501 pt 2

Indexing Exhaustivity: Summarization

- Purpose is to summarize the subject content of resource - used in Library cataloging (books contain secondary indexing)

Subject Analysis (Reading for the purpose of)

- take notes - write down common themes - use dictionaries and data to clarify terminologies - get a clear idea about primary and secondary topics (aboutness)

Indexing Exhaustivity: Depth Indexing

- to exhaustively describe subject content of resource - used in article indexing/ web page indexing for resources that often do not have a secondary indexing structure

Vocabulary Control controls...

-systems of VC map the various words that describe concepts - concepts within a thesaurus or headings list

Subject Analysis

1) Obtain Resource 2) Describe Resource in Surrogate Record 3) Subject analyze resource in surrogate record (verbal or classification)

Subject Analysis (Basic Concepts)

1) Reader is focus 2) Collocation using subject criterion 3) Terms must reflect common usage of users of retrieval tool 4) Specific Entry- professional indexers ALWAYS index the most relevant specific term

EPC Membership

10 member international committee. Elected membership represents Dewey users worldwide. Members comes from all types of libraries. Current representation https://www.oclc.org/en/dewey/resources/epc.html: American Library Association Australian Committee on Cataloguing Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals Library of Congress National Library of Canada OCLC

Book Classification ?s

A book is not a starfish: Books, as physical objects, can only be in one place at a time, even if they are about multiple topics Libraries do not buy multiple copies Conceit of the cataloger revisited What about networked resources: Is a webpage a starfish? Comparison of U.S. and European libraries: U.S. libraries: open stacks and "mark and park" European libraries: closed stacks and classified cataloging (i.e., the assignment of book to multiple classes ) Library economy: finite space and money We need a better system: network resources Digital is a real thing/ webpage is ral: surrogate record at url Its its own thing: unique

LCC multiple topics

A work on two or three topics treated equally: Use number for the topic treated first QD412.sA7 C53 1994 - Chemistry of organic arsenic, antimony, and bismuth compounds A work on four or more topics: Use a general number that encompasses all numbers chosen RA566.3 .C48 1992 - Changing U.S. health care: a study of four metropolitan areas

Indexing Exhaustivity- address question

Address the question: How many subject terms per resource - Important to indexers bc of the need to maintain consistency across resources indexed by retrieval tool

Case of journal shelf arrangement

Alphabetic or classified? Alphabetic by title: Less costly to manage What about title changes? Problem: Journals on the same subject are scattered across the collection Classified by subject: Journals arranged by subject Title changes are accommodated Problem: Users must look up call number to find journal (this is not the case with alphabetical arrangement) Alpha or classified How should we arrange journals? Case for both: alpha is easy, not classifying Problem is title changings: alpha Subject: like things are together, but look up call number What works best for your user/library

LCC- classify on single topics

Always use the most specific class number that is co-extensive with the subject matter of the work. If no co-extensive number exists, then the next appropriate broader number should be used. Educational Psychology General Works (LB1051) Educational psychology: a classroom perspective Main entry: author (Goetz) LB1051 .G574 1992

LCC is Enumerative

Aspects of subjects are explicitly provided for (i.e., enumerated, or exhaustive) in the schedules: More "pigeonholes" created in advance to represent very specific topics and topical aspects However, tables are also used synthesize complex class notations (not as often as with the DDC) As an enumerative classification, the LCC schedules are more voluminous than many other schemes: 50 volumes 10,000 pages Much more subject based more voluminous over time: enumerative Scope indicator: schedule individual w/ number- pigeonhole Smooth defacto-universal collection Cookie- warrant LCC schedules- individual entry for letter/number 10,000 pages

Conceptual framework of DDC

Basic classes are organized by discipline (i.e., fields of study). Divisions of DDC: Ten main classes (0XX, 1XX, 2XX, etc), which together cover the entire world of knowledge Each main class is divided into ten divisions (100 total divisions in DDC) Each division is divided into ten sections (1000 total sections in DDC)

LCC classifying

Because of disciplinary aspects of LCC, first check for appropriate schedule to match subject of item in hand and then determine the best class number within the selected schedule. Class item in hand with similar works: Consult existing records Consult class numbers mapped from assigned LCSH Consult LCC outlines Take item and compare to existing records What is similar to this What ketter is roughly corresponds to Then describe content of work/ context consult LCC outline Class, call, and cutter number- more

Subject versus Index

Both are related to the subject analysis of resources

Subject Cataloging vs indexing

Both are related to the subject analysis of resources. Subject cataloging is term used for the subject analysis operations in library cataloging. Indexing is term generally used for the subject analysis operations in various other resource organization contexts, including periodical databases and search engines.

