2.3 Carbon Compounds
What is a disaccharide?
A compound made by joining two simple sugars together
What is a carbohydrate?
A compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1
What is a polymer?
A molecule composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
What is a monosaccharide?
A single sugar molecule, this includes glucose, galactose, and fructose.
What is a monomer?
A small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
Proteins and carbohydrates are similar in that both...
Are polymers contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Why is the term saturated used to describe a fatty acid?
Because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
The group of macromolecules that serves as the main source of energy for living things is
Carbohydrates
What elements does carbon bond with to make up life's molecules?
Carbon can bond with many element, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur and nitrogen (CHON PS). Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon and these other elements.
Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to instructions coded in
DNA.
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called what...?
Fatty acids.
DNA contains what?
It contains the sugar deoxyribose
RNA contains what?
It contains the sugar ribose
What are polysaccharides?
Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides.
As an analogy, the monomers in a polymer are like the
Links in a chain
Steroids synthesized by the body are...
Lipids! Many steroids such as hormones serve as chemical messengers.
Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, tend to be what at room temperature?
Liquid
What is the function of a carbohydrate?
Living things use this as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. They breakdown sugars, which supplies immediate energy for cell activities.
All enzymes are proteins but...
Not all proteins are enzymes
The group of macromolecules that stores and transmits genetic information is
Nucleic acids
Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a what
Polynucleotide or nucleic acid
Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a...?
Polypeptide
A protein is a functional molecule built from one of more... what?
Polypeptides
Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are said to be...?
Polyunsaturated
Other cooking oils, such as corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil and peanut oil, contain what type of lipid?
Polyunsaturated
Scientists describe proteins having four levels of structure. What are the names of these structures?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)... (just add deoxy to ribonucleic)
If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be... what?
Saturated
What is the function of a protein
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease
Many organisms store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as...
Starches
The major functions of proteins in cells do not include...
Storing energy
The monomers in starch polymers are...
Sugar molecules
What are the common categories of lipids?
The common categories of this are fats, oils and waxes
The tertiary 3D shape is...
The complete, 3D arrangement of a polypeptide chain
The secondary 3D shape is
The folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain
The primary 3D shape is
The sequence of amino acids.
What is a nucleotide?
The subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
What is a lipid?
They are a large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water.
What are amino acids?
They are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end
What are nucleic acids?
They are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus, they are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
What are proteins?
They are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are polymers of molecules called amino acids
What is a lipid made mostly from?
They are mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is the function of a lipid?
They can be used to store energy, some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings (remember talking about corn and poop...)
What makes carbon so unique?
They have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
They store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.
Can one carbon atom bond to another?
True. This gives it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. These bonds can be single, double, triple or covalent bonds. It can form millions of different large and complex structures
If there is at least on carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is said to be...?
Unsaturated
Quaternary are arranged how?
With respect to each other
