21st Century Media Test 1
Name four types of effects the mass media can have
1. Cognitive effects 2. Attitudinal Effects 3. Behavioral 4. Psychological
Identify the four levels of communication
1. Intrapersonal -Talking to yourself 2. Interpersonal -Working together 3. Organizational -Groups working together support the structure 4. Public -The organization addressing its external audiences
Define three contemporary models of mass communication
1. Ritual model 2. Publicity 3. Reception
Watergate scandal
A burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate office and apartment building that was authorized by rogue White House staffers. Its subsequent cover-up led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, two reporters from the Washington Post, covered the Watergate scandal.
Psychographics
A combination of demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and product usage.
Reception
A critical theory model of the mass communication process that looks at how audience members derive and create meaning out of media content as they decode the messages.
Sender Message Channel Receiver (SMCR) or Transmission Model
A dated model that is still useful in identifying the players in the mass communication process
Pluss size model
A female fashion model who wears an average or larger clothing size
Print on Demand
A form of publishing in which the physical book is not printed until it's ordered, or until the distributor of the book prints additional copies in small batches
Alphabets
A form of writing in which letters represent individual sounds. Sound-based alphabet writing allows any word to be written using only a few dozen unique symbols
Jazz Journalism
A lively, illustrated style of newspapering popularized by the tabloid papers in the 1920s
Ritual model
A model of the mass communication process that treats media use as an interactive ritual engaged in by audience members.
Type Mold
A mold in which a printer would pour molten lead to produce multiple, identical copies of a single letter without hand-carving each
Magazine
A periodical that contains articles of lasting interest. Typically, magazines are targeted at a specific audience and derive income from advertising,
e-Book Readers
A portable device for viewing, and sometimes selling, electronic books and other texts. Among the most popular are the line of Amazon Kindles
Pictograph
A prehistoric form of writing made up of paintings on rock or cave walls.
Critical Theory
A school of thought that grew out of the time period between World War I and World War II that addressed the connection between ideas and values, the context of the development of ideas, and the commodification of culture.
Rotary Press
A steam-powered press invented in 1814 that could print many times faster than the older, hand-powered flat-bed presses
Yellow Journalism
A style of sensationalistic journalism that grew out of the newspaper circulation battle between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
Phonography
A system of writing in which symbols stand for spoken sounds rather than objects or ideas. Among the most widely used phonographic alphabets are the Latin/Roman alphabet used in English and the Cyrillic alphabet used for writing Russian.
Above The Fold
A term used to refer to a prominent story; it comes from placement of a news story in a broadsheet newspaper above the fold in the middle of the front page.
Agenda Setting theory
A theory of media effects that says that the media tell the public not what to think but rather what to think about—thus the terms of public discourse are set by what is covered in the media.
Spiral of Silence
A theory that suggests that people want to see themselves as holding a majority opinion and will therefore remain silent if they perceive that they hold a minority opinion.
Pentagon Papers
A top-secret forty-seven volume report commissioned by the Secretary of Defense to explain how the United States got involved and fought in the Vietnam War.
Linotype
A typesetting machine that let an operator type at a keyboard rather than pick each letter out by hand. The Linotype was the standard for typesetting until phototypesetting became common in the 1970s
Emojis
A word borrowed from Japanese that refers to small icons that are used to express ideas and emotions in SMS and social media messages.
Paper
A writing material made from cotton rags or wood pulp; invented by the Chinese between 240 BC and 105 BC
Native Advertising
Advertising materials mixed in with articles and written by staff writers designed to look like editorial content rather than paid advertising.
Font
All the characters of a typeface in a particular size and style. The term font is typically used interchangeably today with the word typeface
Ideograph
An abstract symbol that stands for a word or phrase. The written forms of the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese languages make use of ideographs.
Cultivation theory
An approach to analyzing the effects of television viewing that argues that watching significant amounts of television alters the way an individual views the nature of the surrounding world.
Digital-First Strategy
An approach to magazine publishing where online and electronic editions are more important than preserving circulation and revenue from print editions.
Uses and Gratification theory
An approach to studying mass communication that looks at the reasons why audience members choose to spend time with the media in terms of the wants and needs of the audience members that are being fulfilled.
Heterogeneous
An audience made up of a mix of people who differ in age, sex, income, education, ethnicity, race, religion, and other characteristics.
