415 - study guide 2

In one study, direct replications can occur _______ participants.

within and across

Systematic replications can occur _____ studies.

within and across

If baseline does not span before and after the introduction of the independent variable in the previous tier:

you have replication, but not verification.

Which is the most correct?

A condition is a set of procedures the participant experiences; a phase is a set of consecutive sessions with the same condition

When you have one baseline phase and one intervention phase, this is called:

AB design

Which of the following is the strongest design?

ABAB

Which best depicts a correct example of the order of conditions A and B in an alternating treatments design?

ABABAABABB

When researchers discover that planned conditions do not control behavior, they may introduce new conditions. Which condition sequence is most representative of this?

ABACABAC

Which of the following was NOT a stated benefit of graphing?

Able to publicly display client's program (e.g., in the hallway)

Which of the following Source Types is most relevant for conducting a literature review?

Academic journals

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the reversal design?

Can have prediction and verification but not replication

Which of the following is NOT true of the non concurrent multiple baseline design?

Is stronger than a concurrent multiple baseline design

Which of the following in NOT a consideration for selecting a target behavior?

Is the behavior easy to change?

The formula for calculating IOA with time sampling measurement is:

Number of intervals with agreement / total number of intervals x 100%

A change in data not due to a change in behavior but due to the observer's shift in measuring or defining a behavior is called:

Observer drift

Change in data because someone is watching the client is called:

Observer reactivity

The first step in determining experimental control in an ABAB (Reversal) design is:

Prediction: draw a line extending the first baseline data, determine if there is a distance between the predicted an actual data in the first intervention phase.

When behavior almost always happens, easy to score IOA. More conservative measure:

Unscored-interval IOA: only count intervals in which there is at least one

Which was NOT a demonstrated way to insert a scale break?

Use scale break feature in Excel

The extent to which a researcher is measuring what she intends to measure is known as:

Validity

One treatment influencing the effects of another treatment in an alternating treatments design can be ruled out by:

isolating the more effective treatment in a final phase.

We base decisions about prediction, verification, and replication on:

level, trend, and variability.

In a multiple baseline across settings design, if we get generalization across settings, we ____ experimental control.

lost

To raise the 0 off the x axis, you set the minimum to a negative value of the:

major unit.

If a researcher fails to replicate another researcher's results, a good course of action is to:

make a change to the independent variable and get control over the dependent variable.

When using momentary time sampling, you:

Don't have to watch for the entire interval

To create a changing criterion design, how do we put in the criterion lines?

Draw a horizontal line for each criterion level just below the data points

You are interested in how long Timmy's tantrums are. What dimension of behavior should you measure?

Duration

Starting a stopwatch when the behavior begins and stopping it when the behavior ends is which measurement system?

Duration timing

When using whole interval recording, you write a + if the behavior happened:

During the whole interval

A type of article in which data were collected on the effects of an independent variable and reported in a graph or table is:

Empirical article

Which one describes the idea that we go out and examine our subject matter?

Empiricism

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of collecting IOA data?

Ensure accuracy of the data

Which of the following statements about multiple baseline designs is NOT true?

Ensure at least five replications before evaluating verification

Counting each instance of the behavior is which measurement system?

Event recording

A baseline is required in an alternating treatments design.

False

A non treatment control condition is required in an alternating treatments design.

False

If you have reliability, you have accuracy.

False

In a changing criterion design, you can evaluate the training of a new skill.

False

In a multiple baseline design graph, there should be a border around the graph.

False

Which of the following is CORRECT about indirect assessments?

You have to rely on memory

Which of the following is NOT a reason to use interval recording?

You need actual data, not an estimate of data

when determining verification, the second baseline data need to return to the exact same levels as the first baseline data.

False.

When creating an alternating treatments design graph, to connect the data point, you:

"select data", "hidden and empty cells", "connect data points with a line".

Which is the correct sequence of steps for using preference assessments to allow clients to choose their preferred interventions?

