412 -- Exam 4 (neuro, neo, vis, hearing) -- quizzes, jeopardy, socratives -- ADD LAST QUIZ

Infiltrate and invade surrounding tissues (M or B)

M

poorly differentiated (M or B)

M

Metastasis

M (TMN staging process)

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by what pathophysiologic changes?

Muscular necrosis, with replacement with fat and connective tissue

An oncology class is reviewing the cell cycle as it pertains to tumor growth. When talking about the M phase, which process is occuring at this time?

Nuclear Cell Division Occurs

An older adult client has been diagnosed with macular degeneration. How would you explain macular degeneration to the client?

most diagnoses are attributed to increased age.

The most common form of hearing loss in elderly people. its cause may be atrophy of the basal end of the organ of corti, loss of auditory receptors, changes in vascularity, or stiffening of the basilar membranes

presbycusis

While studying cancer, nursing students learn about the process by which cancer-causing agents cause normal cells to become cancerous. What are the steps of carcinogenesis?

Initiation, promotion, progression

Which disease is thought to be caused by antibody-mediated loss of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction?

Myasthenia gravis

Lymph node involvement

N

Refer to the number of lymph nodes that are involved

N0-N3

________ a disorder in which the two eyes don't line up in the same direction. This results in "crossed eyes" or "walleye."

Strabismus

Primary Tumor

T

Refers to the tumor size

T1-T4

which of the following is a cloudy or opaque area in the ocular lens and leads to visual loss when located on the visual axis?

cataract

What is the underlying causative problem in Parkinsonism?

failure of dopamine release

The individual does not respond to voice and appears not to hear. It is thought to be caused by emotional or psychologic factors

functional hearing loss

Select the statement that best describes Meniere disease.

a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear, causing a triad of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus

An older adult client is scheduled for outpatient cataract surgery. While taking a pre-surgery history, which statement by the client correlates to the manifestations of cataracts, thereby verifying the client has received information about the condition?

"I have blurred vision in both my eyes and my vision is distorted"

A 65-year-old patient who recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. How should the nurse document this finding?

Agnosia

Grows slowly (M or B)

B

Surrounded by a fibrous capsule (M or B)

B

Well differentiated (M or B)

B

Will compress on adjacent structures but will not invade them (M or B)

B

Lens opacity that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina that causes blurred vision and visual distortion

Cataracts

Involuntary or exaggerated motor movements, muscle rigidity, and immobility without paralysis is likely due to damage to which of the following?

Extrapyramidal tracks

Cancer cells are immortal due to the fact that they do not enter which phase of the cell cycle?

G0

A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors:

Invade surrounding tissues

The nurse is explaining to a client's family how vasogenic brain edema occurs. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of this condition?

The blood brain barrier is disrupted by an increase in capillary permeability allowing plasma proteins to leak from blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces

T/F: The nursing student studying about cancer says the following: "a neoplasm, benign or malignant, represents a new growth"

True

In normal tissue, the size of the cell population is determined by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A) Balance of cell proliferation B) Death by apoptosis C) Emergence of newly differentiated cells D) The resources available for growth

ABC

Which of the following are systemic manifestations of cancer or of cancer treatment? Select all that apply. A) Anemia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia B) Anorexia and cachexia C) Fatigue and sleep disturbances D) Hormones or growth factors that are secreted by tumor cells E) Weight gain F) Pain

ABCDF

Which intracranial volume is most capable of compensating for increasing intracranial pressure?

CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

Which of the following is an inflammation of the conjuctiva caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, or chemical irritants?

Conjunctivitis

Narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on the cord

Spinal Stenosis

Major cause of hemorrhage in people with cancer.

Thrombocytopenia

An oncologic client is scheduled to begin anti-angiogenesis therapy. What is the goal of this type of treatment?

To limit the size of the tumor by limiting its ability to recruit blood vessels

A client who is being seen in the outpatient clinic reports a single episode of unilateral arm and leg weakness and blurred vision that lasted approximately 45 minutes at which time his symptoms resolve. The client is most likely experiencing what?

Transient Ischemic Attack

Describe the extrapyramidal symptoms that are evident in Parkinson's.

Tremors, rigidity/spasticity, bradykinesia, stooped posture, dysarthria, dysphagia, shuffled gait with short strides

T/F: Amblyopia is the medical term used when the vision in one of the eyes reduced because the eye and the brain are not working together properly. The eye itself looks normal, but it is not being used normally because the brain is favoring the other eye.

True

T/F: Some cancers, can present with an effusion in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces. Lung and ovarian cancers are often discovered because of these types of effusions.

True

A patient with a history of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes is brought into the clinic by his significant other with complaints of short term memory loss, mood changes, agitation, and lack of safety awareness. What does the nurse suspect is going on with the patient?

Vascular Dementia

An illusion of motion occurs​ although the patient may be stationary. Likely due to dysfunction in the inner ear or brainstem

Vertigo

What is the term used when cancer has not crossed the basement membrane and can therefore be surgically removed with little chance of it growing back?

Cancer in situ!

What is the term used to describe cancer cells that have not broken through the basement membrane and are still confined to the tissue of origin?

Carcinoma in situ

An older adult client has been diagnosed with macular degeneration. Which statement by the client best demonstrates an accurate understanding of the new diagnosis?

"I suppose that this may be one of the things that happens when you get older"

Eye and the brain are not working well together. There is a decrease in visual acuity resulting from abnormal visual development in infancy or early childhood. Manifests as "lazy eye"

Amblyopia

What is ocular muscle imbalance resulting in "lazy eye" called?

Amblyopia

Which of the following is a true statement about anchorage independence?

Anchorage independence means that the cells are able to survive even after breaking free from their site of origin

Can be caused by chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and/or cancer in blood-forming organs.

Anemia

Cells have a normal physiologic process that involve the necessary removal of irreversibly damaged cells. Which term best describes this process?

Apoptosis (is designed to remove injured or worn-out cells, or cell death, necrosis, which occurs in irreversibly damaged cells.)

Symptoms include weight loss, altered metabolism, muscle wasting, and emaciation.

Cachexia

Can be attributed to increased infection risks in cancer patients due to chemotherapy altering the bone marrow.

Leukopenia

Lacks capsules and sends "legs" out into surrounding tissues (M or B)

M

An inner ear disorder likely caused by an abnormality in the structure and/or the amount of fluid in the inner ear. Triad of symptoms includes: vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.

Meniere's Disease

A client with RA has taken high doses of aspirin for several years. Which type of hearing loss is this client at high-risk of developing due to ototoxicity?

Sensorineural hearing loss

Which of the following are systemic manifestations of cancer or of cancer treatment? Select all that apply. a. Anemia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia b. Anorexia and cachexia c. Fatigue and sleep disturbances d. Hormones or growth factors that are secreted by tumor cells e. Weight gain f. Pain

a,b,c,d,f

Which of the following are accurate statements about dementia? Select all that apply. a. Vascular dementia is most often caused by a previous brain injury such as stroke, hemorrhage, or atherosclerosis b. Alzheimer's disease is an autosomal dominant disease that is most often passed from one generation to the next c. Vascular dementia and Alzheimer's dementia both cause cognitive impairment d. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease where symptoms will increase over time, while vascular dementia is a reversible condition e. Vascular dementia has characteristic neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain

a,c

A nurse doing a presentation on cancer to a local community group identifies which factors to be high-risk and associated with cancer development?

heredity, hormonal factors, immunologic mechanisms, and environmental agents. Obesity (has also been suggested to a factor.)

The nurse documents the presence of nystagmus when assessing a client. This can be interpreted as:

involuntary eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field

The nurse documents the presence of nystagmus when assessing a client. this can be interpreted as:

involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes

__________ is a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear, causing a triad of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

meniere disease

A 55-year-old client has been diagnosed with acute angle glaucoma. What is acute angle glaucoma?

