2310 exam 3

Which of these groups vote at above average raters?

-Upper-income Americans - College-educated individuals

Opponents of voter ID laws tend to be

Democrats

When does the process of political socialization begin?

Early Childhood

True or false: Retired lawmakers cannot become lobbyists because they are forbidden by law to take a lobbying job.

False

When the United States was founded, all white men were given the right to vote

False

Which of the following media channels is most preferred by Republicans because of its conservative slant?

Fox News

Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation

Highest 20 percent of income earners

Massive shifts in party identification are most likely to occur

In response to major events

A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.

Open

Until the early 20th century, the major party's nominees for president were selected via which method?

Picked by the party organization

______ incentives for joining an interest group include the satisfaction that you are participating in a worthy effort.

Purposive

Red States

South, Great Planes, Rocky Mountains

What is the largest news outlet that began on the Internet?

The Huffington Post

Adolph Ochs, the architect of objective journalism, had taken ownership of which newspaper?

The New York Times

When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?

The parties reorganize themselves

Why do men and women differ in their political opinions

Their political opinions reflect their gendered positions in society, which tend to differ

How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?

They viewed political parties with suspicion

Who would be least likely to be a member of a professional association?

a bank teller

In an attempt to influence court decisions, interest groups may file "friend of the court" briefs, otherwise known as ______ briefs.

amicus curiae

What is a super PAC?

an independent expenditure only committee

Economic conservatism

belief that government should defer to the workings of the free market

The interest-group system in the United States overrepresents

business interests

The onset of ______ increased the entertainment content in traditional news outlets as audiences for those outlets began to shrink.

cable television

The media carry out a _____ function when they disseminate information from political leaders to the public

common carrier

The news media operate as gatekeepers, which means that they ______

determine which events will be covered and which will not

interests groups

electoral support to members of Congress

Which of the following constitutional rights most protect the role of interest groups in the U.S. political system?

freedom of association

Whereas Jefferson's party had operated largely at the leadership level, Jackson sought a(n)

grassroots party

The typical American is exposed to _____ of discrete messages each day.

hundreds

Who typically benefits the most from PAC campaign donations?

incumbents

What is the primary reason that geographic distribution positively affects the power of interest groups?

it allows groups to command the interest of more legislators

What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?

less than 20 percent

American newspapers were originally ______.

partisan

What role does party loyalty play in voting?

party loyalty heightens interest in voting

Voting for a candidate's promises rather than his or her past actions is an example of what is called ______ voting.

prospective

The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are

relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others

An interest group is an organization that

seeks to influence government policy

Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as

single-issue parties

which amendment to the U.S. does the Constitution extend voting rights to 18?

the 26th amendment

Sensational and largely inaccurate newspaper reports on the cruelty of Spanish rule in Cuba may have helped spark ______.

the Spanish - American war

suffrage is -

the right to vote

What was Madison's constitutional solution to the problem of factions?

the system of checks and balances

An important feature of private goods for an economic group is that ______.

they are benefits the group can withhold

What is the chief goal of grassroots lobbying efforts by interest groups?

to mobilize supporters to advocate for their organization

why did states start registering voters?

to prevent individuals from voting multiple times in the same election

Which of the following are the chief targets of interest groups when they lobby the executive branch?

top officials of federal agencies

Nonmembership organizations do not have broad-based citizen support.

true

The media serves a ____ function when it alerts the public unethical or illegal activities by the government

watchdog

What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?

working class whites blame working class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the american dream

What is part of the money chase of politics?

- Pursuing wealthy patrons -Raising funds

what statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered?

- The same parties are represented nationwide - Candidates organize their own campaigns

Who among the following are not required by the Texas Ethics Commission to register as lobbyists?

- employees of media outlets - government officials who lobby in their official capacity

Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League?

- focused committees - influential members - highly organized

on which issues have regional differences persisted to the present day?

- social welfare - civil rights

Support for poverty programs is highest among which two religious denominations

-Catholics -Jews

Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists

-Lobbyists provide information on specific pieces of legislation -Lobbyists identify bills that need their attention

What statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true?

-Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office -Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns

Which states have closed/partially closed primaries?

-Nevada -Florida -North Carolina

Which of the following states have 800 or more registered lobbyists within the state?

-New York -Texas -California

What is true of grassroots parties?