(1) expose the participant to the interventions, (2) determine if the interventions work, (3) prompt the participant to push different colored buttons to access the different interventions, (4) plot the cumulative number of button presses

Generally, for how many sessions are IOA data needed?

30%

What is the total count IOA?

50%

In general, an acceptable level of treatment integrity is:

>80%

Which goal of science applies to the following?: Sally cries when it's hot outside.

Prediction

Which of the following best defines the concept of "behavioral cusp" and "pivotal behavior"?

A behavior that, once changed, leads to the learning of other behaviors

10 requests in 5 minutes is how many requests per minute?

2

In general, treatment integrity data are required for what percentage of sessions?

25%

A multiple baseline design with 4 tiers and an effect in each tier has how many replications?

3

Functional analyses are most often analyzed using which experimental design?

Alternating treatments

The rapid alternation of two or more independent variables while measuring a dependent variable is a description of which experimental design?

Alternating treatments

Which dimension of ABA means we have to demonstrate functional relations in our data collection?

Analytic

Which is the best definition of "behavior"?

Anything a person does

What is the VB MAPP?

As assessment for verbal skills and intervention targets

How often should we measure behavior?

As often as is necessary to guide your teaching

When using partial interval recording, you write a + if the behavior happened:

At any point during the interval

When a researcher wants to evaluate an intervention that is already in place, which design is appropriate?

BAB

Which one is a better way to write a Method section?

Baseline: general procedures and measure the dependent variable. Intervention: general procedures, independent variable, and measure the dependent variable.

Which was NOT stated as a reason for using combined designs?

Can submit studies to journals that require combined designs

Which of the following is NOT correct?

Carefully reading the Results section is important

An initial baseline is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive levels of behavior required for reinforcement. This is a description of which design?

Changing criterion

Which of the following is NOT a method of assessing social validity?

Comparing treatment results with other published results

Which dimension of ABA means we have to tie our practices back to the basic principles of behavior?

Conceptually systematic

The words at the top of a graph that indicate what is happening in each part of a study are:

Condition labels

We can have a multiple baseline design across three entities. Which is NOT one of those entities?

Conditions

It is easier to hold environmental variables constant using:

Controlled baseline

Which is the correct formula for calculating treatment integrity?

Correct steps / total steps x 100%

Specifying how much behavior change one wants, such as 90% correct for 3 consecutive days, or 50% reduction, is which part of a behavioral definition?

Criteria

When starting an intervention phase after a baseline phase, and trying to decrease a challenging behavior, which pattern of baseline should you NOT have?

Decreasing trend

What is the first step in ABA?

Defining behavior

The "duration of self injurious behaviors" is probably best considered

Dependent variable

A good research question contains:

Dependent variable, independent variable, population

Which goal of science applies to the following?: Enrique screams 30 times per hour.

Description

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of a behavioral definition?

Detailed: contains every possible permutation of the behavior

Which of the following is NOT a feature of single subject design?

Determine the generality of the sample to the population

Of the methods of assessment in ABA, which is the most reliable and useful for day to-day assessment?

Direct observations

If a student can emit a behavior at any time, not dependent on a particular antecedent event, what do we call this type of behavior?

Free operant

You are interested in how often Kim asks a friend for help with her work. What dimension of behavior should you measure?

Frequency

A behavioral definition that includes the antecedents and consequences, or the effect of the behavior on the environment is a:

Function-based definition

In the lunch room, Sara says "Hi" and a nearby person says "hi" back.

Function-based definition

Which dimension of ABA means we have to have behavior spread to other settings, people, and behaviors?

Generality

Which is NOT a correct statement about bar graphs?

Good for detecting trends in the data

Which of the following was NOT stated about graphing conventions?

Graphs can be submitted to journals using different colors

A change in the dependent variable based on experiences outside of the experiment is a:

History effect

Which of the following is NOT a consideration for prioritizing target behaviors?

How many people are concerned about the behavior?