Increase in intraocular pressure that will cause degradation of the optic nerve.

Which of the following are believed to be causative factors of obesity contributing to cancer?

Increased hormonal release and more systemic inflammatory changes

A patient who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? Which of the following would be the nurse's best response?

"cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels"

While assessing a client with suspected Menière disease, the nurse would expect which clinical manifestations? (Select all that apply) A) Vertigo B) Fever C) Tachycardia D) Diarrhea E) Hearing Loss F) Tinnitus

A,E,F

The primary care provider states that the patient is experiencing vasogenic edema. The nurse realizes vasogenic edema is clinically important because:

The BBB is disrupted

A nurse is monitoring the intracranial pressure (ICP) of a client. The nurse would consider the client to have a normal reading when the results identify:

0 to 15 mmHg

Which of the following best describes multiple sclerosis?

A bacterial or viral infection that leads to inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Which of the following are accurate statements about dementia? Select all that apply. A) Vascular dementia is most often caused by a previous brain injury such as stroke, hemorrhage, or atherosclerosis B) Alzheimer's disease is an autosomal dominant disease that is most often passed from one generation to the next C) Vascular dementia and Alzheimer's dementia both cause cognitive impairment D) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease where symptoms will increase over time, while vascular dementia is a reversible condition E) Vascular dementia has characteristic neuritic plaques, neurofibrillay tangles, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain

A,C

The nurse is explaining clinical manifestations of alterations in the extrapyramidal system. The nurse would correctly include: (Select all that apply.) A) little or no paralysis of voluntary movement. B) positive (present) Babinski. C) presence of tremor. D) rigidity in muscle tone. E) normal or slightly increased tendon reflexes.

A,C,D,E

A nursing student correctly identifies methods that can be utilized to perform a tissue biopsy for the purpose of diagnosing cancer types. What are these methods? Select all that apply. A) Exfoliative cytology B) Incisional biopsy C) Bacterial sensitivity culture D) Fine-needle aspirate E) Blood sample

ABD

Which of the following is true about angiogenesis? (Select all that apply) A) It is the formation of new capillary buds to supply blood to the tumor. B) Tumors do not need a blood supply to grow, therefore angiogenesis is not needed. C) Secretion of growth factors are needed to induce angiogenesis. D) Angiogenesis starts the process of apoptosis for both normal cells and cancer cells. E) Angiogenesis inactivate tumor-suppressor genes causing tumor growth.

AC

A 47 year-old woman was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis three years ago and has experienced a progressive onset and severity of complications. She has been admitted to a palliative care unit due to her poor prognosis. What assessments and interventions should the nursing staff of the unit prioritize in their care?

Assessment of swallowing ability and respiratory status

The nursing student is studying the differences between benign and malignant cancer cells. Which of the following are characteristic of malignant cancer cells? Select all that apply A) Cells grow slowly B) Infiltrate and invade surrounding tissues C) Metastasize by spreading through the blood or the lymph D) Surrounded by a fibrous capsule E) Cells are well differentiated

B,C

A client has developed hydrocephalus and asks the nurse what may have caused this to occur. What is the best response by the nurse?

In hydrocephalus there is an increase of CSF fluid in the ventricles of the brain

The clinical manifestations associated with seizure depend on its type but frequently follow three phases. Which of the following are the phases of a seizure disorder? Select all that apply. A) Prodroma phase: manifestations occurring hours to days after a seizure that may include anxiety, inability to think clearly, and/or an aura B) Preictal phase: manifestations that occur hours to days prior to a seizure that may include anxiety, inability to think clearly, and/or an aura. C) Postictal phase: follows a seizure with symptoms of confusion and fatigue. May last up to 48 hours after a seizure D) Aura phase: unusual sensory experiences or a partial seizure that immediately proceeds the onset of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. E) Ictal phase: the event of the seizure with tonic-clonic activity F) Status phase: a state of continuous seizures lasting more than 5 minutes or a single seizure lasting more than 30 minutes.

