3 - protocols and models

TCP/IP Protocol Model Layer: 1 - Network Access

Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

Braodcast

Send to all receptions

Internet Protocol (IP)

The Internet Protocol is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. Wikipedia

OSI Model Layer 1: 5 - Session

The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

Addressing

This identifies the sender and the intended receiver of the message using a defined addressing scheme. Examples of protocols that provide addressing include Ethernet, IPv4, and IPv6.

access method

determs when someone can send a message. NIC determs if wireless medium is available

What protocols are in the ethernet frame?

ethernet IP TCP Data

Flow control

speed, rate, message can be delivered source and dentation devices negotiate mange flow

What do all communication methods have in common?

1, Message source (sender) 2, Message Destination (receiver) 3, Channel

Name layers in Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

Application presentation session transport network data link physical

Name layers in TCP/IP Reference Model?

Application transport internet networking access

Packet

Network layer PDU

this protocol is responsible for guaranteeing the reliable delivery of ?

TCP

what protocol sequences individual messages/packts of info

TCP

Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP

This is the most common and relevant protocol suite used today. The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol suite maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

These are the benefits of using a layered model to describe network protocols and operations:

ssisting in protocol design because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below Fostering competition because products from different vendors can work together Preventing technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below Providing a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities

Response Timeout

How long to wait

Data

The general term for the PDU used at the application layer

Which three are components of message timing? (Choose three.)

flow control, access method response timeout

UDP and TCP belong to which layer of the TCP/IP protocol?

transport

Which two protocols belong in the TCP/IP model application layer?

DHS, DHCP

Which two protocols are service discovery protocols? (Choose two.)

DNS AND DHCP

A device receives a data link frame with data and processes and removes the Ethernet information. What information would be the next to be processed by the receiving device?

IP at the internet layer

Segment

Transport layer PDU - note if the trasport head is tcp then it is a segment if the trasport header is UDP then it is datagram.

BGP and OSPF are examples of which type of protocol?

routing

2 benfits of segmenting messages

Increases speed, increases efficiency

Ip address contains two parts?

Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6) Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)

4 - Application

Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control.

Name Application Layer protocols ?

View pic

Novell NetWare

A short-lived proprietary protocol suite and network operating system developed by Novell Inc. in 1983 using the IPX network protocol. In 1995, Novell adopted TCP/IP to replace IPX.

AppleTalk

A short-lived proprietary protocol suite released by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple devices. In 1995, Apple adopted TCP/IP to replace AppleTalk.

What protocols are the user Data?

Data

Which protocol stack layer encapsulates data into frames?

Data Link

Frame

Data Link layer PDU

TCP/IP Protocol Model Layer: 2 - Internet

Determines the best path through the network.

What types of standards are developed by the Electronics Industries Alliance (EIA)?

Eelctric wiring and connectors

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) - Organization is best known for its standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

What is the name of the process of adding protocol information to data as it moves down the protocol stack?

Encapsulation

What is the process of converting information into the proper form for transmission?

Encoding

What devices set protocol rules?

End devices and or intermediary devices in sofware hardware or both

Which protocol operates at the network access layer of the TCP/IP model?

Ethernet

ethernet protocol

Ethernet is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks, metropolitan area networks and wide area networks. It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Wikipedia

Name layers in TCP/IP Protocol suite?

HTTP DNS DHCP FTP TCP UDP IPV4, IPV6 ICMPV4, ICMPV6 Ethernet, WLAN, SONET SDH

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) defition?

How does HTTP work? As a request-response protocol, HTTP gives users a way to interact with web resources such as HTML files by transmitting hypertext messages between clients and servers. HTTP clients generally use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections to communicate with servers.

Which of the following are protocols that provide feedback from the destination host to the source host regarding errors in packet delivery? (Choose two.)

ICMPV4, icmpv6

Name 4 Electronic and Communications Standards?

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced "I-triple-E") Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced "I-triple-E")

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced "I-triple-E") - Organization of electrical engineering and electronics dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking. Important IEEE networking standards include 802.3 Ethernet and 802.11 WLAN standard. Search the internet for other IEEE network standards.

This standards organization is responsible for IP address allocation and domain name management.

Internet assigned numbers authority IANA

This standards organization is concerned with the Request for Comments (RFC) documents that specify new protocols and update existing ones.

Internet engineering task force IETF

5 common protcols requirments to transmit message on network?

Message encoding Message formatting and encapsulation Message size Message timing Message delivery options

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

One of the largest and oldest communication standards organizations. The ITU-T defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL).

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Organization responsible for developing communication standards in a variety of areas including radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more.

Bits

Physical layer PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

Service Discovery Protocols

Protocols are used for the automatic detection of devices or services. Examples of service discovery protocols include Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) which discovers services for IP address allocation, and Domain Name System (DNS) which is used to perform name-to-IP address translation.

Which services are provided by the internet layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite? (Choose three.)

Routing protocols, messaging, internet protocol

What is the process of dividing a large data stream into smaller pieces prior to transmission?

Segmentation

multicast

Send data to multiple specific recipient

Unicast

Send data to one specific recipient

What IP addresses does layer 3 contain?

Source IP address - The IP address of the sending device, which is the original source of the packet. Destination IP address - The IP address of the receiving device, which is the final destination of the packet.

TCP/IP Protocol Model Layer: 3 - Transport

Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks.

What protocols are in the TCP Segment

TCP, Data

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

The Transmission Control Protocol is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol. Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. Wikipedia

OSI Model Layer 1: 7 - Application

The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.

OSI Model Layer 1 : 2 - Data Link

The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media

Application Interface

This function contains information used for process-to-process communications between network applications. For example, when accessing a web page, HTTP or HTTPS protocols are used to communicate between the client and server web processes.

Flow control

This function ensures that data flows at an efficient rate between two communicating devices. TCP provides flow control services.

Error Detection

This function is used to determine if data became corrupted during transmission. Various protocols that provide error detection include Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6, and TCP.

Reliability

This function provides guaranteed delivery mechanisms in case messages are lost or corrupted in transit. TCP provides guaranteed delivery.

Sequencing

This function uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data. The receiving device uses the sequencing information to reassemble the information correctly. This is useful if the data segments are lost, delayed or received out-of-order. TCP provides sequencing services.

Name Transport layer protocols ?

Transport layer Connection-Oriented TCP - Transmission Control Protocol. Enables reliable communication between processes running on separate hosts and provides reliable, acknowledged transmissions that confirm successful delivery. Connectionless UDP - User Datagram Protocol. Enables a process running on one host to send packets to a process running on another host. However, UDP does not confirm successful datagram transmission.

True or false. Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral.

True

Which step of the communication process is concerned with properly identifying the address of the sender and receiver?

formatting

De-encapsulation?

is the process used by a receiving device to remove one or more of the protocol headers.

Which delivery method is used to transmit information to one or more end devices, but not all devices on the network?

multicast

The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a (fill in blank)

protocol data unit (PDU)

What is the purpose of the sequencing function in network communication?

to uniquely label transmitted segments of data for proper reassembly by the reciver

Network Communications Protocols

Protocols enable two or more devices to communicate over one or more networks. The Ethernet family of technologies involves a variety of protocols such as IP, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and many more.

Network Security Protocols

Protocols secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption. Examples of secure protocols include Secure Shell (SSH), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), and Transport Layer Security (TLS).

What is the PDU associated with the transport layer?

Segment

Name Network Access Layer?

Address Resolution ARP - Address Resolution Protocol. Provides dynamic address mapping between an IPv4 address and a hardware address. Note: You may see other documentation state that ARP operates at the Internet Layer (OSI Layer 3). However, in this course we state that ARP operates at the Network Access layer (OSI Layer 2) because it's primary purpose is the discover the MAC address of the destination. A MAC address is a Layer 2 address. Data Link Protocols Ethernet - Defines the rules for wiring and signaling standards of the network access layer. WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network. Defines the rules for wireless signaling across the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies.

What protocols are in the IP Packet?

IP, TCP, Data,

Name Internet Layer protocols ?

Internet Protocol IPv4 - Internet Protocol version 4. Receives message segments from the transport layer, packages messages into packets, and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery over a network. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address. IPv6 - IP version 6. Similar to IPv4 but uses a 128-bit address. NAT - Network Address Translation. Translates IPv4 addresses from a private network into globally unique public IPv4 addresses. Messaging ICMPv4 - Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv4. Provides feedback from a destination host to a source host about errors in packet delivery. ICMPv6 - ICMP for IPv6. Similar functionality to ICMPv4 but is used for IPv6 packets. ICMPv6 ND - ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery. Includes four protocol messages that are used for address resolution and duplicate address detection. Routing Protocols OSPF - Open Shortest Path First. Link-state routing protocol that uses a hierarchical design based on areas. OSPF is an open standard interior routing protocol. EIGRP - EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. An open standard routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses a composite metric based on bandwidth, delay, load and reliability. BGP - Border Gateway Protocol. An open standard exterior gateway routing protocol used between Internet Service Providers (ISPs). BGP is also commonly used between ISPs and their large private clients to exchange routing information.

Routing Protocols

Protocols enable routers to exchange route information, compare path information, and then to select the best path to the destination network. Examples of routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

Network layer source and destination addresse

Responsible for delivering the IP packet from the original source to the final destination, which may be on the same network or a remote network.

Data link layer source and destination addresses

Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network.

What is Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)

The left-most part of the address that indicates the network in which the IP address is a member. All devices on the same network will have the same network portion of the address

OSI Model Layer 1: 3 - Network

The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.

OSI Model Layer 1: 1 - Physical

The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

OSI Model Layer 1: Physical

The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

OSI Model Layer 1: 6 - Presentation

The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

OSI Model Layer 1:4 - Transport

The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols

This is a family of protocols developed jointly in 1977 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The OSI protocol also included a seven-layer model called the OSI reference model. The OSI reference model categorizes the functions of its protocols. Today OSI is mainly known for its layered model. The OSI protocols have largely been replaced by TCP/IP.