-They are open to all citizens -They operate at the local lever

Which of the following are among interest groups' judicial lobbying options?

-filing amicus curiae briefs -influencing the selection of federal judges -lawsuits

Which of the following make it likely that interest groups will continue to dominate state politics in Texas?

-the decentralized administrative structure -low levels of political participation -the traditionalistic/individualistic political culture

In the United States, the voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ___ %

60

What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?

95 percent

What protest movement of the modern era has had the most lasting effect

Black Civil Rights

Which of the cable news networks most fully treats news as a form of entertainment?

CNN

Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to

Change in the same direction

Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?

Congress

Thanks to the Internet, the typical American watches more news today than in the 1970s.

False

The ______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.

Family

When journalists highlight certain aspects of a situation and downplay other aspects, they are engaged in ______.

Framing

Citizens who are party identifiers have ___ levels of voter turnout rates than those who identify as independent

Higher

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States

Higher - income citizens are the most active because because they have the resources to participate effectively

Which of the following refers to a general belief about the role and purpose of government?

Ideology

What is the effect of "information overload," as noted by Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon?

It reduces people's ability to concentrate on any particular message

Why did the communists movement fail in America

It's goals were too at odds with American values

Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important

Later in life

Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement

Lawmakers who supported federal spending and higher taxed

The practice of trying to influence members of the legislature is called

Lobbying

______ refers broadly to efforts by groups to influence public policy through contact with public officials.

Lobbying

Who led the impassioned plea for tougher gun control measures after the Parkland shooting

Parkland students

Free societies thrive of the ____ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities

Participation

the #metoo movement's larger goal was to

Raise awareness of sexual misconduct

Why is it important that the media perform the common-carrier function?

Reality is too complex to convey accurately, so limiting the details of a story makes it easier to understand.

Which of the following is not an example of a state and local interest group?

State Board of Education

What is true regarding a single-member district electoral system

The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district

The killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis in 2020 led to

The largest protests yet of violence against black Americans

Voter turnout decreased in the United States once states enacted registration laws around 1900

True

Nonmembership organizations represent _____

a single company, organization, or individual

Much like political parties and interest groups, the news media, or press, ______.

are a key intermediary between Americans and their leaders

which of the following nations has the highest average voter turnout rate?

belgium

Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?

citizens' groups

In the early decades of the twentieth century, some publishers responded to "yellow journalism" by ______.

committing to objective journalism

In general, protest activity is ___ common in the United States than in many western democracies

less

Adults under 30 years of age are ______ those over 50 to follow the news

less likely than

What is the most common technique used by interest groups to promote their interests?

lobbying the state legislature

When a political party makes a(n) ______ for an elected office, it selects a person to run as the party's candidate in the general election for that office.

nomination

What is the largest category of interest group?

nonmembership organizations

_____ lobbying includes initiating letter-writing campaigns and influencing the news media

outside

The highlighting of candidates' attributes and policy positions to appeal to voters is called

packaging

When the journalists use framing, they are ______.

presenting a selective version of reality

An election in which voters choose the party's nominees is called a ______ election.

primary

Which of the following is the primary goal of most state and local interest groups?

protecting local interests from state activities

One of the positive contributions that interest groups make is ______.

providing a form of representation for organized groups

What new technology led to the chaos that spurred the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission?

radio

Stories about celebrities, sensational crimes, and scandals in high places have been labeled ______.

soft news

Which one of the following forms of media has had the biggest role in making politics more participative?

the Internet

What organization provides legislative staff assistance in research and information

the Texas Legislative Budget Board

YouTube political bloggers with the largest audiences are concentrated on

the extreme right

Blue States

Northeast, West Coast

How has the interest group tactic of entertaining legislators changed over the years?

There is far less provision for entertainment, food, and bribes, but it is still a key part of the process

Which of the following results from a high frequency of elections, such as having primary, general, and referendum elections

Voter fatigue

An "astroturf organization" is one that lacks ______.

a grassroots organization

Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?

face-to-face meetings with members of congress

a ____ ____ consists of a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who seek to develop policies beneficial to a particular interest

iron triangle

The states that border Mexico all have ______ registered lobbyists.

more than 800

Outside lobbying is aimed at bringing ______ pressure to bear on policymakers.

public

The Texas Automobile Association seeks to protect and promote the interests of its member businesses that are involved in the sales of goods and services and thus is an example of a ______.

retail trade association

Examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion

-Welfare assistance has a higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans -Income levels affect American's opinions on some public policy issues

In general, which political values do white evangelical Protestants support?