Hanley and colleagues used cumulative record graphs to depict:

How participants chose which interventions they preferred

Which statement is most correct?

If we do more replications than needed, we lose time for conducting other studies

Which of the following measures of visual analysis was documented specifically in the What Works Clearinghouse?

Immediacy of effect

"Errorless learning strategies" is probably best considered:

Independent variable

If you use positive reinforcement to increase a student's completion of independent work, what is the positive reinforcement?

Independent variable

Conducting experiments, asking more questions, making more findings, and deriving a theory is which approach to science?

Inductive

The extent to which two observers independently report the same observed values after measuring the same behaviors using the same measurement system is called:

Inter-observer agreement (IOA)

You want to increase the time between Sally's instances of self injury. What dimension of behavior should you measure?

Inter-response time

The biggest limitation of an AB design is:

It does not control for extraneous variables

Which of the following is NOT true of a "probe"?

It includes assessment and teaching

Which of the following is NOT correct about baselines?

It is commonly acceptable to have one baseline session

Which of the following is NOT correct about cumulative record graphs?

It is easy to determine the response rate each session

Which is true about the multiple baseline across participants design?

It is weak and common

If reinforcement is contingent on a behavior that is different than the previous two behaviors, this is which schedule of reinforcement?

Lag 2

You are interested in how long it takes Kyle to hang up his coat when he enters the classroom. What dimension of behavior should you measure?

Latency

Starting a stopwatch when the teacher says "open your book", and stopping it when Calvin opens his book is which measurement system?

Latency timing

The average measure of data on the y axis is referred to as the:

Level

You are interested in how loud Sam's screams are. What dimension of behavior should you measure?

Magnitude

Which is correct about phase lines?

Major changes - solid lines; minor changes - dotted lines

On which of the following do we NOT collect social validity data?

Measurement

A type of article about ways of conducting research:

Methodological article

When we establish two or more steady baselines and apply the intervention to one participant, setting, or behavior at a time, we are using which design?

Multiple baseline

Which of the following is NOT correct?

On an equal-interval graph, the distance from 5-10 is the same as the distance from 100-200.

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason to measure behavior?

Our students like to see records of their progress

Partial interval recording:

Overestimates actual behavior

Which one means ruling out simple explanations before using complex ones (i.e., keeping it simple)?

Parsimony

Who studied and made famous respondent conditioning?

Pavlov

You record the number of times a child complies with instruction, divide by the total number of instructions and multiply by 100. What dimension of behavior is this?

Percentage

Which of the following measures of visual analysis is used to determine evidence for interventions in single subject design?

Percentage of non-overlapping data points

Recording data based on an outcome of a behavior that is left behind is:

Permanent product recording

The lines that separate the implementation of different conditions in a study is:

Phase line

We guess where the first baseline data path would keep going, and then determine if there is a distance between the predicted and actual data in the intervention phase. Which level of visual analysis in a multiple baseline design is this?

Prediction

To ensure two words are searched together, you use:

Quotation marks

You are interested in how many words Jane writes during your 10 minute free writing period. What dimension of behavior should you measure?

Rate

What is the name for a research design with an analysis of skill acquisition under different experimental conditions? For example, a design with a different reading passage each day and data on the correct words per minute for the first and last timing of the day.

Repeated acquisition design

The word that best describes the way to increase the likelihood that a change in the dependent variable is due to the independent variable and not an extraneous variable is:

Replication

We guess where the second baseline data path would keep going, and then determine if there is a distance between the predicted and actual data in the intervention phase. Which level of visual analysis in a multiple baseline design is this?

Replication

Which one do we do both within and between experiments?

Replication

The third step in determining experimental control in an ABAB (Reversal) design is:

Replication: draw a line extending the second baseline data, determine if there is a distance between the predicted actual data in the second intervention phase.

Which of the following was NOT stated in terms of reporting IOA?

Report total IOA across the whole study

Which of the following do we typically NOT ask about the social validity of a study?