Conceptual Framework of DDC 2

Class 000 is most general: Used for works not limited to any on specific discipline (e.g., encyclopedias, newspapers, general periodicals) Used for certain specialized disciplines that deal with knowledge and information (e.g., library science, computer science, journalism) Each of the other main classes (1XX to 9XX) comprises a major discipline or group of related disciplines. DDC is arranged primarily by discipline and not by subject; therefore, a given subject is likely to appear under more than one class numbers. --- Crystal snowflake harmonic- trying to capture essence Discline; artifact of research academy New phenomenon Innovation by specialization 0- general and librarianship

Rule of Application DDC

Class works covering interrelated subjects with the subject that is being acted upon

DDC: multiple subjects

Class works covering interrelated subjects with the subject that is being acted upon (rule of application): "Shakespeare's Influence on Keats" with Keats "Great Depression's Impact on American Art" with American Art Class works covering two subjects with the subject that is given the fuller treatment.

DDC: Multiple Subject con

Class works covering two subjects equally with the subject whose number appears first in the schedules (first-of-two rule): There may be exceptions in instructions in the schedules Class works covering three or more subjects that are all subdivisions of a broader subject with the first higher subject that includes them all (rule of three): "History of Portugal [946.9], Sweden [948.5] and Greece [949.5]" is classed with the history of Europe at 940.

Book classification tension

Classificationists need to create workable classifications: What is the basis for a classification? What are the ramifications of a classification? How hospitable is a classification to changes in knowledge over time? Classifiers need places to put everything: Is there a place for this thing? Is this thing with other like things?

Classification perspectives

Classificationists: Those who create and edit the conceptual places to put things. Classifiers: Those who place things into these created places when organizing. Cl: people who create and edit, philosophical, conceptual palces to put things, like ideas/knowledge Clers: fits things onto those places; interpret the concept Mutually dependent ONTOLOGY- speaks to the isness that something is/ study of being Automatically sort data to break down the subject matter

Classified Shelf Arrangement of Books

Collocating objective: Bringing like things together on library shelves: Subject criterion: But what about books on multiple topics? Author criterion: But what about books by multiple authors? Need a system for the unique identification of resources in open stack libraries through the use of notational systems and call numbers. ---- Goes back to 2nd lecture: 2nd objedctive Bring together Like w/ like There must be means in place to deal with multipl topic, author= unique identification to facilitate 1st objective

Book classification

Collocating objective: Bringing like things together on library shelves: Subject criterion: What about books on multiple topics? Author criterion: What about books by multiple authors? Subject/author criteria: What about books by the same author, but on different topics? Solving the need for a system of unique identification in open stack libraries through notational systems and call numbers. Search= collocate= like with like How does story end? Looking for rare tone; rats nest of books. Imagine g=how to decide. How to find it again Cannot take for granted, this did much for culture of research.

Authority Work (purpose)

Cutter's objectives: 1) locate item by author (1st part) by subject 2) to show what the library has on subjectt

Relative Index

Disciplinary focus of DDC causes subjects to be scattered across the classification; the Relative Index to the schedules is needed to collocate. Relative index relates subjects to the various disciplines to which they may belong: Journalism - generally found at 070.4 Journalism - civil rights issues at 323.445 Journalism - sociology at 302.23 This is Dewey's theoretical contribution to library classification. --- Shows you in a centralized note where all classnotes are given in your library. How toa ccess the RI= subscribe Integrity of numbers- (with classes and schedules inside it) hierarchical and structure (hierarchy inheritance)