Conserative values

Research indicates that peer influence can

Encourage those without strong opinions to conform to the group

Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States

False

The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?

Income inequality

Which of the following is a benefit to the public that results from the promotion of a special interest?

It can have a positive effect on other interests, such as through job creation

what group is an example of a citizens' group?

National Organization for Women

goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest group.

Private

In Texas, how are public sector employee organizations classified, due to their inability to engage in collective bargaining?

Professional associations

Which of the southern states has fewer than 400 registered lobbyists?

South Carolina

Which statement best describes economic activity in Texas?

The Texas economy is highly diversified, with a strong presence in several industries

In terms of political socialization, which of the following is considered a primary agent?

The family

For which of the following interest groups would the free-rider problem be most severe?

a large group with very diffuse possible benefits

The Pharmaceutical Industry Labor-Management Association (PILMA) sought to defeat a bill in Texas to lower drug prices. PILMA has no individual members and receives most of its money from the pharmaceutical industry. It is best described as a(n) ______.

astroturf organization

Which of the following best describes why many interest groups form political action committees (PACs)?

because contributing to candidates' campaigns can help gain access for interest group lobbyist

What is the largest category of interest group

government organizations

Research suggests that when interest groups have submitted amicus briefs, they have been ______ in swaying courts.

quite effective

Which of the following rules required a broadcast station to provide a "reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views of public importance"?

the Fairness Doctrine

The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on

the condition of the economy

If you were lobbying Congress, what would be the safest strategy for you to use?

Be aboveboard with members

In some campaigns, which of the following has begun to replace in the political party as the nominating and electing agent?

PAC's

What is SLIGs

State and Local Government Series

What organization provides legislative staff assistance in research and information?

The Texas Legislative Council

Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy

True

Compared to iron triangles, this relationship between actors in an issue network tends to be more ____

temporary

Over 70 Percent of Americans political participation via community actives take place in -

-church related groups -civic organizations -school related groups

Which of the following industries have, in the past, dominated the Texas economy?

-cotton -cattle -oil -banking

Which of the following refers to a total lack of interest, such as a total lack of interest politics

Apathy

Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group

Crosscutting

what are the main two political parties in the United States?

Democratic and Republican

the overlap between groups has ____ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces

Diminished

Private sector labor unions do not exist in Texas.

False

Rupert Murdoch originally intended Fox News to be an objective, nonpartisan news channel.

False

True or false: Long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship and political division do not have an impact on political socialization.

False

A person's sense of loyalty to a political party is known as party

Identification

Although many people believe it is insignificant, what may result if the IDs are not required for voting

Increased voters fraud

Which of the following represents a shared view of pluralists and their critics?

Interest groups are important to bringing the concerns of groups of individuals to the attention of government

The movement against gun violence had a relatively low profile until the mass killing at

Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

_____ journalism refers to news reporting that is based on "fact" rather than opinion and that presents both sides of a partisan debate.

Objective

What is a potential problem with the media's watchdog function, according to critics?

Overzealous coverage of minor scandals heightens the public's distrust of government officials.

The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?

People from less conservative areas have relocated to the south

Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.

Political Parties

Which of the following voting blocks migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 1990s?

Southern Whites

Peak business organizations focus on which of the following goals?

Supporting legislation that would foster a "good business climate" in Texas

Which of the following is an example of a peak business organization?

Texas Association of Manufacturers

Why does the Texas oil industry lobby focus on influencing the Texas Railroad Commission

The Texas Railroad Commission oversees the state oil industry

How does the party structure in Texas affect interest group power and influence?