B.C.E

The nurse is assessing a pt with TBI. Which of the following are signs of brain injury/dysfunction? Select all that apply. A) Glasgow coma score of 15 and pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light B) Glasgow coma score of 4 and pupils are fixed and dilated and non-reactive to light C) Loss of gag reflex and the presence of suck reflex D) Respiratory rate of 40 and inappropriate motor response E) Respiratory rate of 18 and purposeful movement F) Decerebrate posturing and comatose

BCDF

Which of the following are characteristics that malignant cells use that allow them to survive? Select all that apply. A) Malignant cancer cells recognize and maintain contact inhibition B) Malignant cancer cells practice anchorage independence without anoikis C) Malignant cancer cells can escape the basement membrane D) Malignant cancer cells will travel through blood vessels and lymphatics to distant sites E) Malignant cancer cells will exit the cell cycle in the G0 phase F) Malignant cancer cells can secrete growth factors that facilitate increased proliferation and cellular growth

BCDF

A nursing student is providing education to his classmates about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS. Which of the following is the most accurate description of this disease? Select all that apply. A) The muscle weakness develops rapidly in an ascending patten that begins in the lower extremities B) The patient will develop progressive muscle weakness and eventual respiratory failure C) A non-inflammatory degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons D) The disease develops after a flu-like illness or after receiving a flu vaccine E) The patient will still have normal intellectual and sensory functioning

BCE

The nursing students are studying degenerative disc disease DDD. Which of the following contribute to problems for the vertebral discs in DDD? Select all that apply. A) Appropriate curvatures of the spine B) Aging C) Dehydration of the vertebral disc contents D) Adequate perfusion to the vertebral discs E) Diminished blood supply to the vertebral discs

BCE

Stimuli is NOT conducted to the middle ear​ due to a structural blockage such as impacted ear wax, otitis extera

Conductive hearing loss

Results in dehydration of disc, diminished blood supply, altered disc structure and function

DDD (degenrative disc disease)

The nurse is caring for a 31-year-old trauma victim admitted to the neurologic intensive care unit. While doing the initial assessment, the nurse finds that the client is flexing the arms, wrists, and fingers. There is adduction of the upper extremities with internal rotation and plantar flexion of the lower extremities. How would the nurse describe this in the notes?

Decorative posturing

While doing the initial assessment on a head trauma client, the nurse finds that the client is flexing the arms, wrists, and fingers. There is adduction of the upper extremities with internal rotation and plantar flexion of the lower extremities. How would the nurse describe this in the notes?

Decorticate posturing

The nurse is educating a pt diagnosed with meniere's disease on lifestyle modications to reduce the frequency and/or intensity of exacerbations. which should the nurse include?

Decrease dietary intake of sodium

A nursing instructor is teaching students about muscular dystrophy. A nursing student asks for further explanation about the concept of "pseudohypertrophy". Which of the following best describes pseudohypertrophy in muscular dystrophy.

Degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers which are replaced with fat and connective tissue leading to an increase in muscle size

A teenager, exposed to West Nile virus a few weeks ago while camping with friends, is admitted with headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. The teenager is also displaying some lethargy and disorientation. The nurse knows which of the following medical diagnoses listed below may be associated with these clinical manifestations?

Encephalitis

T/F: Cancer cells are able to enter the G0 phase of the cell cycle where they continue to proliferate and multiply causing malignancy.

False

A client who is diagnosed with seizures describes feeling confused after experiencing a seizure. The family members report that the client has been smacking his lips prior to having a seizure. The client most likely experienced which type of seizure?

Focal

Increase in intraocular pressure that will impair aqueous humor drainage. Which will increase the pressure in the intraocular area of the eye damaging the optic nerve and impairing vision

Glaucoma

The nursing student who is studying pathophysiology correctly identifies the condition that characteristically has an increase in the aqueous humor that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. What is this disease called?

Glaucoma

The nursing student who is studying pathophysiology correctly identifies the condition that characteristically has an increase in the intraocular pressure of the eyes?