Anonymous Audience
An audience the sender does not personally know. These are not anonymous
Papyrus
An early form of paper made from the papyrus reed, developed by the Egyptians around 3100 BC
Parchment
An early form of paper made from the skin of goats or sheep, which was more durable than papyrus
Halftone
An image produced by a process in which photographs are broken down into a series of dots that appear in shades of gray on the printed page.
Current events: NY Gov. ______ resigned last month over sexual harassment allegations
Andrew Cuomo
Define media literacy
Audience members' understanding of the media industry's operation, the messages delivered by the media, the roles media play in society, and how audience members respond to these media and their messages
Media Literacy
Audience members' understanding of the media industry's operation, the messages delivered by the media, the roles media play in society, and how audience members respond to these media and their messages.
Behavioral
Behavioral effects include actions such as clipping a coupon from a newspaper, buying a product, making a phone call, and voting for a candidate.
Group Communication
Communication in which one person is communication with an audience of two or more people. The roles of communicator and audience can be changing constantly
Intrapersonal communication
Communication you have with yourself. How you assign meaning to the world around you
Interpersonal communication
Communications, either intentional or accidental between TWO people. Verbal or nonverbal
Vertical Integration
Controlling all aspects of a media project, including production, delivery to consumers in multiple formats, and promotion of the product through other media.
Scriptoria
Copying rooms in monasteries where monks prepared early hand-copied books
Chains
Corporations that control a significant number of newspapers and other media outlets.
Describe how the media developed as a private industry in the United States from the colonial period to the present day
Electronic media has always been privately owned in the US beginning with the telegraph in 1844 Telegraph was replaced by newer technology by the 20th century but set the stage for private ownership of electronic media Today broadcasting is primarily private but regulated by the government Internet was fully opened to the public in the 1990's
Summarize how control of the media industry has changed from the 1950s to the present day
In the 1950's people relied solely on TV for their news TV gave us a true national media culture Even though a limited number of people own the media outlets, we have access to a wide range of competing news sources Absolute number of independent sources has declined but their availability has improved Today several smaller companies influence how our media operates
Dime Novels
Inexpensive paperback books that sold for as little as five cents (despite their name). They were especially popular during the Civil War era
Penny Press
Inexpensive, widely circulated papers that became popular in the nineteenth century. They were the first American media to be supported primarily through advertising revenue.
Opinion Leaders
Influential community members who invest substantial amounts of time learning about their own area of expertise, such as politics.
Noise
Interference with the transmission of a message. This can take the form of semantic, mechanical, or environmental noise
This man started Amazon and owns the Washington Post.
Jeff Bezos
John Peter zenger
Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
Postal Act of 1879
Legislation that allowed magazines to be mailed nationally at a low cost. It was a key factor in the growth of magazine circulation in the late nineteenth century.
Trade Magazines
Magazines published for people who work in a particular industry or business.
Service Magazines
Magazines that primarily contain articles about how to do things in a better way. These articles cover such topics as health advice, cooking tips, employment help, and fashion guides.
This Canadian researcher is known for the phrase "the medium is the message"
Marshall McLuhan
Explain the difference between mass communication and mass media
Mass communication -When an individual or institution uses technology to send a message to a large, mixed audience. Mass media -The technological tools, or channels, used to transmit the messages of mass communication
Explain how the mean world syndrome addresses the effects of consuming large amounts of violent media
Mean world syndrome asserts that viewers who are exposed to violence-related content can experience increased fear, anxiety, pessimism and heightened state of alert in response to perceived threats.
Entertainment
Media communication intended primarily to amuse the audience.
Psychological
Media content can inspire fear, joy, revulsion, happiness, or amusement.
jospeph pulitzer
NY Times
Describe what is meant by "native advertising" and why it is controversial
Native advertising happens when paid content is created by the staff of the publication on behalf of paid clients • content often looks just like the real articles on the pages with only minimal labeling
Tabloid Newspapers
Newspapers with a half-page (11- by 14-inch) format that usually have a cover rather than a traditional front page like the larger broadsheet papers.
Serial Novels
Novels published and sold in single-chapter installments
Domestic Novels
Novels written in the nineteenth century by and for women that told the story of women who overcame tremendous problems to end up in prosperous middle-class homes
Illustrate how magazines have given a voice to different groups of people
One of the most important functions of a magazine of ideas is to offer a voice to those who otherwise would be kept silent. • that was the purpose of W.E.B Du Bois's journal, the Crisis. • he edited crisis until 1934
Attitudinal Effects
People can develop feelings about a product, an individual, or an idea on the basis of media content.