Researchers

If a student can emit a behavior only in the presence of a particular antecedent, what do we call this type of behavior?

Restricted operant

When using momentary time sampling, you write a + if the behavior happened:

Right at the end of the interval

Which is the best statement about interval recording?

Shorter intervals are more accurate and harder to score

Which is a better research model for teachers and therapists to use in practice?

Single subject design

Who introduced the concept that consequences control behavior?

Skinner

Which of the following is the formula for "total count IOA"?

Smaller number / larger number x 100%

Which is the best definition of "fluency" in ABA?

Speed + accuracy

Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe trends?

Stable

A change in the dependent variable based on conducting numerous assessments is a:

Testing effect

To indicate which data path refers to which behavior, which notation system was demonstrated?

Text box with arrow

Which of the following is NOT a reason for using a multiple probe design?

The previously published studies used that design

How do we know if there is experimental control in an alternating treatments design graph?

There is a substantial distance between the data paths

When should researchers collect treatment integrity data?

Throughout a study

Which of the following is NOT a goal of assessment in ABA?

To determine how someone feels

Which of the following is NOT a reason to collect treatment integrity data?

To ensure data collection procedures are implemented consistently

A behavioral definition that includes only the behavior is a:

Topography-based definition

Carla's self injury includes hitting hand to head and biting her hand.

Topography-based definition

Mean count-per-interval IOA is calculated by:

Total count IOA for each interval, add numbers, divide by number of intervals

The overall direction of the data in a phase is the:

Trend

You are interested in how quickly a child learns a skill with your intervention program. Which dimension of behavior is this?

Trials to Criterion

Accuracy is more important than reliability.

True

For increased experimental control, it is good to very the lengths of phases.

True

IOA is about the reliability of the measurement of the dependent variable (DV); treatment integrity is about the reliability of the implementation of the independent variable (IV)

True

In a multiple baseline design graph, you have numbers on the x axis only on the bottom graph.

True

In an alternating treatments design, we can conclude experimental control if there is some overlap in the data.

True

When we collect baseline data in the context of what is already occurring with the participant, this is called:

Uncontrolled baseline

Whole interval recording:

Underestimates actual behavior

Which of the following was NOT stated as a caution for conducting comparative analyses?

We do not have adequate designs to allow comparative analyses

The vertical line on the left side of the graph that usually depicts a measure of behavior is:

Y-axis

Sometimes, researchers add a final phase to an alternating treatments design with the:

best treatment.

To start creating a phase line within Excel, without drawing it, you:

add a row with a 0.5 value between phases, click "error bars" and "more error bar options".

The most important time to include baseline data in a multiple probe design is:

after an effect was observed at a higher tier.

In an ABAB design, if there is prediction but no verification, you:

are done with the analysis: there is no experimental control.

A researcher _____ make small adjustments to the independent variable during a study.

can

A potential limitation of evaluating multiple treatments is "sequence effects". The best way to rule out control by condition sequence is to:

change the order of conditions with each new participant.

When a researcher adds a step not in the protocol, this is an error of:

commission.

Something needed for a repeated acquisition design in particular is:

comparable tasks.

When evaluating the effects of one independent variable against another, this is best considered a:

comparative analysis.

Studies may show that all the parts of an intervention are necessary, or only some parts of an intervention are necessary. Either way, these types of studies use a:

component analysis.

Best practice in training researchers to implement treatment procedures with integrity is behavior skill training, which is comprised of:

instructions, modeling, role play, and feedback.

When baselines in Tiers 2 and beyond begin at later points than Baseline in Tier 1, this is called

delayed multiple baseline design.

The "NCR Reversal Technique" is:

delivering reinforcement on a time-based schedule during the baseline condition.

Within a study, before we can show a replication, we have to show a:

demonstration.

When we show that an independent variable reliably changes a dependent variable, this is best considered a:

demonstrative analysis.

When setting up an Excel sheet with alternating treatments design data, you put the data from the two (or more) conditions in _____ columns.

different

Repeating an evaluation of an independent variable with a dependent variable with the same participant population and experimental design is the best considered a:

direct replication.