The weakened structure of party competitiveness strengthens interest group influence

The news media's partisan function means that they ______.

act as advocates for particular viewpoints

Lobbyists generally direct their efforts at lawmakers who ______.

are inclined to support their group or cause

Modern lobbyists primarily concentrate on providing lawmakers with ______.

arguments and evidence for their position

The news media operate as gatekeepers, which means that they ______.

determine which events will be covered and which will not

Texas has a(n) _______ government structure because power is dispersed to many state agencies with little or no central control.

fragmented

A person known as a(n)_____ rider derives a benefit without contributing to its achievement.

free

Individuals may benefit from the work of interest groups even if they don't participate in the groups' activities. Because of this, some groups have difficulty recruiting members, a phenomenon known as the ____ _____ problem.

free-rider

A few decades ago, the media system centered on broadcast news networks, but Americans now have a ______ media system, where they can pick from a wide variety of outlets.

high-choice

A(n) _____ _____is comprised of various actors that all have interest and expertise in a particular policy issue, even though they may disagree on what the outcome should be.

issue network

Which type of interest group has little power in Texas compared to many other states?

labor unions

The largest expenditure in presidential campaigns is for which of the following?

media

Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ____ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns

more

A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.

multiparty

When the Fairness Doctrine was eliminated in 1987, most radio stations dropped their ______.

newscasts

____ Lobbying includes initiating letter-writing campaigns and influencing the news media.

outside

A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party

realignment

Interest group influence is particularly strong among ______ agencies that are responsible for overseeing the nation's business sectors.

regulatory

The Texas Apartment Association, the Texas Restaurant Association, and the Beer Alliance of Texas are all examples of ______.

retail trade groups

Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.

retrospective

In order to raise enough funds for their campaigns, political candidates raise money from all of the following groups except ______.

state governments

Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.

straight ticket

federal agency

support for their administrative programs

Which amendment to the constitution granted women the right to vote in the united states

the 19th amendment

How many major political parties are there in the United States today?

two

How do interest groups expand the range of issues that come to lawmakers' attention?

-They focus on issues that may or may not have brand impact -They focus on issues that may be controversial

People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in

Civic Duty

For a movement to succeed, it must

Institutionalized it's goals

Republicans are ______ times more likely than Democrats to say that Fox is their main source of news.

13

When the United States was founded, who was given suffrage first?

Land owners

What would policymakers be likely to rely on when they want to act as delegates in formulating and implementing policy

Opinion Polls

The instant gratification people receive from cell phones and other message sources conditions them to seek more of messages.

True

______ goods are those that belong to all people and cannot be withheld on an individual basis, such as clean air or water.

collective

In general, Americans who believe that the government should use its power to promote traditional values are

cultural conservatives

Stories on the Internet that maintained the coronavirus pandemic was a hoax perpetuated by Democrats in order to damage President Trump are an example of ______

fake news

The media's ability to function as signalers and influence what people are thinking about and discussing is called agenda ____

setting

the U.S. government functions as a ____ system

two-party

Which groups is most currently most likely part of the Democratic coalition

- 18-29 year olds - African Americans - Union Members

Which of the following are examples of media performing a signaling function?

- A radio station informing people of severe weather conditions in the next few days - A local daily newspaper alerting people on the spread of a novel viral infection in the locality

Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?

- Americans face more voter registration requirements - Class - based european organizations encourage participation

Which of the following are reasons why the amount of traditional news the typical American watches has declined since the 1970s?

- Cable television and other high-choice media became available - Younger people stopped watching the dinner-time news

Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?

- Leaning toward particular ideologies - Identifying with political parties

Which of the following is a regulation that affects Texas PACs?

- PACs cannot contribute to candidates during a window that begins 30 days prior to the legislative session and ends 20 days after the session ends. - PACs must create complete reports identifying every donor who contributed at least $50 to the campaign. - PACs are required to designate a campaign treasurer.

Which of the following correctly describes members of the "inattentive audience"?

- They pay attention to news when a major event occurs, such as COVID-19 - They pay only sporadic attention to news

Interest groups tend to rely on the courts to advance their policy goals when they have ______.

- a low chance of achieving their goals through legislation - a cause that's unpopular with the public

What three basic elements are usually involved in a party realignment?

- an enduring change in the parties' policies and coalitions -unusually powerful and divisive issues - a shift in voters' partisan support in elections

Which of the following are traditional functions of the news media (press)?

- common-carrier - signaling - watchdog

Which of the following are prohibited by Texas law from making campaign contributions to candidates for statewide or legislative office?

- corporations - labor unions

Which of the following are tactics widely used by conservative and liberal partisan talk shows?

- name calling - character assassination - imagined catastrophe

In terms of leadership and organization, the Texas Municipal League draws strength from its ______.

- quick adoption of stands on key legislative items - strong, proactive legislative committee

which forms of political participation requires citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources

- volunteering in a political campaign - demonstrating for political causes

The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that

-Citizens use to evaluate issues and developments -Help in forming a common cause

The rise of candidate-centered campaigns has had which of the following positive effects?

