much they enjoy their jobs

how they were taught to handle change as children

demographic characteristics examples...

increasing number of women in workforce..and growing number of older workers

The process of creating something new that can be applied profitably is referred to as ______. constancy creativity invention innovation

innovation

A plan for being innovative that requires a company to integrate its innovation activities and business strategies is a(n) ______.

innovation strategy

A plan for being innovative that requires a company to integrate its innovation activities and business strategies is a(n) ______. human capital plan resource analysis innovation strategy required structure process

innovation strategy

A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______.

innovation system

A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______. innovation competition organizational system knowledge process innovation system

innovation system

A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______. innovation system innovation competition knowledge process organizational system

innovation system

_______ is creating or making up something new

invention

Andre's company is restructuring, and he is unhappy about it. As a result of the restructuring, Andre will be managing four employees instead of nine. He is most likely resistant to the change because it ______. is being done in a climate of mistrust lacks a reinforcing reward system creates peer pressure is resulting in a loss of status

is resulting in a loss of status

Employees are more likely to resist change if ______. they trust their leaders it preserves company culture it is a surprise they do not fear failure

it is a surprise

________ is analytic and involves problem solving and abstract reason

knowledge work

NOT one of the reasons employees resist change...

lack of experience in making changes

Demand for organic foods has increased dramatically as Americans become aware of the effects of pesticides and other harmful chemicals in food. This exemplifies which force for change outside organization?

market changes

Innovations must be ______.

novel

Innovations must be ______. physical disruptive incremental novel

novel

having managers sign off on all aspects of a project is an _____ to innovation

obstacle

core innovation involves.....

optimizing of products or services for existing customers

Min's company is implementing a new product approval system that is far more complex and restrictive than the old system. This will not affect Min directly because she is in the marketing department, but it will affect her friend Tyler, who is in the Research and Design department. As a result, Min speaks out against the new system. This is an example of resistance to change due to ______. fear of failure poor timing personality conflicts peer pressure

peer pressure

____ change involves the implementation of carefully planned changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems and/or opportunities

proactive

knowledge work is analytics and involves ____ ____ and abstract ____

problem solving, reason

A change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured or disseminated is known as a ______ innovation

process

disruptive innovation

process thru which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves up, eventually displacing established companies

Changing the appearance of the performacnce of a product or service, or the creation of a new one is called __________ innovation

product

Changing the appearance or the performance of a product or a service, or the creation of a new one, is called ______ innovation. behavioral market customer product

product

When a change is made to a product or service that changes its appearance or performance, this is known as a(n) ______ innovation. product incremental radical process

product

Carson always feels like he is "putting out fires" at work and does not get an opportunity to figure out where problems might arise before they occur. Carson is dealing with ______ change.

reactive

Carson always feels like he is "putting out fires" at work and does not get an opportunity to figure out where problems might arise before they occur. Carson is dealing with ______ change. preemptive reactive anticipatory proactive

reactive

Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise, rather than attempting to foresee them, is referred to as ______ change.

reactive

Resolving crises as they occur and "putting out fires" is indicative of ______ change

reactive

For organizational development efforts to succeed, human resource policies, procedures, and packages should ______ the other six parts of the innovation system. remove replace reinforce contradict

reinforce

An emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine is known as ______. creativity innovative change resistance to change adaptive change

resistance to change

Reactive change is change that ______.

responds to problems or opportunities as they arise

Reactive change is change that ______. responds to problems or opportunities as they arise anticipates problems or opportunities results from a consensus creates opposition and controversy

responds to problems or opportunities as they arise

not a practice of a company attempting to offer targeted products with a focus on faster speed-to-market

reworking the image of older products to reinvigorate sales

scott berkun, author of myths of innovation, identified several starting points for organization innovation, referred to as.....

seeds of innovation

demassification

segmenting customer groups into smaller and more specialzed groups

Although commitment from all members of an organization is important, if ______ in particular are not committed to achievement of the organization's innovation goals, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.

senior leaders

Although commitment from all members of an organization is important, if ______ in particular are not committed to achievement of the organization's innovation goals, the goals are unlikely to be achieved. senior leaders consultants employees mid-level managers

senior leaders

As more and more companies become proficient at bringing products and services to market, ______ is emerging as a necessary and powerful competitive weapon. raw materials speed money human resources

speed

In this stage, the company may be sold, allowed tog o bankrupt, or left to shrivel into insignificance

stage 5: capitulation to irrelevance or death

Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business.

supertrends

Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business. discontinuous trends niche trends supertrends microtrends

supertrends

Manufacturing automation and office automation are examples of ______ that are forces for change outside the organization. technological advancements demographic characteristics supplier practices social and political pressures

technological advancements

Characterized as forces for change outside the organization?

technological advances, market changes, demographic characteristics

Any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product qualifies as ______. production intelligence technology automation

technology

_______ is any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product

technology

Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if ______.

top managers are not committed

Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if ______. leaders employ an innovation strategy it involves new-direction innovation the organization does not understand the competition top managers are not committed

top managers are not committed

Place the stages of Lewin's Change Model in the correct order, with the first stage listed at the top and the final stage listed at the bottom.

unfreez change refreez

key aspects of execution?

1. dicussing hows and whats 2. using questioning analysis

six methods for managing employee resistance to change

1. education & communication 2. Participation ^ involvement 3. facilitation & support 4. Negotiation & rewards 5. Manipulation & cooptation 6. Explicit & implicit coercion

six seeds of innovation..

1. hard work in a specific direction 2. hard work with direction change 3. curiosity 4. wealth and money 5. necessity 6. combination

In this stage, managers begin trying bold but untested strategies, looking for blockbuster product, trying ti put together a game changing acquisition, and similar attempts at silver bullet solutions

4. grasping for salvation

What type of structure is best suited to innovation? Mechanistic External Nonexistent Organic

Organic

Sometimes changes on the job are intimidating and lead to self-doubt. In this case, employees are most likely to resist change due to _______. poor timing peer pressure fear of failure personality conflicts

fear of failure