4337 test 1

Lisp

[Sebesta01-02] One of the Functional programming languages is _______

Prolog

[Sebesta01-02] One of the logic programming languages is ______

Lisp

[Sebesta01-02] The major AI language for the period 1960 through the 1990s was ______.

Cobol

[Sebesta01-02] The major commercial language for the period 1960 through the 1990s was ____.

Readability

[Sebesta01-02] ___ is the evaluation criteria for the ease with which programs can be understood

Web Software or Programming Language(s)

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider diverse and various domains of programming languages and applications. The World Wide Web is supported by an eclectic collection of languages, ranging from markup languages, such as HTML, which is not a programming language, to general-purpose programming languages, such as Java. Because of the pervasive need for dynamic Web content, some computation capability is often included in the technology of content presentation. This functionality can be provided by embedding programming code in an HTML document. Such code is often in the form of a scripting language, such as JavaScript or PHP. There are also some markup-like languages that have been extended to include constructs that control document processing. This is an example of ____.

Language

[Sebesta03] A(n) ____ is a set of sentences

comments

[Sebesta1-2] A program has its own inline documentation, called ____.

Increased ability to learn new languages.

According to the author. Consider the list of potential benefits of studying concepts of programming languages. One of the benefits would be argued as follows: Computer programming is still a relatively young discipline, and design methodologies, software development tools, and programming languages are still in a state of continuous evolution. This makes software development an exciting profession, but it also means that continuous learning is essential. The process of learning a new programming language can be lengthy and difficult, especially for someone who is comfortable with only one or two languages and has never examined programming language concepts in general. Once a thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts of languages is acquired, it becomes far easier to see how these concepts are incorporated into the design of the language being learned. For example, programmers who understand the concepts of object-oriented programming will have a much easier time learning Java (Arnold et al., 2006) than those who have never used those concepts. This is an example of ____.

Better understanding of the significance of implementation.

According to the author. Consider the list of potential benefits of studying concepts of programming languages. One of the benefits would be argued as follows: In learning the concepts of programming languages, it is both interesting and necessary to touch on the implementation issues that affect those concepts. In some cases, an understanding of implementation issues leads to an understanding of why languages are designed the way they are. In turn, this knowledge leads to the ability to use a language more intelligently, as it was designed to be used. We can become better programmers by understanding the choices among programming language constructs and the consequences of those choices. This is an example of ____.

Readability, Writability, Reliability

According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Simplicity is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Feature multiplicity

According to the author. Select the best answer. One of the complicating characteristic of a programming language is ____- that is, having more than one way to accomplish a particular operation.

c > 8

Sebesta03] Compute the weakest precondition for each of the following assignment statement and postcondition: b = (c + 10) / 3 {b > 6}

Fortran

[Sebesta01-02] John Backus was instrumental in the development of the first 3rd generation programming language called ____

Orthogonality

[Sebesta01-02] This ______ feature or criteria is about a relatively small set of primitive constructs which can be combined in a relatively small number of ways, and every possible combination is legal.

C

[Sebesta01-02] ___ was developed as a systems programming language for the development of UNIX.

Java EE

[Sebesta01-02] ____ is a set of technologies by Sun/Oracle that allows programmers to develop and deploy Web services for a company.

Reliability

[Sebesta01-02] _____ is for the evaluation criteria for the conformance to specifications (i.e., performs to its specifications)

Writability

[Sebesta01-02] _____ is for the evaluation criteria for the ease with which a language can be used to create programs

BNF

[Sebesta01-02] _____ is invented to describe the syntax of Algol 58

PHP

[Sebesta01-02] ______ is the most popular Web server-side programming language

Systems Programming or Programming Language(s)

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider diverse and various domains of programming languages and applications. The UNIX operating system is written almost entirely in C, which has made it relatively easy to port, or move, to different machines. Some of the characteristics of C make it a good choice for this programming domain. It is low level, execution efficient, and does not burden the user with many safety restrictions. This is an example of ____.

Artificial Intelligence or Programming Language(s)

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider diverse and various domains of programming languages and applications. The first widely used programming language developed for the applications was the functional language LISP (McCarthy et al., 1965), which appeared in 1959. Most AI applications developed prior to 1990 were written in LISP or one of its close relatives. During the early 1970s, however, an alternative approach to some of these applications appeared—logic programming using the Prolog language. This is an example of ____.

Artificial Intelligence or Programming Language(s)

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider diverse and various domains of programming languages and applications. This domain is a broad area of computer applications characterized by the use of symbolic rather than numeric computations. Symbolic computation means that symbols, consisting of names rather than numbers, are manipulated. Also, symbolic computation is more conveniently done with linked lists of data rather than arrays. This kind of programming sometimes requires more flexibility than other programming domains. For example, in some applications the ability to create and execute code segments during execution is convenient. This is an example of ____.