Subject Analysis Jargon

Documentary unit - depends on type of retrieval tool: Monograph in library catalog Chapters in some library catalogs and periodical databases Articles in periodical databases Paragraphs in back of book indexes and search engines Web sites in website directories (rarely maintained) Web pages in search engines Indexable matter - amount of text for each info resource that is subject analyzed. Exhaustivity - how many subject terms to assign to a surrogate? Specificity - how specific are the subject terms for a surrogate

DDC Entries

Each entry contains a Dewey class number and descriptive information: Heading Notes Additional Dewey class numbers may be: In parentheses - these numbers provide alternatives to standard practices In brackets - these numbers represent subjects that have been discontinued or relocated

EPC

Editorial Policy Committee

DDC Revision Process: Role of EPC

Editorial Policy Committee (EPC) works closely with DDC editors to: Suggest changes Facilitate innovations Monitor general development of the Classification EPC reviews all versions of the Classification: Print WebDewey Full edition Abridged edition

LCSH Subject Headings

Example entry for a subject heading contains: Semantic neighborhood Class number(s) Scope note(s) References Specific types of subject headings: Topical Form: bibliography, atlas, etc Name: persons, corporate bodies, uniform titles Geographic

DDC: Types of Revisions

Expansion: Introduction of new subject as part of a class scheme Provides more minute subdivisions Circulatory System example (612.1) in WebDewey - http://connexion.oclc.org/ (100055258) Reduction: Rarely used subdivisions are deleted and marked by brackets ([]) in the class scheme listing "Starvation policy" allows DDC to phase out the deleted numbers with the next edition printed

Historical Development of DDC

First published 1876 - "A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloging and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library:" Current edition: 23rd Abridged versions available Most widely used classification scheme in the world (135 countries - translated into 30 languages). Innovations: Relative index Integrity of numbers (with 2nd edition) --- 23rd edition of DDC Living system: web tools Good class system has index- fin things quickly Relative index: organized by discipline, not subject = about what discipline is likely to use this matter. This would make things all over.- subject

DDC Classifying

First, determine subject of work. Second, determine discipline of work. Third, translate findings into appropriate DDC class ---- Subject-class- Who is going to use the work? Last- control effective vocab- thesaurus

LCC- classify by time period

For works treating a topic with regard to a particular time period. For those works spanning two periods, use earliest. DC History of France: DC725 Earliest to 1515 DC727 16th century DC729 17th-18th centuries DC731 1789-1815 DC733 1815-1870 DC735 1871-1914 DC736 1914-1921 DC737 1922- DC731 .S42 - Visit to Paris in 1814; being a review of the moral, political, intellectual, and social condition of the French capital, by John Scott

Vocabulary Issues

Growth of knowledge (i.e., the introduction of new concepts to a domain). Jargon: Maintenance of new headings (i.e., the introduction of new terms to represent existing concepts in a domain) Maintenance of entry terms (i.e., the introduction of new terms to represent existing concepts in a domain) Techniques for managing synonymy. Techniques for managing homonymy (i.e., disambiguation).

DDC: Classifying Second Determine Discipline

Guiding principle is that a work is classed in the discipline for which it is intended rather than in the discipline from which the work is derived. This enables works that are used together to be shelved together. Example: Zoologist's book on agricultural pest control would be classed with other books on pest control rather than with other books on zoology.

Library Economy (new problems)

Hight cost: human created metadata maintenance of authority fils and right side content Solution for Subject Analysis: centralize and distribute

Book Classification ?s

How do libraries provide for the collocation of like books (2nd Cutter objective) while at the same time facilitating the retrieval of known items (1st Cutter objective)? Cutter's solution - the two part call number: Call number is made up of the class notation (classmark) and the Cutter number The classmark provides for the fulfillment of the collocation objective The system for Cuttering provides unique call within each library that provides for the known item retrieval objective How do you collocate like with like How do you retrieve items Cutter's 1 and 2, then do it in one step 2 part call number: subject matter, then cutter number Cuttering gives unique identifier and tells how it related to every other book. Class mark will be the same, but Cutter number is location: not the same Find it again and again:

Book Classifications ?s 3

How many books should be grouped together in the stacks (the efficient browsing problem): Broad classification Detailed ("close") classification How should books within each class be displayed (the subarrangement problem). We will compare the needs of the typical research library, with its larger collection of specialized books, with the typical public library, with its smaller collection of broader books. Subrrangement depends on what type of libtrary: linnean system narrows Arrange depends where

