4.4 Digestion and Nutrition

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body. b. Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function. c. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet. d. Vitamins come in two categories: fat- soluble and water-soluble.

a. Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.

Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure? a. Mouth b. Salivary glands c. Pancreas d. Liver

a. Mouth

accessory organs

accessory organs are the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Fat

add flavor to food and promote a sense of satiety or fullness

Which of the following characteristics is typical of individuals with Types 1 Diabetes? a. Control their diabetes solely by monitoring their diet. b. Are unable to produce insulin. c. Tend to acquire the disease as an adult. d. Do not require insulin injections.

b. Are unable to produce insulin.

What are the ideal average percent body fat ranges for males and females? Yes, that's correct! a. Females, 19-18 and males 19-26 percent body fat b. Females, 19-26 and males, 13- 18 percent body fat c. Females, 32-38 and males, 20-26 percent body fat d. Females, 20-26 and males, 32-38 percent body fat

b. Females, 19-26 and males, 13- 18 percent body fat

Since dietary fiber is indigestible by humans, why is it still important that our diet contains this type of carbohydrate? a. It provides the amino acids we need to build proteins. b. It keeps our intestines healthy and protects us against certain types of cancer. c. It provides vitamins and minerals. d. Dietary fiber is not a necessary or important part of our diet.

b. It keeps our intestines healthy and protects us against certain types of cancer.

Protein

broken down during digestion and the resulting amino acids are absorbed

Carbohydrates

broken down into glucose through biochemical modification

Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies. a. the same number of b. twice as many c. 10-100 times as many d. million times as many

c. 10-100 times as many

A person without an epiglottis would not be able to _______. a. digest carbohydrates b. digest fats c. swallow food without the possibility of choking d. absorb nutrients

c. swallow food without the possibility of choking

Which of these processes occurs in the mouth? a. Ingestion b. Mechanical digestion c. Chemical digestion d. All of the above

d. All of the above

In the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU), a single reaction is blocked in a normal metabolic pathway sequence, and the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be converted to the next chemical step. Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid, builds up in the body and high levels affect the nervous system that lead to mental retardation. What would be a logical treatment for this disorder? a. Antibiotics b. Vitamin supplements c. Increased ingestion of foods high in phenylalanine. d. Eat less foods high in phenylalanine.

d. Eat less foods high in phenylalanine.

Which organ has the greater surface area for absorption of nutrients? a. Large intestine b. Stomach c. Pancreas d. Small intestine

d. Small intestine