Systems Programming or Programming Language(s)

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider diverse and various domains of programming languages and applications. This type of software is used almost continuously and so it must be efficient. Furthermore, it must have low-level features that allow the software interfaces to external devices to be written. For IBM mainframe computers, the language was PL/S, a dialect of PL/I. This is an example of ____.

Scientific Applications or Programming Language(s)

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider diverse and various domains of programming languages and applications. The early high-level programming languages invented for _____ applications were designed to provide for those needs. Their competition was assembly language, so efficiency was a primary concern. The first language for scientific applications was Fortran. For some applications where efficiency is the primary concern, such as those that were common in the 1950s and 1960s, no subsequent language is significantly better than Fortran, which explains why Fortran is still used. This is an example of ____.

Improved background for choosing appropriate languages.

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of potential benefits of studying concepts of programming languages. One of the benefits would be argued as follows: Many professional programmers have had little formal education in computer science; rather, they have developed their programming skills independently or through in- house training programs. Such training programs often limit instruction to one or two languages that are directly relevant to the current projects of the organization. Many other programmers received their formal training years ago. The languages they learned then are no longer used, and many features now available in programming languages were not widely known at the time. The result is that many programmers, when given a choice of languages for a new project, use the language with which they are most familiar, even if it is poorly suited for the project at hand. If these programmers were familiar with a wider range of languages and language constructs, they would be better able to choose the language with the features that best address the problem. This is an example of ____.

Readability, Writability, Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Data Type is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Exception Handling is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Writability, Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Expressivity is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Readability, Writability, Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Orthogonality is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria)

Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Restricted Aliasing is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Readability, Writability, Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Syntax Design is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Type Checking is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Writability, Reliability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Consider the list of some important criteria of a programming language. Select the best answer. Support for Abstraction is primarily concerned for this criterion (or criteria).

Operator overloading

[Sebesta01] According to the author. Select the best answer. One of the potential problems is _____, in which a single operator symbol has more than one meaning. Although this is often useful, it can lead to reduced readability if users are allowed to create their own overloading and do not do it sensibly.

Readability

[Sebesta01] According to the author. The following description is about _____. Select the best answer. In the 1970s, the software life-cycle concept (Booch, 1987) was developed; coding was relegated to a much smaller role, and maintenance was recognized as a major part of the cycle, particularly in terms of cost. The ease of maintenance is determined in large part by the ____ of programs. This became an important measure of the quality of programs and programming languages.

loop invariant

[Sebesta03] {I} is a(n) _____ in the following rule in a while-statement in axiomatic semantics: {I} while B do S {I and (not B)}

ambiguous

[Sebesta03] A grammar is ____ if and only if it generates a sentential form that has two or more distinct parse trees

Sentence

[Sebesta03] A(n) ____ is a sentential form that has only terminal symbols

Token

[Sebesta03] A(n) _____ is a category of lexemes (e.g., identifier)

Sentence

[Sebesta03] A(n) _____ is a string of characters over some alphabet.

Lexeme

[Sebesta03] A(n) _____ is the lowest level syntactic unit of a language (e.g., +, *, 123, ...)

b > 3 / 2

[Sebesta03] Compute the weakest precondition for each of the following assignment statement and postcondition: a = 2 * (b - 1) - 1 {a > 0}

Noam Chomsky

[Sebesta03] Context-Free Grammars is developed by ____ in the mid-1950s.

nonterminal

[Sebesta03] In BNF, a rule has a left-hand side (LHS), which is/are _____

LL

[Sebesta03] Leftmost derivation is used in ____ parsing.

operational semantics

[Sebesta03] The change in the state of the machine (memory, registers, etc.) defines the meaning of the statement.

ambiguous

[Sebesta03] The following expr grammar is ____. <expr> → <expr> + <expr> | const

<expr> → <expr> + <term> | <term> <term> → <term> * const | const

[Sebesta03] The following grammar is ambiguous. <expr> → <expr> <op> <expr> | const <op> → * | + Which one of the following grammar is equivalent to this grammar but not ambiguous?

attribute grammar

[Sebesta03] The following grammar is an example of _____. <var>[1].actual_type ← lookup (A) <var>[2].actual_type ← lookup (B) <var>[1].actual_type =? <var>[2].actual_type

denotational semantics

[Sebesta03] The meaning of language constructs are defined by only the values of the program's variables. That is, the state of a program is the values of all its current variables.

An attribute can be inherited but not synthesized.

