4- Lecture Test #4: Ch 20 Urinary and 21 Fluid Balance

8) Consuming a meal high in salt will A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. C) decrease thirst. D) cause hypotension. E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Result in a temporary increase in blood volume

59) The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. T/F

T

58) The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is significantly higher than the capsular hydrostatic pressure. T/F

Taf

39) Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea

albumin

17) Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) ECF D) natriuretic peptides E) epinephrine

aldosterone

22) The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by A) ADH. B) aldosterone. C) parathormone. D) atrial natriuretic peptides. E) glucocorticoids.

aldosterone

13) Antidiuretic hormone A) is secreted by the pituitary. B) stimulates water intake. C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

14) Aldosterone A) is secreted in response to decreased blood volume. B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. C) helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

15) Which of the following will stimulate thirst? A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx B) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus C) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

23) Secretion of potassium into the urine is A) increased by aldosterone. B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. C) reduced when the exchange pump binds H+. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

32) Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A) hydrogen. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) all of the above

all of the above

45) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? A) relies on countercurrent multiplication B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

48) The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) all of the above

all of the above

24) A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) A) electrolyte. B) acid. C) alkali. D) compensation. E) buffer

buffer

9) Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

26) The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) arteries. B) veins. C) venules. D) capillaries. E) arterioles.

capillaries

52) Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? A) acute renal failure B) chronic renal failure C) dysuria D) prostate enlargement E) kidney stones

chronic renal failure

35) A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of A) chronic respiratory acidosis. B) chronic respiratory alkalosis. C) acute respiratory acidosis. D) chronic metabolic acidosis.

chronic respiratory acidosis

53) Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

19) Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus

collecting ducts

23) The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) papillary tubule. E) calyx.

distal convoluted tubule

57) The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. A) incontinence B) dysuria C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) urinary retention

dysuria

29) Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole. B) efferent arteriole. C) vasa recta. D) cortical radiate artery. E) renal vein.

efferent arteriole

2) Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney? A) control of total body water B) control of the electrolyte composition of the blood C) excretion of excess albumen D) control of production of red blood cells by bone marrow E) regulation of blood pressure

excretion of excess albumen

6) The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal cortex. B) renal medulla. C) major calyx. D) fibrous capsule. E) renal pelvis.

fibrous capsule

13) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

final urine enters here

41) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) capsular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular colloid osmotic pressure D) blood colloid osmotic pressure E) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

42) One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. B) decrease secretion of aldosterone. C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

34) In response to respiratory alkalosis, the A) respiratory rate increases. B) tidal volume increases. C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate. D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions

11) Major calyces are A) large tributaries of the renal pelvis. B) expanded ends of nephrons. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

large tributaries of the renal pelvis

25) The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A) buffer stomach acid. B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. D) buffer the urine. E) increase ventilation.

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids

29) A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis

31) Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis

30) A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis

28) Prolonged vomiting can result in A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis (confirmed over email. Test Q was given to us incorrectly as metabolic acidosis)

18) Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) PTH D) acetylcholine E) natriuretic peptides

natriuretic peptides

24) The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting loop. E) minor calyx.

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

4) When pure water is consumed, A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases. C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. D) the volume of the ECF decreases. E) the volume of the ICF decreases.

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall

6) When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls. B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF. C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute. D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF. E) none of the above

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF

27) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle) B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter

papillary duct

28) The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) peritubular B) glomerular C) vasa recta D) cortical E) efferent

peritubular

9) To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties should this substance not have in order to be effective? A) permeable to capillary endothelium B) nontoxic to neurons C) permeable to brain plasma membranes D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes E) soluble in water

permeable to brain plasma membranes

10) The principal cation in cytoplasm is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) chloride.

potassium

31) Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except A) hydrogen ions. B) urea. C) proteins. D) amino acids. E) creatinine.

proteins

22) The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.

proximal convoluted tubule

8) Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) pyramids. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces.

pyramids

25) The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration. B) reabsorbing nutrients. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) adjusting the urine volume.

reabsorbing nutrients

20) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) renal pyramid. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) renal corpuscle. D) renal papilla. E) collecting tubule system

renal corpuscle

51) An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.

renal failure

10) The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal sinus. B) renal pelvis. C) renal calyx. D) renal hilum. E) renal corpuscle.

renal pelvis

7) The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla. B) renal pelvis. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal sinus.

renal pelvis

33) Hypoventilation leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis

36) A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

respiratory alkalosis

3) The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. A) slightly inferior B) slightly superior C) slightly posterior D) slightly transverse E) slightly ipsilateral

slightly superior

12) The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are A) sodium and chloride. B) sodium and potassium. C) sodium and calcium. D) sodium and hydrogen. E) sodium and phosphorus.

sodium and chloride

20) The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of A) calcium ions. B) chlorine ions. C) potassium ions. D) sodium ions. E) electrons.

sodium ions

46) Which of the following is greater? A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) C) The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

33) The process of filtration occurs at A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

26) Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by A) sweating. B) the kidneys. C) the liver. D) the feces. E) buffers.

the kidneys

12) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

tip of the medullary pyramid

54) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar

transitional

44) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) urine with less glucose.

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

34) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8

180

4) Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions. A) 5 B) 10 C) 25 D) 40 E) 50

25

30) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8. B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8. E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

5) In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. A) 60 B) 50 C) 40 D) 70 E) 80

50

2) In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. A) 60 B) 90 C) 40 D) 10 E) 80

60

43) As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99

99

16) Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? A) ADH B) epinephrine C) ECF D) natriuretic peptides E) norepinephrine

ADH

19) Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? A) ADH B) angiotensin II C) PTH D) natriuretic peptides E) epinephrine

ADH

50) ________ is (are) an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. A) Acute renal failure B) Chronic renal failure C) Dysuria D) Prostate enlargement E) Kidney stones

Acute renal failure

21) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the source of erythropoietin. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

49) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) absence of ADH. C) hematuric oliguria. D) overproduction of aldosterone. E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

absence of ADH

49 Sample Test Questions Part II: Chapter 21 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 1) The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the A) plasma and lymph. B) interstitial fluid. C) cerebrospinal fluid. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

56) During the micturition reflex, A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. B) sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. C) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

7) A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. A) water B) sodium ions C) bicarbonate ions D) hydrogen ions E) all of the above

all of the above

5) The renal sinus is A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue. B) part of a renal pyramid. C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule. D) a large branch of the renal pelvis. E) a renal corpuscle.

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

40) The process of filtration is driven by A) active transport. B) blood osmotic pressure. C) blood hydrostatic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) solvent drag.

blood hydrostatic pressure

21) The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to A) conserve sodium ions. B) decrease ECF. C) excrete sodium ions. D) both conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF. E) both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions

55) The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

32) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

concequence of prolonged vomiting

38) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness. (alkalosis=to fast=hyper)

37) Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema (acidosis= to slow = hypo)

11) Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? A) manganese B) phosphorus C) zinc D) copper E) none of the above

copper

18) The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) vasa recta B) medulla C) cortex D) pelvis E) calyces

cortex

38) The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) glomerulus. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) renal papilla.

glomerulus

1) The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) calyx. B) pelvis. C) ureter. D) hilum. E) pyramid.

hilum

47) Antidiuretic hormone A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

3) About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. A) intracellular B) intercellular C) extracellular D) interstitial E) vital

intracellular

27) When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the A) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions. B) kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. C) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. D) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. E) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.

kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions