5. Equal Rights: Struggling Toward Fairness (summer 2020)

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned

discrimination in public accommodations.

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of ______ classifications even though such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms (Adarand v. Peña), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

- Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. - Preference programs have greater support among African Americans than among whites. - Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

Which of the following describes women and poverty?

- Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live under the poverty line. - Single-parent women work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. - Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses.

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

- Navajo - Pueblo

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination?

- Ted Cruz - Marco Rubio

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

- Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. - The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

- Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. - A states requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

- be college educated. - have a high median income.

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

- been foundational in legal decisions - given moral strength to diverse movements - inspired a hope for eventual equality

Among the laws giving women greater equality in society were laws prohibiting

- certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job. - sexual discrimination in higher education. - sexual discrimination in access to financial credit.

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

- discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods - discriminatory practices in housing - discriminatory practices in mortgage lending

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

- educational institutions - employers

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

- literacy test - whites-only primaries - poll taxes

Which of the following are the rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

- the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples - the rights to openly enlist in the military

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

- women - minorities

Arrange the following items in chronological order starting with the earliest challenge to segregation laws at the top.

1). The supreme Court ends school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. 2). Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider in Montgomery, Alabama. 3). Dr, Martin Luther King Jr. delivers a speech before the participants of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in 1971 but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

What sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

Mexicans

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native reservations.

In 1972, Native Americans organized organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, D>C>, to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics.

The laws refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups more often fight for civil rights.

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

less than a quarter

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act state that designated states and counties must

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group.

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice know as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

redlining

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "______" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

In what area of civil rights were Asian Americans particularly active in the 1960s?

voting rights

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one are in which African Americans have made significant gain is in

winning elective office