-Encouraged national officeholders to respond to local issues -Made it easier for political newcomers to win high office

What three sources of division in the United States are now most closely linked to partisanship

-Geography -Race -Religion

Which of the following statements are true regarding U.S. elections?

-They are held more frequently than in other countries -They allow voters to choose party nominees

Which of the following accurately describe ways in which interest groups can use litigation to advance their cause?

-They can file amicus briefs -They can sponsor litigation on behalf of their members

Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns?

-They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions -They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates

Which of the following functions do news media perform?

-act as a watchdog that scrutinizes official behavior -provide a channel through which political leaders communicate to the public -provide political information that attracts an audience

Which of the following media were subject to the FCC's Fairness Doctrine?

-broadcast television -broadcast radio

Which of the following help interest groups participate more effectively in group politics?

-contacts -skills -money

Even if a third-party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate will sometimes accomplish -

-draw attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates -encourage one or both major parties to address issues introduced by the third party

State parties are involved with which activities?

-election of U.S. senators -election of governors -voter registration

what is true about political contributions called hard money

-given directly to a candidate -political parties give to candidates -can be spent as the recipient chooses -subject to legal limits

Super PACs are legally forbidden from which of the following?

-giving money directly to candidates -giving money directly to political parties

Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League

-highly organized -focused committee -influential members

Who or what can be a part of membership organizations?

-individual citizens -businesses

Which of the following are private goods?

-jobs -retirement plans

Interest groups need money for which of the following?

-lobbying -public relations -electioneering -to pay full-time staff

Which of the following are advantages in raising money for campaigns that incumbents often have over their challengers?

-policy influence sought by donors -lists of contributors to past campaigns

What are the functions of political consultants?

-producing promotional materials -gathering voter opinions -advising on how to run a successful campaign

In what ways does a professional association differ from a trade association?

-the state regulates the scope of its members' practice -its members typically hold a state-issued professional license

What are the three types of agricultural interest groups in Texas?

-those that represent general farming interests -those that represent commodity groups -those that represent suppliers

What are the main goals of interest groups' public relations activities?

-to create a favorable image for the group -to influence public opinion regarding a particular issue

Which of the following are considered lobbying efforts?

-working with members of the legislature to draft legislation -encouraging members of an interest groups to contact legislators regarding legislation -testifying before a committee hearing about the effect of proposed legislation

In the 1970s, the average reader devoted more than 30 minutes to reading the printed newspaper. That average is now ______ minutes.

16

Approximately how many nonmembership organizations are registered with the Texas Ethics Commission?

2000

What is a social or political movement?

A way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy

Generally, protests ____ have not been popular in the United States

Against the U.S. Military Action

The political socialization process takes place through ______ of socialization.

Agents

What relationship does the national Democratic or Republican Party have with the state and local parties?

All three levels are independent but work together

The effort of the writers of the Constitution to devise a governing system that would guard against tyranny of the majority resulted in which consequence?

America's system of divided power provides abundant opportunities for interest groups to achieve their policy goals

Economic Liberalism

Belief that government should help the disadvantaged

Cultural Conservatism

Belief that government should promote traditional values

Cultural Liberalism

Belief that lifestyle choices should be left to the individual

How do Americans participate virtually in politics

By using resources and joining discussion on social media

Which of the following statements best describes collective bargaining?

Collective bargaining is the process of negotiation between an employer and a group of employees so as to determine the conditions of employment

_____ is a service that alerts local newsrooms to topics that are trending on social media

CrowdTangle

A ____ is a representative who acts in responses to what their constituencies say they want, no matter their own personal opinion

Delegate

The audience for Huffington Post's website is overwhelmingly

Democratic

The Black Lives Matter movement has sought, primarily, to highlight

Disparities in local officials' treatment of black and white citizens

The Texas _____ _____ is responsible for enforcing requirements for interest groups and political candidates to report information on money collected and activities.

Ethic Commission

The elimination of the __________ meant that radio stations no longer had to air a conservative talk show if they aired a liberal one.

Fairness Doctrine

CNN has continued to emphasize hard news rather than sensationalism

False

Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines.

False

Local, state, and national party organizations are hierarchical in structure.