Characteristics of an LIS Classification System

Inclusive and comprehensive. Systematic. Flexible and expansive/hospitable to new knowledge. Employ terminology that is clear and descriptive. Indexed. ---- *** KNOW these Inclusive and comprehensive: cover everything that the library conceptually covers. (public, law, history) Systematic: plan in place. Not just a list Flexible: knowledge is dynamic. Change; remember; learn. Clear and descriptive: Index: there is a technolpgy/ quick access the terms used in the system; find content classification

Indexing

Indexing is term generally used for the subject analysis operations in various other resource organization contexts, including periodical databases and search engines.

Library Economy (previous problems)

Information organization = high cost of human-created descriptive metadata AND maintenance of authority files and right side content

LLC - consistent structure

Initially, Charles Martel provided basis for consistent structuring across divisions: General forms: periodicals, societies, dictionaries, etc Theory. Philosophy History Treatises. General works Law, Regulations. State relations (now relocated to K) Study and teaching Special subjects and their subdivision from general to specific Classifiers still true to these for guidance but vary more. Broadest conceptual division: recursive system Top level, within each letter: general forms Initial systematic approach for breaking down areas in LCC: more granularity Better for some subjects Went from humanities base to Internal structure became less important to maintain LCC : one to two levels Many editors: knows how to structure Creation of schedule

Library Classification

Inspired by scientific classification: Early library classificationists were leaders in the application of classification principles outside of the scientific domain However, book classification provided challenges in comparison to the classification of natural objects In other words, "Is a book like a starfish?" Historically, U.S. libraries used classification for shelf arrangement, while European libraries used classification to facilitate retrieval of surrogates: Open stacks require a system for shelf arrangement of books Closed stacks rely on the catalog to provide logical groupings Single book can be full of many different thing; s urrogate record links Determie where one thing should be in collection Book is not finite; different Closed stack are still common- special collections Access points are subject specific. Digital object can be many places In open, there must be classification" serendipity: what goes to the left and right of it

LCC Editors

LCC has been referred to as a series of special classifications (though compare with NLM). However individual LCC schedules are structured identically: Preface Broad outline Detailed outline The schedule, itself Any necessary auxiliary tables Detailed index very structured, planned DDC revision is structured too LCC: needs of collection determine how it is going to grow. Add existing schedules. Cookie dough

Shelf-arrangement and sub-arrangement

Library classification schemes provide: A systematic method for shelf arrangement in open stack libraries A systematic method for sub-arrangement within each class To accomplish this goal, catalogers synthesize (i.e., create) class numbers to represent the subject of a book. This process remains perimetric to the user, i.e., the user is more interested in the fact that books are collocated on the shelf rather than how the numbers were determined. ---- Classification facilitates shelf arrangement. Open= everything has number Trying to create class numbers- synthesize into DDC= disciplines Parametric: on the parimeter Users don't need to know how number is created, just how to use it to find content

LCSH

Library of Congress Subject Headings

LCC General Points

Mixed notation. All letters are not used (reserved for expansion). Subject specialists develop and maintain the class schedules (volumes organizing the classes), rather than centralized editors as is the case with the DDC. Designed to meet the needs of the collection of the Library of Congress.*** Literary warrant for LOC: LCC designed for Literary warrant: star w/ collection, they need to know the content of library. They began to classify what they had in shared library. Sheer abundance= Literary warrant: what is actually written, printed, distributed Strictly based on what is in their collection LCC uses mixed notation: letters and number Combination A-Z 2 number combination= Much broader range Drive for more precision- subject specialist More freedom in LCC Based on literary warrant: Schedules developed with reference to what has been published. Hierarchical; however, NOT reflected in notation. LCC Classification outline - http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/lcco.html: Divided into main classes according to academic discipline or areas of study and then into subclasses representing branches of those disciplines Larger range of letters for History (C-G) and Social Sciences (H-L) Numerals used range from 1-9999 with frequent gaps

Literary Warrant

New headings are generated based on need as indicated by the emergence of new subjects in the published literature that has been selected for library collections. Therefore, the LCSH is NOT a comprehensive subject headings list: It represents what the LC collection holds HOWEVER, the LC collection holds a lot!! Grows by accretion over time as new headings are added that match what authors are writing about over time.

