2nd test

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.

3 & 5

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago. 475 130 400 2,200 3,500

475 Plants evolved from green algae about 475 million years ago.

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. presence or absence of alternation of generations presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule production of microspores versus megaspores dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation presence or absence of vascular structures

Angiosperms have a protective covering over the ovule. Gymnosperms do not. All the other traits listed are shared by both groups.

Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____. cycads gnetophytes angiosperms gymnosperms ginkgoes

Angiosperms: They are the source of our major food crops, including rice, wheat, maize, and barley. They also provide cotton and linen, and medicines such as digitalis and codeine. Rubber, coffee, chocolate, and aromatic oils come from flowering plants. Woods such as oak, cherry, and walnut are derived from angiosperms.

*Select the correct statement about plant life cycles. Meiosis in plant life cycles is a sexual process, producing gametes. Over evolutionary time, the sporophyte has replaced the gametophyte in plant life cycles. At some point in the life cycle of all plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent.

At some point in the life cycle of all plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent. This dependence defines plants as embryophytes.

which of the following had been revived after being dormant for the longest time? fish bacterium flowering plant virus

Bacterium

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? embryo development within gametangia vascular tissue roots and shoots chloroplasts pollen

Both algae and seed plants have cells with chloroplasts.

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. seedless vascular plants bryophytes angiosperms gymnosperms charophyceans

Bryophytes, such as mosses, are the extant plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia.

Which of the following is a similarity between xylem and phloem transport? Many cells in both tissues have sieve plates. Expenditure of energy from ATP is required. Transpiration is required for both processes. Bulk flow of water is involved.

Bulk flow of water is involved.

What are the green algae most closely related to plants? seedless vascular plant bryophyte angiosperm gymnosperm charophycean

Charophyceans

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? pollen production a dominant sporophyte generation haploid gametophytes an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue double fertilization

Double Fertilization: In flowering plants one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg and the other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei found within the ovule, thus forming triploid endosperm.

**Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms. Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. The life cycle of seed plants does not include a gametophyte generation. In angiosperm life cycles, the female gametophyte is the ovule.

Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.

True or false? The endosperm tissue that nourishes the developing plant has the same nutritional characteristics regardless of the plant species. True False

False The characteristics of the endosperm tissue vary by plant species; some tissues contain large amounts of starch (corn), while others contain large amounts of protein (beans).

True or false? Fruits provide food to the developing plant. True False

False-Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal; the endosperm provides food to the developing plant.

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants. Charophyceans Ferns Lilacs Mosses Pine trees

Ferns are seedless vascular plants.

Which structures are haploid? Select all that apply. Sporophyte Gametophyte Egg Zygote Spores

Gametophyte Egg Spores

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____. gymnosperms charophyceans bryophytes green algae seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperms: The branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree in the activity indicates that angiosperms are most closely related to gymnosperms.

Transpiration in plants requires _____. I) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose II) cohesion between water molecules III) evaporation of water molecules IV) active transport through xylem cells V) transport through tracheids I, II, III, and IV I, III, IV, and V I, II, IV, and V I, II, III, and V

I, II, III, and V

*How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves. Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Consider the characteristics of moss and fern life cycles. Which of the following sets of statements is true? The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in both mosses and ferns. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in both mosses and ferns. Mosses require moisture for sperm to reach the egg, but ferns do not. In mosses, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. Ferns require moisture for sperm to reach the egg, but mosses do not.

In mosses, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in mosses; the sporophyte develops on the body of a gametophyte, where it lives for a briefer time than the gametophyte's life span. In ferns, the sporophyte is dominant; the gametophyte is tiny and short-lived. Both mosses and ferns have swimming sperm that require moisture to reach an egg.

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? It will probably get annual rings of wood. It is probably a monocot. It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot. It is probably an herbaceous eudicot.