False

The #metoo movement did not have much of an impact on the people who's behavior it was targeting

False

The Occupy Wall Street movement was limited to New York City

False

During the Trump presidency, the opinions of, and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issues did Republicans change their opinion?

Free Trade

What did James Madison think of the future of interest groups?

He believed that competition between groups would prevent any one from dominationg

Which of the following happened when the Fairness Doctrine was eliminated in 1987?

Hundreds of radio stations switched from playing music to airing partisan talk shows

Which political leader wrote that the government must dilute the influence of factions and interest groups by filtering their views through properly structured governing institutions?

James Madison

What major cable news network was launched to be the liberal alternative to Fox?

MSNBC

Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout

Middle aged people from the upper class

Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because

Misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality

Why is the news shaped by news organizations need to attract and keep viewers?

Most news organizations choose coverage that will draw an audience for advertisers

Senior citizens in the United States have a ____ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.

Much Higher

____ refers to the selection of the individual who will run as the party's candidate in the general election.

Nomination

What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?

One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issues that made the third party successful

______ lobbying involves bringing public pressure on policymakers, such as organizing a letter writing campaign to members of Congress.

Outside

How has PAC influence affected candidates' party loyalty?

PACs have decreased loyalty to parties since they finance races and help candidates much like parties do.

What is the process by which we develop our political values and opinions?

Political Ideology

Which of the following is true of the professionalism of the Texas legislature?

Poor working conditions and low pay contribute to high turnover among legislative staff

The strongest ideological party in U.S. history was the -

Populist Party

Rank the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?

Presidential Candidates, Senate Candidates, House Candidates

Internet political participation peaks during which of the following?

Presidential Elections

_______ goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest group.

Private

Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?

Reform Parties

Which of the following is an example of a government organization?

SLG's

Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.

Single - issue parties

Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as

Social Capital

To date, what is the most successful of the recent political movements

Tea party movement

Which of the following is an example of a specialized "educational" association?

Texas High School Coaches Association

Which is a reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?

The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party had become stronger in the Northeast

More people in the Untied States participate in elections campaigns than people in other countries do because

The United States has more elected posts than other countries do

How does economic diversity affect interest group power in Texas?

The diversified economy has increased the number of interest groups, thus diluting the groups' power

Which of the following statements best summarize the control the governor of Texas enjoys over state agencies?

The governor makes few significant appointments to state agencies and therefore possesses minimal control over policy decisions

How is interest group influence weakened in competitive, two-party states?

The parties assume a greater role in recruiting and supporting candidates, replacing a vital function of interest groups

How does a well-compensated, professional legislative staff reduce the influence of interest groups?

The staff provides most of the research for legislators, who rely less on interest group research

In describing sources of news on the Web, what do analysts mean by the metaphor "the long tail"?

There are a few heavily visited websites on one end and thousands of lightly visited sites on the other

How are issue networks formed?

They are formed by individuals who have expertise regarding a particular policy issue as well as various views on it.

Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?

They are usually part of presidential campaigns

What is a primary reason for low voter turnout rates among young adults?

They change addresses frequently and need to re-register

In politics, what do linkage institutions do?

They connect citizens with government.

How do media gatekeepers affect American citizens?

They determine what messages we see and hear.

What best describes partisan media outlets in the era of the information commons?

They were very rare

What is the primary distinction between trade associations and peak business organizations?

Trade associations represent more specific business interests such as the oil industry

All media outlets, including those on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are part of the news media.

True

The Tea Party movement was opposed to higher taxes to support government programs

True

Those interest groups that are poorly organized run the risk of being ignored politically.

True

True or false: According to political scientist Mancur Olson, interest groups with smaller memberships usually prevail because they are able to join together and pool resources.

True

Americans participate more in politics than do citizens of other western democracies except in which of the following activities

Turing out to vote on Election Day

The degree to which education level and income are so closely tied to voters participating in the United States is ___ when compared to European Countries

Unusual

What is another name for the plurality system?

