308 - 4 - Chapter 15 Bone Health and Body Defense Systems

hemolytic anemia

A deficiency of vitamin E may result in _____.

antioxidant; free radical

A(n) ______ has an extra electron to give to a free radical to stabilize it. A(n) ______ has an unpaired electron so it steals electrons and creates a domino effect causing destruction AKA oxidative damage.

small intestine

Absorption of Vitamin C occurs in the ______.

-gastrointestinal symptoms: constipation and flatulence -calcium-alkali syndrome -calcification of coronary arteries to increase coronary heart disease -potential interactions with other minerals -> decrease zinc, iron, and magnesium absorption

Adverse effects of calcium supplements is ______

heart disease and cancer

Although the results of some studies are positive, vitamin C has not been shown to conclusively prevent _______.

increase

An increase in vitamin C intake results in an ______ of excretion of the vitamin by the kidneys.

has antioxidant defense functions and has a cofactor role for several metalloenzymes

As an electron donor, vitamin C _______.

1. regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from small intestine 2. in combination with PTH and calcitonin, it regulates calcium excretion via kidney 3. through bone remodeling

Between Vitamin D and Calcium, list the 3 methods of regulation.

hydroxyapatite

Bone and joint formation is _________

carnivorous; cancers

Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, cabbage, and cauliflower are all ________ types of vegetables that help reduce _____.

5%: spinach, rhubarb 20-30%: almonds, sesame seeds, beans (pinto, white, kidneys), canned salmon 30-32%: dairy products, soy milk, regular tofu (made with calcium carbonate), calcium-fortified orange juice 40-55%: Chinese cabbage, mustard greens, turnip greens 60-70%: brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, cabbage, cauliflower

Calcium Absorption: ____%: spinach, rhubarb ____%: almonds, sesame seeds, beans (pinto, white, kidneys), canned salmon ____%: dairy products, soy milk, regular tofu (made with calcium carbonate), calcium-fortified orange juice ____%: Chinese cabbage, mustard greens, turnip greens ____%: brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, cabbage, cauliflower

upper part of the small intestine

Calcium absorption is most efficient in the _______.

enhances: -stomach acid -vitamin D -lactose -growth hormone inhibits: -lack of stomach acid -vitamin D deficiency -high phosphorus intake -high fiber intake -phytates (seeds, nuts, grains) -oxalates (beet greens, spinach)

Calcium enhances absorption of: inhibits absorption of:

developing and maintaining bones

Calcium's major functions in the body is _________.

hypercalcemia

Calcium-alkali syndrome, sometimes observed in patients taking high-dose calcium supplements, is characterized by _______.

calcium

Cheese, milk, kale, broccoli, and almonds are good sources of ______.

Inadequate: -absorption in intestines will be increased -takes it from the bones -kidneys will conserve calcium excess: -store in bones -kidneys will excrete in the urine -absorption in intestines will decrease

Describe what happens when the body's calcium intake is inadequate? in excess?

-WBCs can generate free radicals to "kill" infectious microbes -free radicals are generated during exercise **While the body does a pretty good job, the diet just helps give it that edge up.

Does the body generate free radicals or do free radicals come from the environmental exposure (sunlight, toxins, diet)?

green leafy vegetables, broccoli, squash, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and chocolate

Foods rich in magnesium include (8) which are all _______ [plant/animal] products.

calcium metabolism, bone structure and mineralization, stablize ATP,

Functions of magnesium include:

citrus fruits, peppers, brussels sprouts, and green vegetables

Good sources of vitamin C are

Vitamin C

High doses of ________ slightly increase the risk of kidney stones and iron-absorption disorders.

It encourages low fat dairy and therefore lower blood pressure

How does the DASH diet integrate calcium?

do not

If you get proper sun exposure, you ____ [do/do not] need it from the food.

muscle contractability (promotes), blood clotting (promotes), and transmission of nerve impulses

In body fluids, calcium functions as _____, _____, and _____.

In the skin, Cholesterol + UV = previtamin D. In the liver, it is converted to 25-hydroxy vitamin D3. In the kidneys, it is converted to 1,25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (active form).

In the skin, Cholesterol + UV = _________. In the liver, it is converted to _________. In the kidneys, it is converted to _________.

chemical secretions, physical barriers that block access to the body, and phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy invaders

Innate immunity includes _______.(3)

No bc the body is always maintaining a narrow range

Is measuring blood calcium levels a good indicator of calcium intake or bone health? Why or why not?

Selenium

Keshan disease can be prevented by what mineral?

bone; other tissues like muscles

Magnesium is stored in mainly ____, and then _____ like _____.

fatty fish, dairy, and cereal that is fortified precursor

Main sources of vitamin D are _____, ______, and _____ (which are fortified). Mushrooms also have the _______ to vitamin D be it produces it from the sunlight.

Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body.

Mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin C daily to prevent a cold. Which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin C?

hemorrhaging

Megadoses of vitamin E can increase the risk of _____.

Greek

Members of both the tocopherol and tocotrienol families are labeled according to the _____ alphabet.

producing collagen and adding materials

Osteoblasts form healthy bone by ________.

-D3 from animals <- most common -D2 from plants

Precursor sterols for vitamin D include: -D___ from animals -D___ from plants Which is most common?

-men: 400mg/day women: 310 mg/day

RDA for magnesium is -men 19-30 -women 19-30

a raisin bran cereal

Select the food source that has the least amount of selenium per serving. a. raisin bran cereal b. clams c. chicken breast d. sirloin steak

d. oysters

Select the food source that provides the most selenium per serving. a. steak, 3 oz b. ham, 3 oz c. whole wheat bread, 1 slice d. oysters, 3 oz

is not

Selenium absorption _____ affected by the body's storage of the mineral.

vitamin E; stabilized

Selenium in glutathione peroxidase works with __________ to _________ free radicals.

vitamin D

Since conversion occurs in the liver and kidneys, an unhealthy kidney or liver will affect _________ status.

higher

Smokers have a(an)_____ requirement for vitamin C compared to nonsmokers.

of the stress placed on the lungs due to oxidative damage

Smokers need more vitamin C daily than nonsmokers because ______.

do not

The American Heart Association has concluded that antioxidant supplements like vitamin C ______ prevent heart disease.

15mg

The Daily Value for vitamin E used on food and supplement labels is _____ mg.

1000 1200 1300

The RDA for calcium in ___ is: -adults -women over 50, men over 70 -adolescents

selenium

The RDA for which mineral is based on the amount needed to maximize the blood activity of glutathione peroxidase?

supplements, antacids, and laxatives

The UL of 350mg/day for magnesium refers to _____, _____, and _____.

natural

The ______ form of vitamin E has the highest potency.

antioxidant

The function of selenium is being an _______.

adipose

The majority of vitamin E is localized in the ______.

exposure to oxygen, deep frying, and exposure to sunlight

The vitamin E content of a food may be affected by ______.

processing, storage, harvesting

The vitamin E content of food depends on which of the following?

alter the results of diabetes and blood in feces tests

Those consuming megadoses of vitamin C should alert their physicians of this since megadoses can _____.

False

True/False. We cannot store vitamin D from the summer through the winter months and must supplement in the winter.

ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol

Two forms of Vitmain D are

bone and join formation & in body fluids

Two main functions of calcium are _____ and ______.

oxidation-reduction

Vitamin C performs a variety of cell functions by donating electrons in _______ reactions.

fat

Vitamin D is a ________-soluble vitamin.

"conditional" vitamin or prohormone

Vitamin D is unique because in the presence of sunlight, skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply of vitamin D, which is why it is also correctly classified as a "(an)______________.

excessive supplementation

Vitamin D toxicity can result from _____.

rare

Vitamin E deficiencies are ______ in humans.

liver

Vitamin E differs from other fat-soluble vitamins in that it does not accumulate in ______.

neutralizing lipid peroxyl radicals in this bilayer and preventing lipid peroxidation

Vitamin E protects cell membrane integrity by ______.

Main mineral -> Selenium Main vitamins -> vitamin E, vitamin C metal-binding proteins, lipoic acid, ubiquinone (coenzyme Q-10), uric acid, bilirubin, superoxide dismutase (various forms require copper, zinc, manganese), glutathione peroxidase (requires selenium), catalase (requires iron), and various carotenoids

What are all of the antioxidant defenses?

Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K?

bone

When calcium intake is insufficient, the body withdraws calcium from the ______.

more time spend indoors, low intakes of vitamin D, use of sunscreen

Which behaviors have resulted in low blood levels of Vitamin D in the U.S. population?

acquired

Which form of immunity develops over time as the body learns to recognize molecules as foreign or as antigens?

tocopherols & tocotrienols

Which two compound classes form part of the eight naturally occurring compounds that make up the vitamin E family?

vitamin C bc water-soluble

Which vitamin antioxidant work sin the aqueous environment inside cells?

Vitamin E bc it is fat-soluble

Which vitamin antioxidant works in the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)?

vitamin C is not stored

Why will megadoses of vitamin C not be toxic?

vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, beta-carotene & also manganese, copper, and zinc

_______ (contribute to antioxidant defenses.

calcium

________ plays a significant role in developing and maintaining bones, blood clotting, the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and cell metabolism

Osteoblasts

_________ are bone-building cells the help form healthy bone.

small intestines

most magnesium is absorbed in the _____.