Classmarks

Notation marks

Notational Systems

Notation marks (aka: "classmarks") represent a book's subject class, including its relation to other subject classes in a classification scheme. Most common types: "Mono" - e.g., DDC employs Arabic numerals "Poly" - e.g., LCC employs an alpha-numeric notation Mnemonics: Repeating class notation patterns throughout classification This technique is also used in the MaRC system ---- Genius- to have these 2 things Mono- numeral Poly- alpha numeric ( more combos) Once you learn call number/ notational system: the use mnemonic device= library economy = repeating pattern Memory aiding device D,H, J= areas

DDC notes

Notes provide additional information that is not obvious from a class's position in the notational hierarchy. Classes of notes: Notes that describe what is found in a class Including notes Notes that describe what is found in other classes Notes that explain changes or irregularities

Classification in Context

Obtain resource. Describe resource in surrogate record. Subject analyze resource in surrogate record: Verbal Classification DDC (Begin Final Quest) LCC (Magical Boon Acquired) Networked Resources (Daunting Boss Battle

LCSH structural elements

One-word subject headings (nouns). Two-word subject headings (nouns and adjectives): normal word order inverted word order More than 2 words: Use of conjunctions and prepositional phrases. Parenthetical qualifiers. BT, NT, Use, UF, RT and SA (the latter defined as "general 'see also' relationships").

LCSH history

Our goal is to learn to interpret the LC subject heading assigned to resources rather than learning how to construct headings for them. Begun in 1898 with Charles Cutter and his plan for a dictionary, rather than a classified, catalog: Direct access to subjects in alphabetic list Easier for endusers to look up subjects 5 volumes (the "Reds"). Over 245,000 headings (and countless entry terms

Subject Analysis

Pre-coordinated versus post-coordinated (ad hoc) terms. Collocation by subject. Computer "matching:" Indexers vocab match vocab users The computer is getting a little smarter, e.g., misspellings Today: Vocabulary = LCSH

LCC expansion

Proposals for changes originate with LC catalogers: Anomalies New topics Some methods for expansion: Using unused letters (I, O, W, X, and Y) Adding third letter (or sometimes a fourth) Extending existing numbers decimally Expanding use of cuttering

Shared Authority files

Purpose: to map from alternative forms of terms to authorized forms - to provide a common source for cataloging/metadata record content (data entry purposes)

Subject Analysis (Step 1)

Read for subject analysis to generate concepts that describe the 'aboutness' of the information resource - don't read entire work -READ: preface, TOC, Intro, Special texts

Classification of knowledge vs particular collection

Relates to the intent of the classification: Classification of knowledge approach provides pigeonholes for all possible subjects in advance of the use of that classification Particular collection approach has mechanism to create new pigeonholes as resources are added to collection (literary warrant) DDC began as universal, but updates to the classification are now through literary warrant. LCC began through literary warrant, but the nature of the LC collection makes the LCC a de facto universal scheme. DDC was universal, but uodates based on warrant LLC: functions as both bc breadth of coverage

DDC: Types of Revisions

Relocations: To rectify an improper placement To eliminate duel provisions To make room for new subjects when there is not available number room To realign fields of knowledge Reconstructed schedules ("Phoenix schedules"): An entire schedule is reconstructed without regard to previous divisions Rarely used due to integrity of numbers practice

Lexical and Orthographic variation

Same concept, different spellings: Varying word forms Differences across cultures and countries - http://popvssoda.com Changes over time Examples: Varying word forms: Clothes clothing Differences across cultures and countries: Orthopedics orthopaedics Catalog catalogue Changes over time: On line on-line online

Abbreviations

Same concept, different word forms: Depends on the intended use of the controlled vocabulary Abbreviations are normally spelled out Exceptions for those concepts with worldwide recognition

Synonmy

Same concept, different words cat to felines

Word Sequences

Same multiword concept, different word order: Inversion is the process of reversing word order Used to collocated like with like Examples: Educational psychology psychology, educational Right of asylum asylum, right of

DDC

Schedules and tables summaries entries notes

DDC note examples

Scope notes - see 700 Former-heading notes - see 281.63 Variant-name notes - see 332.32 Class-here notes - see 371.192

DDC Principle of Hierarchy

Structural hierarchy (inheritance): Whatever is true of the whole is true of the parts This is termed "hierarchical force" Example: All classmarks under 5XX are related to the natural sciences and/or mathematics All classmarks under 612.1... are related to blood and circulation Notational hierarchy (relationships between concepts): Subordinate: 621.4 is subordinate to 621 Coordinate: 621.4 is coordinate with 621.6 Superordinate: 621 is superordinate to 621.4 --- Whatever is true of the whole is true of the parts Sub- below ( larger Coordinate- same plane Super- above Changes to ddc: happen systematically- suggestions go to LOC Not rivals Expansion, revision, modifications Classmark for new knowledge

Subject Cataloging

Subject Bibliography work: specific to subject/ library cataloging. - monograph, e-book = Classic catalog for surrogate records (MaRc or RDA

DDC: Classifying- First-Determine Subject

Subject analysis is central to library classification. Must determine the intent of the author by examining: Title - never the sole source (Who Moved my Cheese?) Table of contents - lists main topics discussed Preface and introduction - can indicate author's intent Scanning text, itself - provides guidance and confirmation Bibliographic references - can also list topics discussed Outside sources - helpful for verifying advanced subject

DDC Revision Process

Suggestions sent to Library of Congress. Reviewed by: LC - Decimal Classification Division OCLC - Forest Press 6 DDC editors Editorial Policy Committee (EPC)

DDC Summary

Summaries provide an overview of the structure of a class. "Birds eye view" of a section of the DDC to help classifier to focus in on the possible class numbers for a work. Because of hierarchical force, summaries at main class, divisional and sectional levels hold for all subordinate class numbers

Indexing Exhaustivity: Continuum

Summarization = Depth Indexing

Equivalence Relationship (Use and Use for)

Synonyms - http://classificationweb.net/: feline heartworm Dirofilaria imitis Variant spellings: dog dogs History notes: acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS Inverted multi-word headings: psychology, educational educational psychology

DDC Tables

Table 1 - Standard Subdivisions: Contains mnemonics for standard subdivisions Used to add facets to the class number (education is 072, geographical is 09, etc) Table 2 - Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Persons: Contains mnemonics for geographical areas, etc Used to add geographic facets to the class number: United States is 973 Southeastern states is 975 Alabama is 976.1 Tuscaloosa County is 976.184 Table 3 - Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Forms: Contains mnemonics for subdivisions for the arts, for individual literatures, for specific literary forms Tables 3A-3C needed to determine specific notation to be used Table 4 - Subdivisions of individual languages and language families. Table 5 - Racial, ethnic, national groups. Table 6 - Languages. Table 7 - Groups of persons.

Classification Definition

The act of organizing a body of knowledge into a systematic order. In libraries: The systematic arrangement by subject of resources (books and other materials) on shelves, or of catalog and index entries, in a manner that is most useful to those who read or those who seek a definite piece of information: Includes ~ Shelving device Includes ~ Organization device Act of organizing a body of knowledge in a systematic order- system, plan Library classification- act of organizing body of knowledge, subject, in a useful manner for those seeking definite pieces of information. Satisfy curiosity- find what is needed Shelving device; know where things should go Organization device; what concepts go where in your library- conceptual

DDC Number building

The synthesis of two numbers to create a complex Dewey class number. Can be multiple Dewey numbers synthesized into a single number: Book on advertising in libraries 659.1902 Use 659.19 for advertising in special organizations 02 for libraries (dropping the trailing 0 from 020) Can be synthesized: Using one of seven Dewey tables Using a "Number-build note" - see 353.13263

Subject Analysis by Catalogers

These guidelines are taken from the Subject Headings Manual that is used by all catalogers. Example: Titles and subtitles are important because they sometimes state in the words of the author or publisher the subject matter of the work If the title is misleading, euphemistic, or cryptic, do not use the title of the work as a guide to the contents of the work If the title is general, but the work is actually on a more specific topic, assign a heading for the specific topic

