4314 CH2

20. Which statement about our genetic makeup is false?

a. Genes determine behavior.

58. Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others?

a. Internal working model

43. ____ problems refer to weak or absent control structures, whereas ____ problems indicate that existing control structures operative in a maladaptive way.

a. Regulation; dysregulation

39. Kim had been physically abused when she was 5, and is now a 10-year-old showing signs of "numbing," which is an emotional dysregulation. In Kim's situation, is her behavior

b. adaptive and protective?

37. ACTH causes the adrenal glands to release ____.

b. cortisol

52. According to Bronfenberger's ecological model of environmental influences, which influence plays a role in the child's life?

d. All of the above (church or synagogue, neighborhood play areas, mass media)

24. Epinephrine is also known as ____.

d. adrenaline

53. The process of attachment typically begins between ____ of age.

b. 6 to 12 months

30. Cindy has recently been diagnosed with anorexia. From a biological perspective, which neurotransmitter plays a role in eating disorders?

b. Serotonin

38. James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be described as ____.

b. negative affect or irritability

12. ____, The brain develops and grows over a lifetime, but from birth to 11 years, the most dramatic changes occur. Problems or disruptions that occur when a child is young can lead to

b. organic disorders.

35. The neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems, such as eating and sleep disorders, is ____.

b. serotonin

44. Temperament ____.

b. shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa

59. _____ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others.

c. Family systems

7. When developmental psychopathologists view adaptive and maladaptive behaviors as the result of previous interactions and experiences spread over several years, they refer to the process as

c. developmental cascades.

16. The role that a child's primary caretaker has in terms of that child's brain development is crucial, since those early experiences form the part of the brain that is responsible for their__.

c. emotion, personality, and behavior

36. The child-caregiver role helps children explore their own emotions. Which style of parenting allows for the healthiest development of the child?

d. Authoritative

17. Brain maturity occurs in a(n) ____ fashion.

d. organized and hierarchical

41. _______ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world.

a. Social cognition

32. ____ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions.

a. The HPA axis

26. The ____ gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future, to be playful, and to be creative.

a. cerebral cortex

60. The _____ view of child development recognizes the importance of balancing the abilities of individuals with the challenges and risks of their environments.

a. health promotion

3. Etiology refers to the ____ of childhood disorders.

a. possible root causes

11. The windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called ____.

a. sensitive periods

5. Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ____.

a. typical because of her age

56. Luca has been showing aggressive behavior with his peers and has difficulty conducting himself in a normal fashion, and is constantly getting in trouble at school. According to attachment theories, which type of attachment pattern did Luca most likely exhibit as a child?

b. Anxious-avoidant

33. What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger, hostility, and aggression?

b. Benzodiazepine-GABA

47. ____ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., parental anger).

b. Classical conditioning models

29. Mike is having a very difficult time in school. Which gland would produce epinephrine in response to the stress he is experiencing?

b. Cortisol

49. ____ models portray the child's environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures.

b. Ecological

45. Brendan is considered by his caregivers as a "slow-to-warm-up child," who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations. Which of the following would describe Brendan's temperament?

b. Fearful or inhibited

6. Brett is an aggressive preschooler, who often bites other children and throws toys at his teacher. When Brett finished 3rd grade, he was asked to find another school to attend since he had repeatedly hit his classmates and kicked the principal. Brett's behavioral patterns are an example of

b. abnormal behavior that follows a continuity pattern.

54. Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n) ____attachment pattern.

b. anxious-avoidant

2. Victor is fearful of approaching new situations and often appears inhibited. Victor's mother reports that she struggles with similar difficulties and he may have inherited it from her. This is an example of ____.

b. biological influences

21. The problem with family aggregation studies is that they ____.

b. do not control for environmental variables

27. The _________ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.

b. frontal

31. The ____ gland oversees the body's regulatory functions by producing several hormones, including estrogen and testosterone.

b. pituitary

14. The developmental psychopathology approach to studying childhood disorders emphasizes the importance of developmental____.

b. processes and tasks

4. What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?

c. Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.

55. Jace is a baby that often seems nervous in new situations and around new people and is not easily comforted by his mother in these situations. Jace most likely has which attachment pattern?

c. Anxious-resistant

57. Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems?

c. Anxious-resistant

25. Which part of the brain is implicated in disorders affecting motor behavior?

c. Basal ganglia

18. Which statement about neural development is false?

c. Brain connections are relatively predetermined and cannot be changed by the environment.

48. ____ theorists emphasize attributional biases, modeling, and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior.

c. Social learning

28. The ____ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress.

c. adrenal

10. A toddler learning to make sounds such as "mememe" and "bagabaga" before learning how to use intelligible language indicates a structure and process to development, otherwise known as the

c. biological perspective.

22. Molecular geneticists focus on finding a specific gene for childhood disorder, while behavioral geneticists ____.

c. focus on brain development between 3 and 5 years

9. Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____.

c. ongoing interaction between the individual and environment

42. Individual differences in emotion ____ account for differing responses to a stressful environment.

c. reactivity

40. A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion ____.

c. regulation

50. John Bowlby's research on attachment showed that a child who has a secure attachment with a caregiver generally leads to

c. the development of a child's positive internal working model.

34. ____ acts like a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.

d. Dopamine

23. Which part of the brain is most responsible for regulating our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses?

d. Limbic system

19. Which statement about neural development is true?

d. The prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum are not wired until a person is 5 to 7 years old.

1. Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____.

d. all of these (individual nature, family dynamics, community/culture)

46. Sharon is a psychologist who is using the ABA method with her client Katie, a difficult 6-year-old. As an ABA therapist, Sharon would focus on

d. behavior, antecedents, and consequences.

51. Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ____.

d. enhances relationships with the caregiver

8. An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that

d. many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior.

13. Children's development occurs in a(n) ____ manner.

d. organized and hierarchical

15. The two terms that are used to explain how a child's interaction with his/her environment can lead to the development of maladaptive behaviors are

d. transaction and transition