[Sebesta03] Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? For an attribute grammar, ___

operational semantics

[Sebesta03] ____ describes the meaning of a program by executing its statements on a machine, either simulated or actual.

sentential

[Sebesta03] _____ form is the string of symbols (nonterminals and terminals) in a derivation

assertion

[Sebesta03] _____ is a logic expression in Axiomatic Semantics

precondition

[Sebesta03] _____ is an assertion before a statement stating the relationships and constraints among variables that are true at that point in execution

postcondition

[Sebesta03] _____ is an assertion following a statement which states the relationships and constraints among variables that are true after that point in execution

BNF

[Sebesta03] _____ is equivalent to context-free grammars developed by John Backus

Terminal

[Sebesta03] _____ is lexeme or token, and shows only in right-hand side of a grammar rule.

weakest precondition

[Sebesta03] _____ is the least restrictive precondition that will guarantee the postcondition.

semantics

[Sebesta03] _____ is the meaning of the expressions, statements, and program units.

denotional

[Sebesta03] _____ is the semantics originally developed by Scott and Strachey (1970)

axiomatic

[Sebesta03] _____ semantics is based on formal logic (predicate calculus)

denotational

[Sebesta03] _____ semantics is the semantics based on recursive function theory

a

[Sebesta04] Consider the following parse tree, as discussed in the class. Which one of the following selections is the handle?

handle

[Sebesta04] Which one of the following choices is CORRECT? β is the ___ of the right sentential form γ=αβw if and only if S =>*rm α A w =>rm α β w

phrase

[Sebesta04] Which one of the following choices is CORRECT? β is a(n) ___ of the right sentential form γ if and only if S =>* γ = α1 A α2 =>+ α1 β α2

simple phrase

[Sebesta04] Which one of the following choices is CORRECT? β is a(n) _____ of the right sentential form γ if and only if S =>* γ = α1 A α2 => α1 β α2

right-sentential

[Sebesta04] Which one of the following statements is CORRECT? For bottom-up parsing, the parsing problem is finding the correct RHS in a(n) ____ form to reduce to get the previous ____ form in the derivation

Java applet

[Sebesta1-2] A(n) ____ is a compiled program that runs on the client.

php script

[Sebesta1-2] A(n) ____ is an interpreted program that runs on the server.

Source

[Sebesta1-2] A(n) ____ program is the program that contains the language instructions, or code, to be converted to machine language.

Script

[Sebesta1-2] A(n) _____ is an interpreted program that runs on the client.

visual

[Sebesta1-2] A(n) _____ programming language is a language that uses a graphical interface for creating all source code.

Selection Control Structure

[Sebesta1-2] Consider the following c/c++ statement: if (a>1) a++; This ____ shows how a program takes an action based on a certain condition.

any program instructions that a program never executes

[Sebesta1-2] Dead code is ____.

Tags

[Sebesta1-2] Examples of HTML ____ are <b> to bold text, <p> to indicate a new paragraph, and <hr> to display a horizontal rule across the page

3GL

[Sebesta1-2] In a(n) ____, the programmer uses a programming language (in context free grammar) to tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it.

analyze requirements, design solution, validate design, implement design, test solution, and document solution

[Sebesta1-2] In sequence, the program development cycle consists of six steps

RSS 2.0

[Sebesta1-2] One application of XML is the _____ specification, often used by news Web sites to publish headlines and stories.

Code

[Sebesta1-2] Programmers use a variety of programming languages to write or ____ a program.

Control

[Sebesta1-2] Similar to an applet, an ActiveX ____ is a small program that runs on the client computer instead of the server.

Do-Until Control Structure

[Sebesta1-2] The ______ tests a condition at the end of the loop and continues looping until the condition is true — and then stops.

All of The Above

[Sebesta1-2] The latest version of IDE tools such as Eclipse, Netbean, and Microsoft Studio .NET includes ____.

Object Code or Object Program

[Sebesta1-2] The machine language version that results from compiling a 3GL is called the ____.

C#

[Sebesta1-2] The purpose of ____ is to take the complexity out of C++ and still provide an object- oriented programming language.

COBOL

[Sebesta1-2] Widely used object-oriented languages (that the industry recognizes) include all of the follow except

Assembly

[Sebesta1-2] With this ____ programming language (of a second generation language), a programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes.

Cascading style sheets (CSS)

[Sebesta1-2] ___ contain the formats (style) for how a particular object should display in a Web browser.

RAD (Rapid Application Development)

[Sebesta1-2] ____ is a method of developing software in which the programmer writes and implements a program in segments instead of waiting until the entire program is completed.

BASIC

[Sebesta1-2] ____ is a simple, interactive problem-solving language developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.

Java

[Sebesta1-2] ____ is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems.

Machine

[Sebesta1-2] ____ language, known as the first generation of programming languages, is the only language a computer directly recognizes.

C#

[Sebesta1-2] ____ of Microsoft is an object-oriented language based on C++ and has been accepted as a standard for Web applications and XML-based Web services.

Symbolic instruction codes

[Sebesta1-2] _____ are meaningful abbreviations and codes used in a language as shown below. mov ax, [bx] ;Fetch word at L. add ax, 2[bx] ;Add in word at L+2 (the "1").

TCL

[Sebesta1-2] _____ is an interpreted scripting language that has a companion program called Tool Kit.

C++

[Sebesta1-2] _____ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of the C programming language.

Machine

[Sebesta1-2] _____ language instructions use a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) or a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits.

operational

ts [Sebesta03] The "disassemble" Lisp function provides an ____ semantics of a program.