Glaucoma

An acute life-threatening polyneuropathy Thought to be caused by viral illness or vaccination (rare) Characterized by rapidly ascending, progressive limb weakness and loss of tendon reflexes. Producing a symmetric flaccid paralysis Paresthesia and numbness

Guillian Barre

_____________ is one known method of rapidly lowering ICP. Cerebral blood flow is largely dependent on PaCO2. It causes decreased PaCO2 which subsequently leads to arterial vasoconstriction thus lowering cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume, and ICP.

Hyperventilation

A client has developed hydrocephalus and asks the nurse what may have caused this to occur. What is the best response by the nurse.

In hydrocephalus there is an increase of CSF fluid in the ventricles of the brain

A client's tissue biopsy reveals the presence of cells that appear to have abnormalities in shape and size. Carcinoma is suspected because these cells possess the characteristics of:

Loss of differentiation

Metastasize by spreading through the blood or the lymph

M

Refers to "has the cancer metastasized

M1 or M0 (has not)

____________ is an immune response against the components of the myelin sheath. There is a progressive demyelinization of the myelin sheath of the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and the optic nerve.

MS (multiple sclerosis)

Degenerative changes in the central portion of the retina​ that leads to a loss of central vision

Macular degeneration

What is a priority concern for a nurse caring for a patient in myasthenic crisis?

Maintenance of airway and respiration

A nursing instructor sees the need for further instruction when one student makes which of the following statements concerning cancer?

Malignant neoplasms tend to grow slowly

A client who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? What would be the nurse's best response?

Metastasis occurs through the spread of cancer cells in the lymph channels and blood vessels.

Which of the following diseases is associated with fewer acetylcholine receptors, resulting in muscle fatigue and progressive weakness which affects the face, mouth, and throat first followed by respiratory failure?

Myasthenia Gravis

The nursing student is providing education about tumor staging to the class. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of tumor staging?

N3 means there are three lymph nodes that demonstrate the spread of cancer

Which of the following defines cell differentiation?

New cells acquire the structure and function of cells they replace.

A nursing student who describes cell characteristics that include regulated growth, genetic stability, limited life span, and growth factor dependence is talking about which of the following types of cells?

Normal cells

Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic eye movement

Nystagmus

_________ refers to the involuntary, regular, rhythmic eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field during angular and rotational movements of the head.

Nystagmus

A client has developed hydrocephalus and asks the nurse what may have caused this to occur. What would be the best response would be?

Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid

What is the name of the cancerous condition that causes inappropriate synthesis and release of hormones or factors that will cause systemic effects to the body?

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Most commonly caused by an inappropriate release of biologic substances (e.g., hormones, cytokines) from the tumor or by an immune response triggered by the tumor.

Paraneoplastic syndromes

What syndrome results from the inappropriate release of hormones?

Paraneoplastic syndromes

The nurse is explaining to a client's family how vasogenic brain edema occurs. What information will the nurse provide to the family?

The BBB is disrupted, allowing fluid to escape into the extracellular fluid

While studying cancer, nursing students learn about the process by which cancer-causing agents cause normal cells to become cancerous. This process is a multi-step mechanism that can be divided into three stages. What stage has unregulated and accelerated growth.

Promotion

A nurse at a long-term care facility provides care for an 85 year-old man who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Which of the following statements best identifies future complications associated with TIAs? TIA's:

Resolve rapidly but may place the client at an increased risk for stroke

In the neurotrauma unit, a teenager with a closed head injury related to an automobile accident is experience high intracranial pressure (ICP). He is intubated and on a ventilator. One treatment for this is to allow him to progress into which acid-base imbalance in an attempt to lower ICP?

