4.3 Heart

Veins

- Veins carry blood back to the heart . - They are similar to arteries but they are not as strong or as thick. - Veins contain valves that ensure blood flow in only one direction.

ABI (ankel Brachial Index)

-ratio of blood pressure at the ankle to blood pressure at the arms to see if there is an obstruction -noninvasive -highest systolic pressure taken at the ankles and dividing it by the brachial systolic pressure

Atherosclerosis

A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters

Atrium

A chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles

Arteriosclerosis

A chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls with resulting loss of elasticity

Peripheral artery disease

A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm.

Heart rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as number of beats per minute

Pulse

A regularly recurrent wave of distension in arteries that results from the progress through an artery of blood injected into the arterial system at each contraction of the ventricles of the heart.

Varicose vein

An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs.

Arteriole

Any of the small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries

Capillary

Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules and forming networks throughout the body.

Artery

Any of the tubular branching muscular- and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body.

Arteries

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away - Outside wall of the artery is tough but contains a smooth layer of epithelial cells - Arteries are strong and they have a muscular middle layer which helps pump blood

Why don't arteries require valves

Arteries don't require valves because pressure from the heart is so strong that the blood is only able to flow in one direction.

3. Athletes often have a very low resting heart rate. What does this tell you about the health of their heart? Explain.

Athletes have a very low resting heart rate. This is because Athletes have larger stroke volume which means that they have a greater volume of oxygen that is delivered at the body per one heartbeat. This is what causes fit people to have a lower resting heart rate.

Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels - smallest blood vessel measures only five micrometers

2. Capillaries function in gas exchange. Describe at least two ways capillary structure is related to this function.

Capillaries bring oxygenated blood and blood carries oxygen to the organs and carry away deoxygenated blood. Capillaries have a very large surface area as well as a thin wall so it makes the gas exchange much easier on both ends. The walls of these capillaries are very thin which help allow substances to diffuse quickly. Compared to both arteries and veins capillaries are much thinner since they are made of up with endothelial cells. Capillaries are also selectively permeable. Since they are permeable it help allow for some substance to go through which helps carry out their

Capillaries

Capillaries connect arteries to veins - Arteries deliver oxygen rich blood to capillaries - Capillaries is where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur - Capillaries deliver rich- blood to the veins to the lungs/heart

2. Explain how each of the three types of muscle assist with moving blood around the body.

Cardiac muscle pumps the blood from the heart; Skeletal muscle generates contractions that aid blood flow back to the heart; Smooth muscle can be found around veins and contracts to move blood back to the heart.

Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)

Describe how each of the following could impact stroke volume. o Damage to the conduction system of the heart

Damage to the conduction system will prevent the heart from relaxing and contracting. This will cause the stroke volume to decrease because not enough blood will be pumped to the heart

Arteries to know

Descending aorta Renal Artery (hook up that kidney!) Iliac Artery Femoral Artery Popliteal Artery Posterior Tibial Artery

Coronry Artery

Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself

How do capillaries interact with the respiratory system? Make sure to mention specific structures of the respiratory system. Refer back to your graphic organizer if you need help remembering key anatomy. In

In the body, a person's lungs is linked to blood vessels which deliver oxygen to your body and remove carbon dioxide from you body. Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into thousands of smaller tubes that are called bronchioles . At the end of theses bronchioles there are bunches of tiny air sacs that are called alveoli. These air sacs are covered in tiny blood vessels. These capillaries connect to network of arteries and veins. The pulmonary artery branches to deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide to the capillaries that surround the air sacs. In these air sacs carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air and this is when diffuse occurs. Oxygen the moves from the air into the blood through the capillaries. Oxygen rich blood travels to the heart and the heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body.

Dorsalis pedis pulse:

Locate this pulse on the upper front surface of the foot right in front of the ankle. Try the area just outside of where your shoe crosses your foot.

What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

Pulmonary circulation deals with blood flowing to the lungs to be oxygenated; Systemic circulation deals with blood flowing to the body and back to the heart

The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the

SA node

Explain how the endocrine system and the kidneys help play a role in regulating blood pressure

Several hormones in the endocrine systems can affect blood pressure such as, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and a few more. A hormonal substance called "Renin" is released by the kidneys and can also affect blood pressure.

how is smoking related to PAD

Smoking causes the arteries swelling and inflammation of the arteries. This causes the arteries to become more narrowed and plaque build up more likely. Plaque is a waxy material mostly made out of cholesterol that causes the arteries to become even narrower, reducing blood flow.

How does the structure of smooth and cardiac muscle differ from the structure of skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle lacks the striations of skeletal muscle; Cardiac muscle is highly branched with cells and produces its own action potential.

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neuron

Veins to know

Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Renal Vein Common Iliac Vein Femoral Vein Posterior Tibial Vein Internal Jugular Vein

Which structure in the heart functions as the natural pacemaker? What does this term mean?

The Sinoatrial Node. The electrical impulse that forces the heart to contract comes from this node. The heart beats as fast as this node allows it to beat.

What are consequences of having a low cardiac output? How will other body systems be affected?

The cardiac output describes how much amount of blood your heart pumps for each minute.The consequence of having a low cardiac output is that the body will not be able to pump enough blood in order for body function to function properly. Also the the respiratory system will be low in oxygen since it will not be able to retain enough oxygen due to low blood supply.

Blood pressure

The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

. How does the movement of the electrical impulse relate to the contraction of the chambers of the heart?

The impulse starts by the atria, allowing them to contract and get blood to the ventricles before spreading to the ventricles and forcing them to contract and send blood to the body.

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

Thinking about function, explain why the left ventricle is much more muscular than the right ventricle.

The left ventricle has to pump blood to the entire body

Circulation

The movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste products from all parts of the body.

Systemic Circulation

The passage of arterial blood from the left atrium of the heart through the left ventricle, the systemic arteries, and the capillaries to the organs and tissues that receive much of its oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide and the return of the carbon-dioxide carrying blood via the systemic veins to enter the right atrium of the heart and to participate in the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in the systemic circulation

A blockage in one of the coronary arteries

The stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle. The heart receives its own blood supply from the coronary arteries. IF there is a blockage then the heart will not be able to receive enough blood which will cause the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle decrease and make the stroke volume less.

Cardiac Outgput

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute.

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in one beat

how is blood pressure regulated?

Urinary System- The kidneys have the power to increase or decrease blood volume. The more urine being produced, the less water is in the blood (less blood volume) therefore the blood pressure is lower. The less urine being produced, the more water that is in the blood (more blood volume), therefore the pressure is higher. Nervous and Endocrine Systems (they work together) -the autonomic nervous system has sensors located in different places in the body in order to detect slight changes in blood pressure -the kidneys contain receptors that detect change in the arteries; too low blood pressure- resin is released from kidneys which increases the production of angiotensin ll, this constricts blood vessels increasing pressure, angiotensin ll also causes an increase in reabsorption of sodium(by triggering release of aldosterone and ADH) which leads to a high blood pressure; too high blood pressure- kidneys excrete more water and sodium lowering pressure. -there are receptors in the carotid arteries and aorta that can detect slight changes in blood pressure, it triggers the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone which increases reabsorption of sodium and water, this causes the heart rate to increase because of a larger blood volume and pushes more blood through a tighter space which increases blood pressure Circulatory System - arterioles and veins have the ability to expand and contract depending on pressure, high pressure= expand, low pressure=contract

Carotid pulse

Use your Maniken® to visualize the location of the carotid artery. Locate this pulse using your index and middle fingers on your neck. Slide your fingers alongside your jaw bone and down into the depression on the side of your neck

What role do valves play in the heart?

Valves allow for blood to flow from each chamber of the heart to the next without allowing it to flow backwards.

What are varicose veins

Varicose veins are caused by increase blood pressure in the veins. This causes for the walls and valves to weaken

Peripheral vascular disease

Vascular disease affecting blood vessels outside of the heart and especially those vessels supplying the extremities.

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located

between the left atrium and left ventricle

The function of an atrium is to

collect blood

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle

has a thicker wall

The left and right pulmonary veins cary blood to the

heart

the right atrium receives blood from

inferior vena caca

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

The left and right pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

lungs

Blood leaving the right ventricle enters the

pulmonary artery

the left ventricle pumps blood to the

pulmonary circuit

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

The atrioventricular valve on the side of the heart that receives the superior vena cava is the

tricuspid valve

What is the order of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart

vena cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta