302 - Radiography - MCQ Revision

1) reduces scatter (improved image) 2) dose reduced

What are 2 benefits of collimation?

1) unsharpness images 2) inc pts dose

What are 2 negative consequences of scatter?

1) collimation 2) check pregnancy status 3) not taking unnecessary x-rays 4) avoid retakes

What are 4 ways to protect the patient when taking an x-ray?

1) spontaneous abortion 2) prenatal death 3) neonatal death 4) congenital malformation 5) childhood malignancy 6) diminished growth and development

What are 6 effects of foetal irradiation?

filament and focusing cup

What are the 2 major parts of the cathode side of the tube?

1) practitioner 2) employer 3) operator 4) referrer 5) medical physics expert

What are the 5 type of duty holders with regards to the IR(ME)R?

c

What are the aims of the Ionising Radiation Regulations? a) protect the patient and maintenance of equipment b) protect the public c) protect staff and maintenance of equipment d) Assure maintenance of equipment

reduces magnification and dose

What are the benefits of having the patient as close to the bucky as possible and as far away from the tube as possible?

c

What are the best examples of contrast? a) black and blue b) shades of grey c) black and white d) white and grey

breath out and hold

What are the breathing instructions when taking a lumbar and lumbo-pelvic x-ray?

breath in and hold

What are the breathing instructions when taking a thoracic x-ray?

a

What body can visit the premises to ensure compliance with the IR(ME)R 17, and usually give 4-6 weeks notice of a visit? a) IR(ME)R inspectors b) health and safety executive c) local rule inspector d) local police

b

What body can visit the premises to ensure compliance with the IRR 18, and usually give 24-48hrs notice of a visit? a) IR(ME)R inspectors b) health and safety executive c) local rule inspector d) local police

bucky

What contains an anti-scatter grid which aims to eliminate as much scatter as possible as it exits the patient and before it reaches the receptor?

d

What controls the 'colour' of the image - how many photons get through? a) kVp b) mA c) s d) mAs

collimator

What controls the beam in terms of equipment?

b

What controls the number of electrons crossing from the cathode to the anode? a) kVp b) mA c) s d) mAs

air

What density is an object if it is radiolucent?

metallic

What density is an object if it is radiopaque?

dose area product

What does DAP meter stand for?

identification markers anatomy artefacts collimation relative position exposure additional views? pathology

What does IM AA CREAP stand for?

Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations

What does IR(ME)R stand for?

higher

What does more mAs mean in terms of patient dose?

e

What does optical density refer to? a) overall lightness of the image b) overall size of tissue c) overall colours produced e) overall darkness of the image

at least every 3 years

how often should dose levels be reassessed?

IRR 18

What rules and regulations were intended to protect staff and to assure the upkeep and maintenance of equipment?

larger

What target size, small or large, causes a larger penumbra around the image, thus causing it to look slightly blurred?

a

By using what control, allows the maximum energy within the beam to be determined? a) kVp b) mA c) s d) mA and s

scatter

As kVp increases, what else does?

d

By using what controls allows the number of photons of energy within the beam to be controlled? a) kVp b) mA c) s d) mA and s

b

Before an x-ray set is installed, who must be informed and who must it be registered with? a) IR(ME)R inspectors b) health and safety executive c) local rule inspector d) local police

b

COMPTON SCATTER is the result of: a) A photon being completely absorbed b) A photon interacting with the matter and changing direction and energy c) A photon travelling straight through the matter d) Don't know

a

Decreasing the distance between the x-ray source and the patient (source object distance) will a) Increase the entrance skin radiation dose to the patient b) Decrease the entrance skin radiation dose to the patient c) Increase the contrast of the image d) Decrease the contrast of the image e) Decrease the penumbra

low

Does a high or low kVp provide good contrast?

dec

Does a long SID increase or decrease the penumbra effect?

Dec penumbra

Does increasing the SID increase or dec the penumbra?

dec

Does increasing the SID increase or decrease the entrance of skin dose?

improve

Does reducing scatter radiation improve or decrease image quality?

decrease

Does the penumbra increase or decreases as the subject-distance distance decreases?

decreases

Does the penumbra increase or decreases as the target-subject distance increases?

decreased

If a smaller volume of tissue is irradiated, what happens to the amount of scatter generated?

1) justified images 2) benefit to pt must exceed risk 3) radiation ALARP 4) optimisation of equipment/ technique

For patient radiation protection, what do the International Commission on Radiation Protection recommend? (4)

b

High kVp means more photos are a) absorbed b) scattered c) lost d) penetrated

use a higher MA and a smaller s value

How do you keep the exposure time to a minimum? (in terms of MAs, KVP, MA, S)

reflects or absorbs x-rays

How does collimation control the beam?

b

How does collimation work a) it compresses the x-ray beam b) 2 pairs of lead leaves absorbs or reflects the x-ray beam c) 2 pairs of copper leaves absorbs or reflects the x-ray beam d) it focuses the x-ray beam

3

How many points of ID do you need on an x-ray?

1cm at 100SID (10% at 1meter)

How much can collimation be out by?

6 months to annually

How often should a quality assurance be done?

high

If there is a short wavelength, is there a high or low kVp?

mAs

If you have reduced scatter till there is less image, what can be increased to counteract this?

RPA (radiation protection advisor)

If you suspect an incident with regards to your radiography equipment in your clinic, who would you report it to?

1) gonads 2) breast tissue 3) bone marrow 4) lymphoid 5) skin, gi, kidney, liver etc 6) muscle tissue 7) nervous tissue

In order from high to lowest, what tissues are the most radiosensitive (top = most, lowest= least) (7)

e

In radiography what does the focal spot do? a) Compress the x-ray beam b) Decelerate the x-ray beam c) Profile the x-ray beam d) Filter the x-ray beam e) Focus the x-ray beam

c

In radiography, collimators are used to a) Compress the x-ray beam b) Decelerate the x-ray beam c) Profile the x-ray beam d) Filter the x-ray beam e) Focus the x-ray beam

c

In the UK, who sets the Ionising Radiation Regulations (IRR 17)? a) The Internal Radiation Register b) The International X-ray Register c) The Health and Safety Executive d) The General Chiropractic Council e) The Healthcare Professionals Council

a

Increasing the kVp by what % doubles the optical density? a) 10% b) 20% c) 40% d) 80% e) 100%

e

Increasing the mAs by what % doubles the optical density? a) 10% b) 20% c) 40% d) 80% e) 100%

no (but we do not know what imagining may need to be done at a later date)

Is there a limit to the dose that a patient may receive?

makes it sharper

Keeping the beam small does what to the image?

a

Low kVp means more photos are a) absorbed b) scattered c) lost d) penetrated

e

Moving the patient closer to the x-ray source and further away from the image receptor (decreasing source object distance) will mean a) The image contrast is increased b) The image contrast is decreased c) The radiation dose is decreased d) The magnification is decreased e) The magnification is increased

d

Moving the patient further away from the x-ray source and closer to the image receptor (decreasing source object distance) will mean a) The image contrast is increased b) The image contrast is decreased c) The radiation dose is decreased d) The magnification is decreased e) The magnification is increased

a

PA lumbar pelvic view is preferable to AP because a) The divergent beam helps visualise SIJ's and vertebral endplates b) It decreases the radiation dose to the vertebral endplates and SIJ's c) The penumbra of the SIJ's and vertebral endplates and is increased d) Movement blurring is minimised e) It helps with breathing instructions

a

The PHOTOELECTRIC effect happens when: a) The kVp is low b) The kVp is high c) The mAs is low d) The mAs is high e) Don't know

1) keep time of radiation short 2) keep large distance from radiation source 3) insert shielding material between source and worker

The acronym for radiation words use tedious, what does it stand for? (3)

b

There are problems with the following xray image of a lateral lumbar spine. The image needs to be re-taken. Choose the problem from the answers below: a) It is over exposed and there are no identifying details b) The marker is missing or incorrect and the relevant anatomy is not demonstrated c) It is over exposed and the marker is missing or incorrect d) It is under exposed and not all the relevant anatomy is demonstrated e) The centering is incorrect and there are no identifying details

d

There are problems with the following xray image of a lateral lumbar spine. The image needs to be re-taken. Choose the problem from the answers below: a) It is over exposed and there are no identifying details b) The marker is missing or incorrect and the relevant anatomy is not demonstrated c) It is over exposed and the marker is missing or incorrect d) Not all the relevant anatomy is demonstrated e) The centering is incorrect and there are no identifying details

1) gonads 2) breast 3) bone marrow 4) lymphoid tissue

What 4 parts of the body are radiosensitive, compared to others which are resistant?

dosemeter

The only way to find out what dose a person has received is to use what?

a

The purpose of Quality Assurance under IRR18 is to ensure what? a) optimum working of equipment b) optimum x-rays produced c) optimum radiographer technique e) optimum patient centered care

d

The source image distance for a lateral C spine is a) 100cm b) 120cm c) 150cm d) 180cm e) 200cm

a

The source image distance for a lateral knee is a) 100cm b) 120cm c) 150cm d) 180cm e) 200cm

a

The source image distance for all appendicular (limbs) is a) 100cm b) 120cm c) 150cm d) 180cm e) 200cm

c

The source image distance for the axial skeleton is what? a) 100cm b) 120cm c) 150cm d) 180cm e) 200cm

c

The source image distance for the hip is a) 100cm b) 120cm c) 150cm d) 180cm e) 200cm

a

There are problems with the following x-ray image of a wrist. The image needs to be re-taken. Choose the problem from the answers below: a) It is over rotated b) It is over exposed c) Collimation is too large d) The marker is missing or incorrect e) Artefacts are present

staff

Under IRR18, do dose levels refer to the staff levels or patients levels?

b

Under the IR(ME)R 2017 regulations, the Radiation Protection Advisor is responsible for a) Justifying the radiation exposure b) Setting the employers local rules c) Carrying out the radiation exposure d) Maintaining the radiation equipment e) Completing the referral for x-ray request form and acting upon the results of the imaging

b

Under the IR(ME)R 2017 regulations, the medical physics Expert can advice on a) Justifying the radiation exposure b) Setting the doses c) Carrying out the radiation exposure d) Maintaining the radiation equipment e) Completing the referral for x-ray request form and acting upon the results of the imaging

c and d

Under the IR(ME)R 2017 regulations, the operator is responsible for what 2 options? a) Justifying the radiation exposure b) Setting the employers local rules c) Carrying out the radiation exposure d) Maintaining the radiation equipment e) Completing the referral for x-ray request form and acting upon the results of the imaging

a

Under the IR(ME)R 2017 regulations, the practitioner is responsible for a) Justifying the radiation exposure b) Setting the employers local rules c) Carrying out the radiation exposure d) Maintaining the radiation equipment e) Completing the referral for x-ray request form and acting upon the results of the imaging

e

Under the IR(ME)R 2017 regulations, the referrer is responsible for a) Justifying the radiation exposure b) Setting the employers local rules c) Carrying out the radiation exposure d) Maintaining the radiation equipment e) Completing the referral for x-ray request form and acting upon the results of the imaging

d

Very high kVp means more photos are a) absorbed b) scattered c) lost d) penetrated

a

What happens to RADIATION DOSE if mAs is increased? a) Dose increases b) Dose decreases c) Stays the same d) Don't know

a

What happens to SCATTER if the kVp is increased? a) More scatter b) Less scatter c) Nothing d) Don't know

goes up

What happens to the diaphragm when a patient breathes out?

decreases

What happens to the penumbra as the subject-receptor distance decreases?

decreases

What happens to the penumbra as the target-subject distance increases?

a

What has a direct effect on scatter, in terms of both the amount produced and the direction of scatter? a) kVp b) mA c) s d) mA and s

intensifying screen and film

What inside the cassette?