It is probably a monocot

*How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? It has vascular tissue. It has multiple sporangia. Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis. Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

What is the primary function of stems? Reproduction Water absorption and movement Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves Facilitation of gas exchange

Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem? Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport. Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources. Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant. Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.

Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency? Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning. Active transport of minerals was inhibited. Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed.

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.

Which of the following observations provides the strongest evidence against root pressure being the principal mechanism of water transport in the xylem? Over long distances, the force of root pressure is not enough to overcome the force of gravity. Not all soils have high concentrations of ions. There is no water potential gradient between roots and shoots. Root pressure requires movement of water into the xylem from surrounding cells in the roots

Over long distances, the force of root pressure is not enough to overcome the force of gravity.

Which part of a flower develops into the seed? Endosperm cell Pericarp Carpel Ovule

Ovule - Once pollination has occurred, the fertilized ovule develops into the seed.

Which term describes the portion of a peach that can be eaten by humans? Zygote Endosperm Pericarp Seed coat

Pericarp The edible portion of a peach is the pericarp, or fruit wall, which is a protective structure that encloses the seed and aids in its dispersal.

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? carpels anthers petals ovaries stamens

Petals: because play a role in attracting pollinators.

You are a botanist and you obtain some moss from the Canadian permafrost. Based on this recent study, what should you do to try to successfully revive your sample? Extract its DNA and use biotechnology to insert it into a living cell. Put it under a light and water it. Plant the seeds in a sterile environment. Heat it in a specially designed bio-oven.

Put it under a light and water it.

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. seed coat fruit cotyledon endosperm sporophyte

Seed Coat

Why do fleshy fruits often have seeds with very tough seed coats? So the seeds can extend the distance they travel by catching breezes So the seeds can survive the mechanical forces and conditions in an animal's gut So the seeds can be dispersed by propulsion So the seeds can adhere to passing animals

So the seeds can survive the mechanical forces and conditions in an animal's gut

Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. Sporophytes are vascular, whereas gametophytes are nonvascular. Sporophytes are larger than gametophytes.

Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

*Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae? Plants and green algae are photosynthetic. The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b. Plants and green algae have chloroplasts.

The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b.

Which statement is true for all sexually reproducing plants and animals? The process of meiosis produces diploid cells. The process of meiosis produces gametes. The process of mitosis always produces diploid cells. The process of meiosis produces haploid cells. The process of mitosis produces gametes.

The process of meiosis produces haploid cells.

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? They photosynthesize at a faster rate. They store food. They are growing. They are differentiating. They continue to divide.

They continue to divide.

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? They store food. They continue to divide. They are differentiating. They are growing. They photosynthesize at a faster rate.

They continue to divide. Meristem is embryonic tissue, and it retains the ability to divide.

What characterizes the fruit of seeds that are dispersed by the wind? They have structures to extend the distance they travel on the wind. They are very fleshy. They contain a large amount of sugar. They are large.

They have structures to extend the distance they travel on the wind.

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport? Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. Xylem sap moves from sugar source to sink, but phloem sap does not. Transpiration moves phloem sap but not xylem sap. Phloem carries water and minerals; xylem carries organic molecules. Active transport moves xylem sap but not phloem sap.

Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down.

A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of ten square meters. Where is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing? an oasis within a grassland a large, still pond the floor of a deciduous forest a tropical rain forest

a tropical rain forest

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

A stamen consists of _____. stigma and anther stigma and style ovary and sepal stigma and filament anther and filament

anther and filament

The _____ is the most efficient route of water movement in plants, while the _____ is the most select. symplast apoplast transmembrane: symplast apoplast: transmembrane apoplast: symplast

apoplast: transmembrane

All seed plants _____. produce flowers produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte are nonvascular are heterosporous exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation

are heterosporous All seed plants produce separate male and female spores.