Muckrakers
Progressive investigative journalists typically publishing in magazines in the early years of the twentieth century.
Discuss the development of the colonial and early American press
Provided link to Old World Gave Americans own identity Used religious groups and goverment Printed tracts, pamphlets, & news excerpts Recruited colonists to New World The earliest literature came from European presses
Name six basic news values used by journalists
Proximity,Timeliness,Impact,Prominence,Conflict,Human Interest,
Consumer Magazines
Publications targeting an audience of like-minded consumers.
Literary Magazines
Publications that focus on serious essays and short fiction.
Benjamin day
Published the New York Sun
Katherine Graham
Publisher of the Washington Post
norman rockwell
Saturday Evening Post
Describe the "Seven Secrets" about the mass media
Secret 1 The media are essential components of our lives. Secret 2 There are no mainstream media (MSM). Secret 3 Everything from the margin moves to the center. Secret 4 Nothing's new: everything that happened in the past will happen again. Secret 5 All media are social Secret 6 Online media are mobile media. Secret 7 There is no "they."
University and Small Presses
Small-scale publishers that issue a limited number of books covering specialized topics. They are often subsidized by a university or an organization
This was one of the most dominant American magazines for more than a century.
The Saturday Evening Post
Receiver
The audience for the mass communication
Grammar: Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
The boys wanted to stay up but fell asleep.
Publishers
The companies that buy manuscripts from authors, turn them into books, and market them to the public
Local Cable Television Systems
The companies that provide cable television service directly to consumers' homes.
Message
The content being transmitted by the sender to the receiver?
Bay Psalm Book
The first book published in North America by the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The book went through more than fifty editions and stayed in print for 125 years
Channel
The medium used to transmit the encoded message
Cognitive effects
The most common and observable message effect is on the short-term learning of information.
Mean World Syndrome
The perception of many heavy television watchers of violent programs that the world is a more dangerous and violent place than facts and statistics bear out.
Short Head
The portion of a distribution curve where a large number of people are interested in buying a limited number of products
Long Tail
The portion of a distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products
Social Learning Theory
The process by which individuals learn by observing the behaviors of others and the consequences of those behaviors.
Symbolic Interactionism
The process by which individuals produce meaning through interaction based on socially agreed-upon symbols.
Status conferral
The process by which media coverage makes an individual gain prominence in the eyes of the public.
Socialistion
The process of educating young people and new members about the values, social norms, and knowledge of a group or society.
Correlation
The process of selecting, evaluating, and interpreting events to give structure to the news.
Decoding
The process of translating a signal from mass medium into a form that the receiver can understand and then interpreting the meaning of the message itself.
Encoding
The process of turning the senders ideas into a message and preparing the message for transmission
Proofs
The ready-to-print typeset pages sent to book authors for final corrections
Demographics
The study of audience members' gender, race, ethnic background, income, education, age,
Geographics
The study of where people live; a method typically used to analyze potential markets for products and programs.
Mass media
The technological tools, or channels, used to transmit the messages of mass communication
Legacy Media
The traditional media, often owned by large corporations. These may include newspapers, magazines, book publishers, and television networks
Photojournalism
The use of photographs to portray the news in print.
Discuss the risks that reporters take to cover the news
They can risk their lives and their jobs.
Explain how the internet and mobile technology have changed the news and newspaper business
WIth social media it seems like everyone knows everything immediately.
Community press
Weekly and daily newspapers serving individual communities or suburbs instead of an entire metropolitan area.
Alternative papers
Weekly newspapers that serve specialized audiences such as racial minorities, gays and lesbians, and young people.
Mass communication
When an individual or institution uses technology to send a message to a large, mixed audience.
Inclusive Access
Where a textbook publisher licenses textbooks and other course materials to a school so that all students have access to them at a reduced cost
Synergy
Where the combined strength of two items is greater than the sum of their individual strengths. In the media business, synergy means that a large company can use the strengths of its various divisions to successfully market its content.
ritual model
a communications theory proposed by James W. Carey, wherein communication-the construction of a symbolic reality-represents, maintains, adapts, and shares the beliefs of a society in time
ben franklin
almost first magazine publisher
A collection of perceptions and emotions in the mind of the audience that add value and enable choice
brand
Describe the four major types of newspapers today, with examples
broad sheet, narrow web broadsheet, tabloid, King tab
In personal branding, choosing an identical name, bio and photo for your social-media s
continuity
mark felt
deep throat
Over lines
easer headlines on magazine covers used to shock, intrigue, or titillate potential buyers.
