2/3 questions of Make up quiz

Randomization is one of the key characteristics of experimental studies.

true

The attack rate corresponds to the proportion of non-immune exposed individuals who become clinically ill.

true

True or False? Smallpox could be transmitted through contaminated objects, such as blankets or utensils.

true

Epidemiological methods were first used to document that a natural experiment was occurring and were used to identify those at risk and control the cholera epidemic.

Hygiene movement

Vital statistics developed.

Hygiene movement era

Which of the following is NOT a key construct of the health belief model

Reciprocal Determinism

Tobacco is a risk factor for ___________.

lung cancer

Which of following is the major concern with ecological studies?

Ecological fallacy

The point prevalence of "Illness" on September 30, 2005 is: (FIGURE) Figure 3.1 represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and the cross represents the date of death.

33.3

Case fatality rate of "Illness" from October 1, 2004 to Sept 30, 2005 is: (FIGURE) Figure 3.1 represents 10 new cases of illness over about 15 months in a population of 20 persons. Each horizontal line represents one person. The down arrow indicates the date of onset of illness. The solid line represents the duration of illness. The up arrow and the cross represent the date of recovery and the cross represents the date of death.

50%

A study that determined the occurrence of cancer was identified between April 1991 and July 2002 for 50,000 troops who served in the first Gulf War (ended April 1991) and 50,000 troops who served elsewhere during the same period, is an example of which type of study?

Cohort

Which of the following is NOT a postulate of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) institute.

Communicability

Germ theory developed.

Contagion control era

One of the following is NOT a public health core science

sociology

Funding from state health departments activities come from:

state govt and private industry (a&C)

About two-thirds of American adults are obese or overweight.

true

According to the World Health Organization, mental illnesses account for more disability in developed countries than any other group of illnesses.

true

According to the socio-ecological model, behaviors shape and are shaped by the social environment.

true

An odds ratio of less than 1 indicates that there is a negative association between an exposure and a disease

true

Analytic epidemiology can help us to understand to what extend and why a population is affected.

true

Based on the health belief model, the public health approach for promoting behavior change would be to convince people that they are vulnerable, that the threat is severe, and that certain actions are effective preventive measures.

true

Healthy People 2020 was designed to identify ways to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.

true

If a comparison of countries shows that the more personal computers there are per 100 population, the higher the mortality rate from coronary heart disease, this shows an association between the prevalence of PCs and coronary mortality.

true

Misclassification bias could be classified as differential a non-differential.

true

Poverty, food insecurity, discrimination and low literacy are all social determinants that influence health

true

Risk differences provide information on how much disease would be prevented if the exposure were removed

true

The basic reproductive number (R0) measures the average number of infections produced by an infected individual exposed to an otherwise entirely susceptible population.

true

The measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data facilitate comparisons of the burden of disease both within and across populations.

true

The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease is known as the incubation period.

true

True or False? Vaccination not only keeps the individual from contracting a disease but also makes it harder for the pathogen to find susceptible hosts.

true

Unhealthy behaviors may be maintained and reinforced by aspects of the social environment that are beyond the individual's control.

true

When studying the causes of a health condition, cohort studies provide a better scientific evidence than cross-sectional studies

true

___, ___, and ___ are three of the ten great achievements of Public Health in the United States between 1900 to 1999.

vaccination, motor vehicle safety, safer workplaces

Medicaid and Medicare were developed

Filing the holes in the medical system

antibiotics discovered

Filling the holes in the medical system

The ________________ is a consumer protection agency securing safety and/or efficacious food, vaccines, drugs and medical and public health interventions.

Food and Drug Administration

Which of the following is NOT a threat to the validity of a scientific study

Generalizability of the study results to other populations

Which of the following is NOT true about HIV/AIDS?

HIV can't be transmitted through breast-feeding.

John Snow is called the father of modern epidemiology because:

He was the first to use epidemiology to study how cholera affected a population in London

Main public health interventions derived from cultural or religious beliefs and laws.