**In which of the following pairs do the structures play comparable roles in the plant and animal life cycles? a) A plant seed and a bird egg b) A plant sporophyte and an adult animal c) The male gametophyte of a plant and the testes of an animal

b) A plant sporophyte and an adult animal

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? It should ______. be colored so as to provide it with camouflage be drab in color secrete enzymes that can digest bark be nutritious to the dispersing organisms

be nutritious to the dispersing organisms

Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule in a plant did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would require the activity of _____. only the endodermis only the xylem only the phloem both the xylem and the phloem

both the xylem and the phloem

*Seedless plants include _____. bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails only nonvascular plants only lycophytes and pterophytes mosses and angiosperms bryophytes and gymnosperms

bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails Seedless plants include nonvascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, and vascular plants, such as lycophytes, ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.

* to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? unicellular green algae cyanobacteria charophytes red algae

charophytes

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. rhodophytes charophytes psilophytes chrysophytes bacillariophytes

charophytes These green algae and plants share many homologous features.

What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves? decreased efficiency of light capture decreased transpiration rate increased transpiration rate increased efficiency of light capture

decreased transpiration rate

The germination of seeds _____. depends on the growth of the embryo rupturing the seed results in the cotyledon being the first structure to emerge from the seed depends on maturation of the embryo occurs after a certain species-specific period of time depends on imbibition

depends on imbibition Imbibition, the absorption of water by the seed, causes the seed to expand and rupture.

Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink depends on pumping water into sieve tubes at the source. depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps. results mainly from diffusion. depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements.

depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps.

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____. diploid gametophyte triploid endosperm diploid sporophyte haploid gametophyte haploid sporophyte

diploid sporophyte:The sporophyte generation is the dominant generation of vascular plants.

Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____. protect seeds provide a source of food to the plant's embryo protect pollen disperse seeds provide food for humans

disperse seeds

In plant roots, the Casparian strip _____. aids in the uptake of nutrients provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts

ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? the force of root pressure osmosis in the root active transport of ions into the stele evaporation of water through stoma

evaporation of water through stoma

*During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. ferns and other seedless plants early angiosperms gymnosperms giant mosses gymnosperms and early angiosperms

ferns and other seedless plants

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a vascular system flowers a sporophyte phase seeds a life cycle that involves alternation of generations

flowers

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines green algae liverworts and mosses

green algae

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals? angiosperms bryophytes gymnosperms seedless vascular plants charophyceans

gymnosperms Both gymnosperms and dinosaurs were dominant during the Mesozoic.

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? haploid spores haploid sporophytes haploid gametes diploid gametes diploid spores

haploid spores

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will _____. have a lower water potential have a faster rate of osmosis have a higher water potential have a faster rate of active transport

have a faster rate of osmosis

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration? sunken stomata a thicker cuticle a rainstorm spiny leaves higher stomatal density

higher stomatal density

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree? Nowhere; trees more than a year old have only secondary growth. where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are located in young branches where leaves are forming closest to ground level at the base of the tree

in young branches where leaves are forming

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____. primary indeterminate perennial weedy

indeterminate

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____. Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____. foster seed dispersal inhibit herbivory favor pollination decrease competition

inhibit herbivory

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the forest floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves? glucose light oxygen carbon dioxide

light

Which of the following does moss need to remain lush and green? Vitamin D warm temperatures light permafrost

light

Plants must always compromise between _____ and _____. maximizing transport of minerals ... minimizing transport of sugars maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss maximizing water loss ... minimizing H+ protons maximizing access to light ... minimizing intake of CO2 maximizing water absorption ... minimizing leaf area

maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss Structures, such as broad leaves, that enhance photosynthesis also maximize water loss. Plant form is generally a compromise between the two, depending on the plant's environment.

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis mitosis meiosis

mitosis

Mycorrhizae are _____. mutualistic associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria a type of leaf found in perennial grasses structures that minimize water loss from leaves mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi structures that promote self-pruning in plants

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi Mycorrhizae greatly improve absorption of minerals and water from the soil.