Respiratory alkalosis

Stimuli is conducted to the middle ear, but damage to the inner ear structures prevent conduction of sensory messages to the brain. Caused by issues​ like ototoxic drugs, repeated exposure to loud noises, head injuries

Sensorineural hearing loss

the loss may occur gradually or suddenly. conditions that cause this include congenital and hereditary factors, noise exposure, aging. Meniere disesase, and ototoxicity

Sensorineural hearing loss

A mother brings her toddler to the clinic and tells the nurse that she thinks something is wrong with the baby's eyes. Upon further assessment the nurse notices that the child has upper deviation in movement in only one eye. What diagnosis should the nurse suspect for this child?

Strabismus

Any misalignment of the eyes. Often due to cranial nerve palsies of III,IV,VI

Strabismus

A 42-year-old client with breast cancer has a tumor that is minimal in size and extension, has minimal lymph nodes involved, and has no distant metastasis. Using the TNM system the tumor is staged as:

T1, N1, and M0

Intracranial pressure is the pressure inside the cranium and it is comprised of blood that flows through blood vessels delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, CSF, and brain tissue. When intracranial pressure increases, the body will compensate by doing which of the following? Select all that apply. a. CSF will be shunted into the subarachnoid spaces b. The blood vessels will initially vasoconstrict to prevent more blood flow to the brain c. Once brain cells experience hypoxia and hypercapnia, the blood vessels will dilate d. Hypercapnia will lead to hyperventilation to blow off CO2 leading to vasoconstriction e. Brain tissue will quickly breakdown to decrease intracranial pressure

abcd

The nurse is assessing her patient with a traumatic brain injury. Which of the following are signs of brain injury/dysfunction? Select all that apply. a. Pupils are fixed and dilated b. Glasgow coma score of 15 c. Glasgow coma score of 4 d. Loss of gag reflex e. Presence of suck reflex f. Respiratory rate of 40 g. Respiratory rate of 18 h. Purposeful movement i. Decerebrate posturing j. Coma

acdefij

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a severe and irreversible loss of vision and a major cause of blindness in older individuals. Which of the following are risk factors for macular degeneration? a. hypertension b. renal failure c. diabetes mellitus d. cigarette smoking e. copd f. family history g. astigmatism

acdf

A patient is diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease. Which of the following neurotransmitter(s) contribute to the symptoms seen in this movement disorder? Select all that apply. a. Low levels of Acetylcholine b. High levels of Acetylcholine c. Low levels of Dopamine d. High levels of Dopamine e. High levels of Epinephrine

bc

A nursing student is providing education to his classmates about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Which of the following is the most accurate description of this disease? Select all that apply. a. The muscle weakness develops rapidly in an ascending pattern that begins in the lower extremities b. The patient will develop progressive muscle weakness and eventual respiratory failure c. Non-inflammatory degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons d. Disease develops after flu-like illness or after receiving a flu vaccine e. Patient will still have normal intellectual and sensory functioning

bce

What are the three stages of carcinogenesis? a.Anoikis b.Initiation c.Progression d.Metastasis e.Promotion

bce

Which of the following are clinical manifestations of cataracts? (select all that apply). a) increased intraocular pressure b) decreased visual acuity c) papilledema d) blurred vision e) decreased color perception

bde

occurs when a change in the outer or middle ear impairs conduction of sound from the outer to the inner ear

conductive hearing loss

A 62-y/o diabetic pt comes into the clinic stating he started seeing black floaters and flashes of light after bumping his head yesterday. The pt states that today he is now seeing what looks like a curtain over the visual field. what does the nurse suspect

retinal detachment

A roofer who is in his early 50s and smokes two packs of cigarettes a day reported to his doctor that he was "having trouble seeing." He was diagnosed with a cataract in his left eye. Which causes are most plausible for this client?

smoking and UV light exposure

A 26-year-old female is resting after a 1-minute episode that nursing reports she lost consciousness, her muscles contracted and extremities became extended. Then the patient experienced rhythmic periods of muscle contraction and relaxation of her extremities. Upon regaining consciousness, the patient realized she had been incontinent of urine. What has the woman most likely cause of this episode?

tonic-clonic seizure

a pt is having difficulty with balance. the nurse understands that the area of the ear that impacts balance is which one of the following?

vestibule