5 STEPS TO A 5: 500 Questions - Population (#43-63)

63. For an emigrant, war in his or her homeland is an example of a A) push factor B) draw factor C) pull factor D) force factor E) driving factor

A) A push factor is any circumstance or event that would make someone want to leave his or her home country and migrate elsewhere. Examples include war, famine, disasters, and lack of jobs. Pull factor are the reasons immigrants want to settle in a new country, such as religious freedom or job opportunity.

58. Between 1990 and 1999, population increased in the United states primarily to which factor? A) Increased immigration B) Decreased emigration C) Increased birth rate D) Decreased death rate E) Increased fertility rates

A) During the 1990s, the United States experienced high levels of immigration (people moving to the United States), which contributed to slow population increase. The birth, fertility, and death rates did not change substantially during this decade. Emigration, when people leave their home country to move elsewhere, was also low during this decade.

54. In the United States suburbanization increased in the 1960's and resulted in which of the following? A) Loss of tax base and increased poverty rates in city centers B) Renovation of city centers and increased employment opportunities C) Improved race relations through gentrification D) High unemployment rates in the suburbs as jobs remained downtown E) Increased use of public transportation

A) Loss of tax base and increased poverty are two examples of problems city centers faced following suburbanization if the 1960s. Only in the past decade have city centers attempted to renovate to try to attract people back downtown. Gentrification is the process of turning lower-income neighborhoods into more expensive areas for the upper class. As people moved to the suburbs, many businesses and jobs also relocated out of the city center. The increased popularity of personal cars helped spur suburbanization as the need for public transportation decreased.

48. Which of the following population control examples did Thomas Malthus support? A) The upper class utilizing moral restraint to limit family size B) The upper class paying additional taxes to fund family planning and cleanliness education for the lower class C) Equitably distributing food among all citizens regardless of wealth during times of famine D) Relocationg cities and towns away from stagnant pools and marshy lands to promote better health among all citizens E) Widening city streets in low-income neighborhoods to reduce overcrowding and the spread of disease

A) Malthus believed that only the upper class could enforce moral restraint to limit family size. Additionally, he argued that wealthy families should limit their family size to prevent dividing up their wealth among many heirs. Malthus felt that money should not be taken away from the moral upper class to help the unmoral lower class. He discouraged programs that would help the lower class and actually encouraged poor health habits and poor living conditions among the lower class to reduce the population.

52. Which of the following regions has the highest rate of natural increase? A) Sub-Saharan Africa B) North America C) Australia D) Europe E) Russian Domain

A) Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest rate of natural increase (NRI) due to high birth rates. The RNI is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. North America, Australia, Russian Domain, and Europe all have neutral or negative RNI rates due to low birth rates.

51. Which of the following is not a result of overpopulation? A) Squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro B) Low unemployment rates in Tokyo C) Deforestation in Mumbai D) Overcrowding in Mumbai E) Lack of access to food in Manila

B) A low employment rate is not a result of overpopulation,while insufficient housing, overcrowding, deforestation, land lack of resources are all consequences.

60. In general, which of the following is true about carrying capacity and population? A) Above carrying capacity, population size increases. B) Above carrying capacity, population size decreases. C) Above carrying capacity, population size remains constant. D) Below carrying capacity, population size decreases. E) Below carrying capacity, population size remains constant.

B) Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can support. In general, populations increase when they are below the carrying capacity because there are plenty of resources available for the entire population. However, populations decrease when they are above carrying capacity because resources are not available for everyone.

46. Which of the following is not a contributing factor to the low birth rates in stage four of the demographic transition model? A) Less dependence on child labor B) Reliance on subsistence agriculture C) The education of women D) Availability of health care E) Increased sanitation

B) Stage four of the demographic transition model experiences low birth rates since women are being educated and economics are not dependent on child labor. Subsistence agriculture requires children to work family farms and therefore would actually encourage high birth rates. Increased sanitation and availability of health care would have greater impacts on death rates than birth rates.

56. Which of the following cities is an example of urban primacy? A) Los Angeles B) Buenos Aires C) Toronto D) Moscow E) Rome

B) Urban primacy is when a country has a primary city that is three or four times larger than any other city in the country. It is common in Latin America and can be a problem since so many natural resources are concentrated in one urban area.

44. The demographic transition model suggests that as countries industrialize A) in-migration increases over time B) migration increases from rural to urban areas C) birth and death rates decrease over time D) life expectancy decreases over time E) fertility rates increase over time

C) According the the four stages of the demographic transition model, as countries industrialize, birth and death rates decrease over time due to increased access to health care, education (particularly among women), and other social changes.

61. In order for doubling time to be accurately predicted, which of the following assumptions must be true? A) That the population growth rate fluctuates annually B) That the population growth rate is decreasing annually C) That the population growth rate is constant over a long period of time D) The the population grown rate is increasing one a long period of time E) That the population growth rate is cyclic over a long period of time

C) Measuring the doubling time of a population requires that the growth rate be constant over long periods of time.

43. An Example of a country with a population pyramid that has a large base is A) Japan B) Germany C) Nigeria D) United States E) Russia

C) Nigeria is a country experiencing rapid population growth and has a high percentage of young people approaching or at child-bearing age. The po;elation pyramid with a wide base reflects the high percentage of young people. Japan, Germany, and Russia are all experiencing zero population growth, which would result in a narrow base on the population pyramid. The United Sates is experiencing slow population growth resulting in a slightly larger base that remains relatively constant throughout the ages until slightly decreasing at the top of the pyramid.

50. China's one-child policy is an example of what kind of theory? A) Maximum population theory B) Ideal population theory C) Optimum population theory D) Select Population theory E) Population theory

C) Optimum population theory suggests that there is an optimal size for a population based on resource availability and carrying capacity. China instituted is one-child policy to limit population growth to reach an optimal level. The other choices are not real theories.

59. Food availability, which can control population size, is an example of a A) control factor B) supply factor C) regulating factor D) limiting factor E) managing factor

D) A limiting factor is something that limits population growth. Food, water, and living space are all examples of limiting factors. Without access to these resources, populations cannot grow and eventually decline. The other choices are not real factors.

55. Commercial farming led to what 20th-century population change in North America? A) Urban decentralization B) The growth of the Sunbelt C) Counterurbanization D) Rural-to-urban migration E) The "black exodus" from the South

D) Commercial farming and the increased use of machinery to replace human labor resulted in rural population decline in the United States and Canada in the 1900s. Urban decentralization is the migration of people from city centers to the suburbs. The growth of the Sunbelt began in the 1970s as a result of expanding Southern economy and the low cost of living. The warm weather and availability of air-conditioning were also attractive to Northerners. Counterurbanization is a trend in which people migrate from large cities to small towns for the lower cost of living and job opportunities. The "black exodus" from the South refers to African American populations that migrated from the souther United States to the North and West during the early 20th century because of job availability.

57. The population of developed nations can be described as having A) higher fertility rates than undeveloped countries B) higher crude death rates than undeveloped countries C) higher crude birth rates than undeveloped countries D) lower natural increase than undeveloped countries E) lower life expectancy rates than undeveloped countries

D) Developed countries such as the United States, Australia and France have allowed rate of natural increase than undeveloped countries such as Honduras, Bangladesh, and Chad. Rate of natural increase is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. Undeveloped countries have higher crude birth rates, crude death rates, and fertility rates than developed countries.

62. The age-specific fertility rate (ASFR) among women in the United States from 1955 to 1995 indicates that A) women are having more children and starting families earlier in life B) women are having more children and starting families later in life C) women are having fewer children and starting families earlier in life D) women are having fewer children and starting families later in life E) there is not change in timing or child birth rates during this time period

D) In the United States women had few children in 1995 than in 1955, which is the baby boom era. Also, women are having children later in life; there is a clear shift form women having children in there early twenties in 1955 to women have children in the early thirties in 1995.

49. Which of the following countries contains three megacities, the most of an nation? A) Brazil B) United States C) China D) India E) Mexico

D) India contains three megacities: New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata. A megacity has a population greater that 15 million. The other countries each contain one mega-city: Sao Paulo, Brazil; New York City, United States; Shanghai, China; and Mexico City, Mexico.

47. According to Thomas Malthus's population theory, which of the following is a preventive check on population? A) Famine B) Disease C) War D) Moral restraint E) Disaster

D) Moral restraint is the only example of a preventive check. Disease, war, famine, and disasters are examples of positive checks. In general, preventive checks result in lower birth rates, while positive checks result in higher death rates.

45. The first stage of the demographic transition model indicates that A) total population is low and constant with high birth rates and low death rates B) total population is low and constant with low birth rates and high death rates C) total population is increasing with high birth rates and low death rates D) total population is low and constant with high birth rates and high death rates E) total population is low and constant with low birth rates and low death rates

D) The first stage of the demographic transition model indicates that total population is low and constant due to high birth and death rates. This is common in preindustrial societies where women have many children that help support the household. Population does not increase since death rates remain high due to lace of medical care.

53. Arithmetic population density can be calculated by A) total land area multiplied by total population B) total land area minus total population C) total population multiplied by total land area D) total population minus total population E) total population divided by total land area

E) Arithmetic population density is a measure of population per unit area and therefore equals the total population divided by the total land area.