Health Protection era

Health was mainly seen as an individual's responsibility.

Health promotion/disease prevention era

The first documented randomized clinical trial took place.

Health protection era

Research using the life course perspective is primarily interested in:

How life experiences and events affect a person as he ages

Health has a global perspective, where the connections between human health, animal health, and ecosystem health are important for the individuals and social wellbeing.

Population Health era

A person's actual ability to perform a behavior through essential knowledge and skills is known as self-efficacy.

false

Errors in measuring exposure or outcome variables that results in different quality of information between the groups compared lead to selection bias.

false

Healthy people wrongly identified as sick by a screening test are known as false negatives.

false

If 75% of the smokers in a college are males and 25% are females, there is an association between sex and smoking.

false

In the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model people intend to start a healthy behavior within the next 6 months.

false

Modeling a behavior is a key construct of the transtheoretical model.

false

Perinatal mother to child transmission is an example of indirect person to person mean of transmission.

false

The 2015 article by Fedak, Bernal, Capshaw and Gross, titled "Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology" concludes that Hill's postulates are outdated and impractical in the 21st

false

The federal government is the only level responsible for making sure that the 10 services in public health are fulfilled.

false

True or False? An infection always cause illness.

false

True or False? Chronic diseases generally have a single cause, making it easier for scientists to recognize significant risk factors and establish preventive measures.

false

concept of social injustice emerged

hygiene movement

The general level of herd immunity can be raised by?

immunization

The first documented patient in the onset of a condition or syndrome is known as:

index case

The mission of ___________ health is the fulfillment of society's interest in ensuring the conditions in which people can be healthy.

public

Which of the following is the NOT a primary source of human infection in the world

reservoir

Vaccination in the 20th century lead to eradication of ___, elimination of ____, in the americas and control of _____.

smallpox poliomyelitis measles

The strategy that limits the spread of a disease by vaccinating and monitoring the closest people around each infected individual is known as:

Ring vaccination

Which interventions contributed the most to improve the life expectancy and quality of life of people in the last century?

Sanitation, better nutrition, and occupational safety

The application of which model at the interpersonal level would lead to different strategies in a teen drug prevention program, depending on the nature of the teens' social relationships?

Social-Ecological model

According to the US Constitution, the level of government that has the primary responsibility for the health of the population is:

State

By definition a confounding variable should not be associated with the outcome

false

The death of over 20 million people worldwide from influenza in 1918-1919 reflects a/an:

Pandemia

____________ is a federal and state program that helps with medical costs for low income population.

Medicaid

The formula to calculate the "The Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) in the population" DOES NOT include:

The standard life expectancy at age of death in years

If the annual incidence rate of stroke in African Americans 65-74 in Chicago was 3 per 100 (Ostfeld et al., 1974), what were the odds (in this population) in favor of having a stroke within a year?

0.03

The disability-adjusted life year or DALYs are defined as

A measure of the gap difference between a current situation and an ideal situation where everyone lives up to the age of the standard life expectancy, and in perfect health

According to the health belief model, people make an effort to change an unhealthy behavior:

All the options apply When they think they are at risk of suffering negative consequences When they think they see that the change will be beneficial When the benefits outweigh the burdens

The following factor(s) impact the basic reproductive number (R0):

All the options apply (answer) The transmission probability The period of communicability The route of transmission

The core functions of public health are:

Assessment, policy development, and assurance

One of the following is NOT a rubric of epidemiology

Assurance

__________ is one of the core functions of public health; the process by which a public health agency ensures that the services needed for the protection of the community's health are available and accessible to everyone.

Assurance

Which of the following is NOT true about reservoirs

Carriers are a form of reservoir that represent the first clinically ill individual in a community

Which study design is particularly suitable to study rare diseases or diseases with long incubation periods

Case-control study

The following is NOT true about health behavior theories and models:

Determine the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral risk factor for the development of non-communicable diseases?

Inadequate use of impregnated bed nets

A public health prevention program aiming to promote mental health counseling among substance users is considered:

Indicated prevention

Which of the following is NOT true about the "overeating, obesity-related diseases pattern" of the nutritional transition?

Individuals tipically eat diets rich in fibrous plants and high in protein from lean wild animals.

Which disease causes most death worldwide?

Ischemic heart disease

One important limitation of the health belief model is:

It does not account for environmental factors that may prohibit or promote behavioral change

Cryptosporidiosis was added to the national list of notifiable diseases in 1995 after a widespread outbreak in which American city?

Milwaukee

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a prospective cohort study?

Multiple exposures can be studied simultaneously

Infections resulting from pathogens acquired by patients while in a hospital are known as:

Nosocomial infections

Which of the following is calculated by dividing the ratio of exposed subjects to non-exposed subjects in the case group by the ratio of exposed subjects to non-exposed subjects in the control group?

Odds ratio

An epidemic that becomes unusually widespread and even global in its reach is referred to as a/an

Pandemic

Mary just paid a gym membership to start exercising within the next month and after being told by her doctor that her medical condition would greatly improve by doing so. Where would you place her in the stages of change model?

Preparation

_________ prevention prevents an illness or injury from occurring at all.

Primary

Which of the following is NOT a vector

Prions

______________ is a free search engine that provides access to the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical research.

PubMed

The life course model that suggest that factors that elevate disease risk or enhance good health may aggregate gradually over the life course is:

The accumulation model

Which stage of the epidemiologic transition is characterized by high death rates from chronic malnutrition and periods of epidemics of infectious disease and famine?

The age of pestilence

The incidence rate of a disease is five times greater in women than in men, but the prevalence rates show no sex difference. The best explanation is that:

The case-fatality rate for this disease is greater in wome

The life course model that emphasizes that an insult during a specific period of development can have a lasting or lifelong effects on the structure or function of organs, tissues and body systems is:.

The critical periods model

Dividing the number of women in Country B newly diagnosed with cancer in 2015 by the estimated number of women living in Country B on July 1, 2015 provide us with an estimate of

The cumulative incidence of cancer

Which of the following is NOT true about eradication?

The global eradication of polio is one of the major public health achievements.

Which of the following is a Koch's postulate?

The organism must not be found in cases of other disease.

Sensitivity of a test refers to:

The proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such.

The following is NOT a limitation of the social cognitive theory

The theory primarily focuses on the processes of learning

The following is true about the "Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality in the population" measure:.

This measure can be calculated by multiplying the number of deaths due to a specific disease or event by a standard life expectancy at the age at which death occurs.

The following is true about cross-sectional studies:

This type of study provides estimates of the prevalence of a disease in the study population

A disease that is maintained in a population at a steady, low-level frequency is

endemic

A study in which women with arthritis are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated medication or the currently available medication, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each medication, is an example of which type of study?

experimental

The factor(s) that influence the relative importance or the burden of a disease within a population include:

all options apply disease frequency, severity and consequences

Omran's formulation of the epidemiologic transition theory consisted on a series of propositions, including:

all options apply (correct) The shifts in health and disease patterns that characterize the epidemiologic transition are closely associated with the demographic and socioeconomic transitions that constitute the modernization complex. During the transition, a long-term shift occurs in mortality and disease patterns whereby pandemics of infection are gradually displaced by degenerative and man-made [sic] diseases as the chief form of morbidity and primary cause of death. During the epidemiologic transition the most profound changes in health and disease patterns were seen among children and young women.

You wish to study the relationship between opioid misuse during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects, which of the following study designs would you recommend to conduct to provide the best evidence?

cohort study

A causal relationship between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and melanoma has been demonstrated both through epidemiologic studies of PCB exposure and melanoma, and through in vitro mechanistic studies with human melanocytes supporting a plausible mechanism by which PCBs disrupt melanogenesis. This is a clear example of which Hill's criteria for causality

consistency

During the ____________ era, nutrition became central to public health.

contagion control