Local Rules

What is an important part of the IRR18 that identifies roles. describes the controlled area, contains contingency plans, personal dosemeters, limits, QA and contact details?

grid

What is inside the bucky that prevents as much scatter as possible from reaching the receptor?

b

What is the aim of IR(ME)R? a) protect radiographers b) protect patients c) protect equipment e) protect the profession

b

What is the anode disc made out of? a) plastic b) tungsten c) glass d) ceramic e) lead

d

What is the effect of decreasing kVp? a) The filament temperature decreases b) The optical density decreases c) The penumbra increases d) The contrast increases e) The anode rotates faster

a

What is the explanation of absorbed dose? a) energy imparted to tissue per unit mass of tissue b) takes into account the kind of radiation c) overall risk from the dose for stochastic effects d) those which might occur in the future e) those which definitely occur

e

What is the explanation of deterministic effects? a) energy imparted to tissue per unit mass of tissue b) takes into account the kind of radiation c) overall risk from the dose for stochastic effects d) those which might occur in the future e) those which definitely occur

c

What is the explanation of effective dose? a) energy imparted to tissue per unit mass of tissue b) takes into account the kind of radiation c) overall risk from the dose for stochastic effects d) those which might occur in the future e) those which definitely occur

b

What is the explanation of equivalent dose? a) energy imparted to tissue per unit mass of tissue b) takes into account the kind of radiation c) overall risk from the dose for stochastic effects d) those which might occur in the future e) those which definitely occur

d

What is the explanation of stochastic effects? a) energy imparted to tissue per unit mass of tissue b) takes into account the kind of radiation c) overall risk from the dose for stochastic effects d) those which might occur in the future e) those which definitely occur

protects everyone (operators, patients, everyone else)

What is the importance of quality assurance?

controlled area

What is the term used to describe any area where ionising radiation may occur?

heel effect

What is the term used to describe that the beam is more concentrated on the cathode?

source image distance

What is the term used to describe the distance between the target and receptor?

penumbra

What is the word used to describe the partially shaded outer region of the shadow cast by an object?

d

What is the word used to describe the reduction of intensity of an x-ray beam as it traverses matter? a) Scatter b) Penumbra c) Focal spot d) Attenuation

a

What measurement is directly proportional to radiation dose a) mAs b) kVp c) s e) photos

distortion

What occurs when the anatomy and the receptor do not line up optimally?

1) kvp 2) collimation

What two controls influence scatter?

c

What year did the Ionising Radiation Regulations (IRR) begin? a) 1997 b) 1998 c) 1999 d) 2000

goes down

When a patient breaths in, what happens to the diaphragm?

short

When taking an optimum x-ray do you want a short or long OID?

long

When taking an optimum x-ray do you want a short or long SID?

short (concave) as it allows the diverging beam to naturally spread through the structures

When there is a curve, always try to go into the what side of the curve and why?

IR(ME)R

Where can you find dose reference levels as staff?

b

Which of the following describes the anode in the x-ray tube? a) It is made of steel b) It is responsible for producing x-rays c) It controls static electricity d) It magnifies the image e) It increases the contrast in the image

c

Which of the following tissue is the LEAST sensitive to ionising radiation? a) Breast b) Muscle c) Nervous tissue d) Heart e) Skin

a

Which of the following tissue is the MOST sensitive to ionising radiation? a) Breast b) Muscle c) Kidneys d) Heart e) Skin

a

Which of the following tissues is the MOST sensitive to ionising radiation? a) gonads b) bone marrow c) skin d) muscles

patient

Who do the IR(ME)R 17 guidelines aim to protect?

radiation protection supervisor

Who ensures that everyone observes the local rules?

medical physics expert

Who is someone that specialists in radiation physics and testing of equipment amongst other things?

medical physicist

Who normally assesses the dose reference levels and can calculate the average exposure for a specific exam to give a local DRL?

Whole clavicle and scapula

what anatomy needs to be included in a shoulder view?

a

what controls the penetrating power of the x-ray beam/ the range of energies produced? a) kVp b) mA c) s d) mAs