Punctuation: The Super Bowl featured a ___, ___ comeback.
first-quarter, once-in-a-lifetime
jerry falwell
got bad rap for goat sex parody
bob woodward
investigative reporter for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation
gutenberg
moveable type
Explain how the critical theory model differs from the effects models
offers a vital set of new insights on how communication operates in the age of information, digital media and social media, arguing that we need to transcend the communication theory of Habermas by establishing a dialectical and cultural-materialist critical theory of communication
Benjamin harris
public occurences
1st colonial newspaper
publick occurences
John campbell
publisher and postmaster for the Boston news letter (2nd colonial newspaper)
Larry flint
publisher of hustler magazine
Theory: When people think they're in the minority, they will tend to stay quiet on the t
spiral of silence
first colonial newspaper was about
thanksgiving
This newspaper was a major player in both the Pentagon Papers and Watergate sagas.
the Washington post
Media news: A COVID false alarm last week nearly derailed the VP Kamala Harris' appearance on what show?
the view
Henry luce
time magazine publisher
Periodicals published for people who work in a particular industry
trade magazines
publicity
use persuasion to shape the thoughts and opinions of key audiences "The PT Barnum theory"
If we're researching effects of violent video games, we might do a study that analyzes gender & hours played; these are
variables
Trade
vision
This 1938 broadcast led to some panic across America.
war of the worlds
Discuss the major trends in twenty-first-century magazine publishing
• magazines are targeting narrower audiences. •presentation is important. Layout and graphics of a mag will determine how people will respond to them •articles are short. Many magazines use "text boxes" that look like extended captions.
Explain the importance of the Saturday Evening Post in the development of the mass media in the United States
•First published in 1821 when there was no tv or internet •First truly national medium, it read in every single state • for at least 40 years it was the voice of the US •appealed to a broad general audience
Describe the key characteristics of trade, literary, and consumer magazines
•consumer mags - publications targeting an audience of like minded consumers. As of 2015 there are more than 7,000 consumer mags. •Trade mags- published for people who work in a particular business or industry. They only account for 17% of the industry's revenue •literary mags- publications that focus on serious essays and short fiction. 2 are the Harpers & the Atlantic. Literary mags help establish authors such as Edgar Allen Poe & Mark Twain.
Discuss the role that magazines and magazine ads play in defining people's body image
•critics charge that the thin modles in fashon mags are at least partially responsible for promoting extreme thinness as attractive. • young women need to realize the power of graphics.
Explain eight major communication theories and their uses
Functional Analysis- The effects of the media are not limited to those on individuals or groups. Some of the media's most significant effects reach society as a whole. Agenda-Setting Theory- A theory of media effects that says that the media tell the public not what to think but rather what to think about. Gratifications Theory- Looks at the reasons why audience members choose to spend time with the media in terms of the wants and needs of the audience members that are being fulfilled. Social Learning Theory- The process by which individuals learn by observing the behaviour of others and the consequences of those behaviors. Symbolic Interactionism- The process by which individuals produce meaning through interaction based on socially agreed-upon symbols. Spiral of Silence- Suggests that people want to see themselves as holding a majority opinion and will therefore remain silent if they perceive that they hold a minority opinion. Media Logic- An approach that says the forms of media used to present the world become the forms we use to perceive the world and to create media messages. Cultivation Analysis- An approach to analyzing the effects of television viewing that argues that watching significant amounts of television alters the way an individual views the nature of the surrounding world.
This company's parent is Alphabet.
reception
Hans Robert Jauss Reception theory is generally referred to as audience reception in the analysis of communications models.
Surveillance
How the media help us extend our senses to perceive more of the world surrounding us.
Communication
How we socially interact at a number of levels through messages
BroadSheets Newspapers
Standard-sized newspapers, which are generally 17 by 22 inches.
This person co-founded Apple
Steve Jobs
Brick-and-Mortar Store
Stores that have a physical presence at which you can shop
Explain how tabloid newspapers differ from broadsheet newspapers
Tabloid: A smaller than standard newspaper which focuses on less "serious" content, especially celebrities, sports, and sensationalist crime stories. Broadsheet: A standard or full sized newspaper that takes a serious look at major news stories.
This man launched Cable News Network from Atlanta
Ted Turner