Winner take all system

State party organizations are usually small and are directed by

a full-time chairperson

The media's function of ______ setting refers to the media's ability to determine what the public thinks is important.

agenda

Which of the following types of interest groups is classified as an economic type

agriculture

Which of the following types of interest groups is classified as an economic type?

agriculture

member of congress

beneficial policy decisions

congressional committee

budget support for a program

All party organizations have a responsibility to ______.

build support among voters

Among economic groups, which type are the most numerous?

business groups

Which of the following is a way in which special interest groups can donate money to candidates?

by forming a political action committee (PAC)

Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead role in elections now lies with the -

candidate

Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by ______-centered campaigns.

candidate

Benefits that belong to everyone, not just the members of a group, are referred to as ______.

collective goods

The incentives that most noneconomic groups offer include ______.

collective goods

A PAC is a specialized kind of interest group that:

collects money for campaign contributions and other activities

Which of the following is an example of a group that cannot draw strength from geographic distribution?

commercial shrimp fishermen

The success of _____ had convinced billionaire Rupert Murdoch to start Fox in 1996

conservative talk radio

government agency

constituent service

Which of the following types of interest groups is not classified as an economic interest group?

consumer

While the relationship between actors in an iron triangle tends to be more long-lasting, issue networks tend to ______.

disband once an issue is settled

An activity in which an interest group engages in order to influence the outcome of an election is known as

electioneering

interest groups

electoral support

Interest groups that are not directly involved in litigation may file amicus curiae briefs to ______.

encourage a rolling that is beneficial to their cause

What is fake news?

entirely fictional stories that originate on the Internet

Members of minority groups, secular-minded people, and people living in urban areas lean heavily toward the Republican Party

false

The Texas Farmers Union (not to be confused with the Texas Farm Bureau) represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?

family farms and ranches

In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.

fourfold

The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a(n) ___ gap.

gender

a characteristic of some interest groups, refers to the fact that the groups have members in all regions of the state.

geographic distribution

In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that:

getting smaller, more focused business groups to work together on an issue can be highly effective.

In an iron triangle, ______ provide campaign contributions to ______ in order to gain their support for a particular policy proposal.

groups; members of Congress

Political parties began to emerge in the United States ______.

in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them

What is the primary goal of lobbying?

influencing members of the legislature

Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.

information that supports the group's policy positions

The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.

inside lobbying

Why is it unnecessary for the Texas Municipal League to maintain constant contact with its members?

its processes are so organized that it is functions efficiently without it

The Texas Farm Bureau represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?

large agricultural procedures

Jobs, higher wages, and tax incentives are all examples of ______ incentives to joining interest groups.

material

All media outlets, whether broadcast, print, cable, or on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are called the news

media

When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop ___ political opinions

moderate

As compared to other democracies, how likely are Americans to contribute time and money to political and community organizations?

more likely

Consumption of what type of media has been found to be correlated with a relatively high level of political knowledge?

newspapers

Although the American press originally had a political orientation, it eventually shifted to a journalistic orientation, which emphasizes ______.

newsworthy information and events

Which of the following describes a high-choice media system?

one in which people have a large number of places to go for information

Local party organizations generally play an active role

only during campaign periods

Political scientist Mancur Olson argues that small interest groups can be more powerful than larger groups as long as they are more ______.

organized

Tufts University's Sarah Sobieraj and Jeffrey Berry's study described the basis for partisan talk show programming as paritsan "______."

outrage

An interest group may form a ___ ___ ___ whose main goal is to raise and spend money to influence the outcome of elections

political, action, committee

The _____ is the public official who has the greatest access to the media.

president

Agency capture refers to the situation where Blank______ side with the industry they are supposed to regulate rather than with the public that they are supposed to protect.

regulatory agencies

The media's _____ function serves to alert the public to important events in a timely fashion

signaling

States with ____ political parties tend to have weaker interest group influence

strong

Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements -

take place largely outside established institutions

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) involved which issue affecting interest groups?

the limit on corporate and union spending in federal elections

State and Local interest groups (SLIGs) represent ____

the organization, not it's individual members

The United States has a high-choice media system, which means that _____.

there are a large number of sources from which people can choose to get their information

America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of

third parties

Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the first and second finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.

top-two

The Good Roads Association is an example of ______ because it represents the specific business interests of highway contractors

trade association

Which type of interest group represents business firms of a particular kind, such as insurance companies?

trade association

When the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act was passed, individual taxpayers clearly benefited, receiving an average annual tax cut of nearly $1,300, increasing their after-tax income by 1.7 percent. True false question.

true

Which term refers to the irresponsible and sensationalist approach to news reporting that characterized journalism in the early 1900s?

yellow journalism

The political views of which are most likely to be influenced when a major historical event occurs, which as a war on economic depression

young people