25.1 - 25.2 : fluid homeostasis
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
dehydration
An excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is called ______________.
edema
How much water does an average person need to drink per day?
1.5 liters
What percentage of body fluids does interstitial fluid account for?
32%
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?
500 ml
A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. For which of the following patients is this solution an appropriate choice?
A patient experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration
Which of the following functions is not an important role of hydrogen ions?
Decreases sodium ion reabsorption
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
ECF increases when ADH is present.
In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?
Water is pulled out of the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
What would be the effect of a hypertonic extracellular fluid on a cell?
Water will move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
Which of the following statements best describes the principle of mass balance?
What is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.
What chemical dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+)?
acid
Which of the following functions is not associated with water?
acts as a nonpolar solvent
Which of the following hormones functions to regulate fluid balance in the body?
aldosterone
What is the most common base in the human body?
bicarbonate ions
Which of the following solutes has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
calcium
Which of the following sources accounts for the majority of our total body water?
cytosol
Which of the following solutes will dissociate into ions when placed in water?
electrolyte
For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?
fluid and electrolyte imbalance
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
hypothalamus
Which of the following individuals has the highest total body water percentage?
infants
Under what condition might it be beneficial to administer hypertonic sodium chloride to a patient?
overhydration
What is the main difference in composition of plasma and interstitial fluid?
protein content
What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?
the force that fluids exert
What happens to the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions are added?
the pH decreases
What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
urinary system
What is the main component of all body fluids?
water
Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to ________.
water balance