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely _____. vascular plants with well-defined root systems plants with well-developed leaves nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots species that did not exhibit alternation of generations

nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots

Double fertilization means that _____. every sperm has two nuclei the egg of the embryo sac is diploid flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei

one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? carpels ovaries stamens petals anthers

petals

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. embryo sacs megaspores endosperm male sporophytes pollen grains

pollen grains

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. develops from a spore produces eggs and sperm is called the gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage produces spores

produces spores

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to affect osmosis in plants? a difference in water potential receptor proteins in the membrane aquaporins a difference in solute concentrations

receptor proteins in the membrane

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? root hairs storage roots root cap the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem

root hairs

One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the _____. transpiration rates are high roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil the preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry root pressure exceeds transpiration pull

root pressure exceeds transpiration pull

Which of the following is a net sugar source for a deciduous angiosperm tree? roots in early spring new leaves in early spring roots in early autumn fruits in summer

roots in early spring

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____. soil via the phloem the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata soil via the xylem all of the listed responses

soil via the xylem

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____. spores are unicellular; seeds are not spores have an embryo; seeds do not spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

Which of these are spore-producing structures? archegonium of a moss or fern sporophyte (capsule) of a moss gametophyte of a moss antheridium of a moss or fern

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. gametophyte sporophyte archegonium antheridium spore

sporophyte: The diploid sporophyte generation is dominant in vascular plants; in bryophytes the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant.

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. style ovulate cone stigma ovary anther

stigma

A carpel is composed of _____. petal, sepal, and stamen zygote, anther, and endosperm ovule, megasporocyte, and anther stigma, style, and ovary ovary, ovule, and anther

stigma, style, and ovary

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because _____. flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded accumulation of carbon dioxide in the leaf inhibits enzymes

stomata close, preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf

Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of the following would most accurately complete this statement about phloem transport as applied to most plants in the late spring? Phloem transports ________ from the ________ source to the ________ sink. amino acids; root; mycorrhizae sugars; woody stem; root proteins; root; leaf sugars; leaf; apical meristem

sugars; leaf; apical meristem

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Native peoples traditionally use Brazil nuts to treat stomach ache, inflammation, hypersensitivity, and hepatitis. Consequently, a scientist should be interested in promoting _____. the evaluation of Brazil nut chemicals for use as potential drugs clear-cutting forests containing Brazil nut trees to make way for crops with proven medical benefits better education for the native peoples so that they will overcome their old ways an increase in the living standards of the native peoples so that they might be able to purchase modern pharmaceuticals

the evaluation of Brazil nut chemicals for use as potential drugs

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward smaller size the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward larger gametophytes

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle the trend toward smaller size the trend toward larger gametophytes the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does not happen to plant cells, because _____. they have large central vacuoles, which provide abundant space for storage of incoming water certain gated channel proteins embedded in their plasma membranes open as osmotic pressure decreases, allowing excess water to leave the cell they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water they have cell walls, which prevent the entry of water by osmosis

they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? endodermis vascular cambium xylem apical meristem

vascular cambium

Two examples of lateral meristems in plants are _____. vascular cambium, producing cork; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem vascular cambium, producing secondary phloem; cork cambium, producing secondary xylem vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork

vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork

Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of an oak tree? cool, humid day very hot, dry, windy day warm, humid day cool, dry day

very hot, dry, windy day

What is endosperm? the female portion of a flowering plant via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo the leaves that are a part of the embryo tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo the male portion of a flowering plant

via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo

Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between _____. light collection and oxygen absorption light collection and carbon dioxide absorption water retention and oxygen absorption water retention and carbon dioxide absorption

water retention and carbon dioxide absorption

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new _____ to the layer's interior and _____ to the layer's exterior. pith ... xylem and phloem xylem and phloem ... bark phloem ... xylem xylem ... cortex xylem ... phloem

xylem ... phloem