Assigning Headings to Works

These rules are taken from the Subject Headings Manual that is used by all catalogers. Example: Assign one or more subject headings that best summarize the content of the work Assign headings only for topics that comprise at least 20% of the work Sometimes, 1 heading is sufficient; generally a maximum of 6 is appropriate, but never more than 10 Assign headings that are as specific as the topics they cover

Subject Analysis by catalogers

Titles and subtitles are important because they sometimes state in the words of the author or publisher the subject matter of the work If the title is misleading, euphemistic, or cryptic, do not use the title of the work as a guide to the contents of the work If the title is general, but the work is actually on a more specific topic, assign a heading for the specific topic

Subject Analysis (Part 2)

Translate concepts intot he controlled vocabulary of the information retrieval tool

LCC classify general works

Under most numbers with subdivisions, a number is designated for "general works." RJ Pediatrics: Nursing of children. Pediatric Nursing General Works (RJ245) RJ245 .W47 2003 - Wong's nursing care of infants and children; Main entry: title PN Drama: Motion Pictures General Works (PN1994) PN1994 .R5684 2004 - Essential cinema: on the necessity of film canons; Main entry: author (Rosenbaum)

Subject Analysis Rules

Unlike descriptive bibliography = keys to the kingdom Not specific rules for SA Guidelines taken by SH manual Work bwn Subject in the mind; open to interpretation (indexer, publisher, etc) This in not arbitrary. Guidelines: titles, sub, headings, subheading, divisions like chapters Search unedited works Assign the most relelvant: Space opera vs science fiction

Cuttering

Used to create call numbers (UIs) for individual library collections. Provides the link between the surrogate record and the actual item in the collection. Provides for both subject and non-subject (e.g., author) oriented sub-arrangement in open stack libraries. After the classmark notation is determined, then the cuttering process begins. Use a cutter table: There may be more - http://staff.library.mun.ca/staff/toolbox/tables/lccutter.htm than one - http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/cuttertable.htm cutter table floating around!! Cuttering is a flexible process; only use table as a guide Steps for cuttering: Determine first letter of main entry (most often taken from 100 tag; but could be 245 tag) Use number associated with second letter of main entry Add additional numbers until call number is unique Add date Different in practice. LCC needs main entry Cutter number- designated to create unique identifier (UI) How to distinguish one work from another- Ac15.f6 Call number - search Click - staff view Marc record- Note the top- Class mark + cutter mark F- fiske 5- Ht- double cuttering Geography and author? Cuttering may not match the table April 30 final

DDC using the tables

When analyzing Table One numbers (and Table One numbers ONLY), looking for the connecting "0" between subject and facet. Look up subject class in the schedules. Look up facet class in Table One. Most of the time, the connecting

LCC complex/works

Works covering multiple facets of a single topic. If available, use a class number representing all facets: Idea of the English landscape painter: genius as Alibi in the early nineteenth century, by Kay Dian Kriz ND1354.5 .K75 1997 If number covering all facets is not available, go with the emphasized or more prominent facet: Elizabethan miniatures, by Carl Winter ND1337.G7 .W5 1955

Controlled vocabulary problems

abbreviations, lexical, orthographic, tech language, synonmy

Shared authority files (description)

authority files include LCNAF and ULAN

Reverse cutter

by topical aspect is also sometimes available - this is termed "reserve cuttering." Style. Composition. Rhetoric: P301 - General Works P301.3.A-Z - General Works by region or country P 301.5.A-Z - Special Aspects A-Z P301.5.I34 - Idioms

Authority files (for subject analysis)

called controlled vocabularies

Library Economy (solutions)

for description- centralize cataloging work whenever possible, include authority files Distribute metadata and authority records using MARC/RDA encoding

Shared authority files (maintenance)

maintained outside of cataloging/metadata files; shared across institutions

(DDC) Interdisciplinarity

predictable

Synonymy

relate different words that represent the same concept

Homonymy def

same word, different concepts

Homonymy

to distinguish bwn different concepts with same name

Technical Languages

use depends on the user group

Natural Language Variation and vocabulary control

variations occur over time and location -same concept, different words