When creating the graph for the first tier, you ____ put in axis titles

do not

An example of social invalidity is:

encouraging others to not participate in a behavior change program.

When looking at a graph quickly and the data seem to overlap between baseline and intervention, it is a good idea to:

examine the data closely for prediction, verification, and replication.

We have more generality when we replicate behavior changes across studies. This is known as:

external validity.

Using preference assessments to approach social validity is a subjective method.

false

A limitation of brief designs is susceptibility to:

false positives and false negatives.

With dangerous behavior, it is a good idea to implement a second baseline for ____ sessions.

few

Brief experimental designs were originally developed for

functional analyses of problem behavior.

We can depict social validity data in:

graphs and tables.

To put all parts of a graph together, you use the function called:

group.

Research has shown that the _____ the integrity with implementing a treatment procedure, the ______ the learning of the participants.

higher, better

When starting to graph a multiple baseline design graph, you:

highlight and graph the data for the first tier.

Another way of stating, "Social validity can impact treatment integrity" is:

if people agree with the procedures, they will implement the procedures correctly.

To ensure high treatment integrity, we need a precise operational definition of the:

intervention.

When baseline data are not collected every session, this is most likely a:

multiple probe design.

One treatment influencing the effects of another treatment in an alternating treatments design is referred to as:

multiple treatment interference.

Searching for terms within the title is a way to ____ your search; searching for terms in additional databases is a way to ____ your search.

narrow, widen

When three AB designs evaluating the same dependent variable and independent variable are conducted sequentially in time and have different lengths of baseline, and then stacked on top of each other, this is best referred to as:

non-concurrent multiple baseline design.

When we base definitions and procedures on typically developing individuals, we are using.

normative comparisons.

When a researcher leaves out a step in the protocol, this is an error of:

omission.

When determining experimental control in an alternating treatments design graph, distance between the data paths is more important:

on the right side of the graph.

According to Dr. Carr, when using a multiple baseline design, it is best to have ____ data points per session number shown on the x axis

one

A study evaluating how the level or amount of the independent variable affects the dependent variable is best considered a:

parametric analysis.

When copy/pasting a graph from Excel to a Word document, it is best to use:

paste special.

When there are two dependent variables with two different measurement systems, it is a good idea to include a:

primary and secondary y-axis.

The most common (though not necessarily best) way of collecting social validity data is using:

questionnaires.

A common use of brief designs in the literature is evaluating the best intervention for improving:

reading fluency.

A research based tactic for improving treatment integrity is:

self-monitoring.

In general, if you have high variability in baseline, you ______ start intervention.

should not

In a changing criterion design, if there is low variability, can have _____ criterion changes.

small

The extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important behavior changes are produced is referred to as:

social validity.

When we ask, "To what extent do you agree with the procedures used in this study?" we are measuring:

social validity.

The changing criterion design is most useful for interventions that involve:

systematic desensitization.

When we repeat a study but change the participant, dependent variable, design, or some other aspect of the study, this is most likely a:

systematic replication.

In a changing criterion design, experimental control is demonstrated when:

the level of responding matches each new criterion.

Which goal of science applies to the following?: Whenever the teacher says "go", the children leave the room

they do not leave the room when the teacher doesn't say "go".

Changing the treatment over time is best considered:

treatment drift.

The extent to which the researcher implemented the intervention according to how it was written is called:

treatment integrity.

A meaningful measure of the efficiency of one intervention program compared to another is:

trials-to-criterion.

If you are conducting a systematic replication of a published study, you should choose a design to match/answer your research question.

true

In a changing criterion design, after many successful phase changes, returning to a previous criterion level is a way to achieve:

verification.

In a multiple baseline design, when baseline data in the 2nd and 3rd tiers stay at baseline levels even when intervention is applied in earlier tiers, and change only when the intervention is applied at that tier, we call this:

verification.