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When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

association

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that:

associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

Conditioning is a form of ____________ learning in which a behavior becomes more likely because the organism links that behavior with certain events in its environment.

associative

Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing.

automatic

Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing.

automatic/ phonemic

Cigarette smoking reduces life expectancy by __________. a. 5 years b. 10 years c. 20 years d. 25 years

b. 10 years

Which of the following statements is true regarding imprinting? a. Imprinting occurs only in humans. b. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all. c. Imprinting provides clear evidence of synaptic change. d. Imprinting can be learned at any age.

b. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all.

Under which of of the following circumstances is classical conditoning most likely to succeed? a. the organism is no longer rewarded for exhibiting the CR. b. the UCS and the CS are paired close together in time. c. the desired behavior is reinforced with intrinsically rewarding stimuli. d. the organism can generalize the association to stimuli similar to the CS.

b. The UCS and the CS are paired close together in time.

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______. a. organized response to a repeated stimulus b. link between two events in the environment c. voluntary response that diminishes over time d. ever-changing model of behavior based on repetition

b. link between two events in the environment

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________. a. conditioning b. modeling c. imprinting d. habituation

b. modeling

Some people continue smoking cigarettes because it reduces stress, social isolation, and appetite. From a learning perspective, these reductions can be considered as ___________. a. conditioned stimuli b. negative reinforcers c. conditioned responses d. instinctive drifts

b. negative reinforcers

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. a. latent learning b. observational learning c. integrative learning d. enactive learning

b. observational learning

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. a. explicit conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational conditioning d. backward conditioning

b. operant conditioning

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. a. catalyst b. reinforcer c. converter d. unconditioned stimulus

b. reinforcer

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. a. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus b. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place c. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly d. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

b. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking: coolness, peer acceptance, and looking like an adult. All of these rewards are ____________ reinforcers. a. conditioned b. secondary c. primary d. explicit

b. secondary

Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of: A. retrograde amnesia. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. anterograde amnesia.

C. retroactive interference

Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory. A. priming B. working C. semantic D. implicit

C. semantic

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. A. stimulus generalization B. habituation C. shaping D. backward conditioning

C. shaping

The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes. A. visual B. auditory C. somatosensory D. olfactory

C. somatosensory

While studying ______________ processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?" A. phonemic B. effortful C. structural D. semantic

C. structural

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called: A. a Type I error. B. a heuristic. C. the serial position effect. D. retrograde amnesia.

C. the serial position effect.

In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon if short-term memory called: A. the law of primacy. B. the reminiscence bump. C. the serial position effect. D. free recall.

C. the serial position effect.

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following?

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

Punishment involves: A)increasing the frequency of a behavior by removing a stimulus. B)developing an association between an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus. C)converting an orienting response into habituation. D)decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus.

D)decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. If Pavlov's dogs did not salivate to a buzzer but only to a bell, then this phenomenon would be an example of ___________. A)forward conditioning B)stimulus generalization C)backward conditioning D)stimulus discrimination

D)stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Retrieving information from memory B. Rehearsing the stored process C. Storing information about a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus

D. Attending to a stimulus

For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Consolidation

D. Consolidation

____________ processing occurs when one carefully attends and puts conscious effort into remembering information. A. Automatic B. Structural C. Phonological D. Effortful

D. Effortful

Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

_______________can reverse age-related reductions in neural growth (neurogenesis).

Enrichment or enriched environments

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response Example: meat powder in Pavlov experiment

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior. Etiology Enology Ethology Entomology

Ethology

Which of the following is true about explicit memory?

Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts & events

Stimulus generalization

Extension of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli Example: Dogs salivate to buzzer and bell

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the dogs gradually stopped salivating to the bell once they learned that the bell wasn't accompanied by meat powder. This phenomenon is an example of ___________.

Extinction

The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of the pairing of unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli is called ___________.

Extinction

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? Conscientiousness Agreeableness Extraversion Intuitiveness

Extraversion

For every 10 cars Gus sells, he gets three days of vacation time. Gus's sales are being reinforced according to a ____________.

FIXED RATIO

An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus. True False

False

Consolidation is storing new memories for access when needed. True False

False

Explicit memory refers to memory information that should be ignored. True False

False

Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist. True False

False

Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent. True False

False

T/F Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment

False

T/F: An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.

False

T/F: The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.

False

The episodic buffer holds auditory information in working memory. True False

False

The primacy effect refers to memory for important items on a list. True False

False

There are two types of explicit memory: declarative and non-declarative. True False

False

T/F: Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.

False (occurs when information in short-term memory moves to long-term memory)

T/F: Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.

False (physiologist)

T/F Children are not affected by watching violent cartoons or movies

False, Various studies support the idea that children imitate violence they see, especially if it is reinforced or rewarded.

A factory pays its employees on Wednesdays, and on Thursdays employee productivity seems to be a little slow. The productivity gradually increases over the week and reaches its peak on Wednesday. This is an example of which of the following types of schedules?

Fixed interval

What are four schedules of reinforcement?

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule Variable ratio (VR) schedule Fixed-interval (FI) schedule Variable-interval (VI) schedule

Under which of the following schedules does reinforcement follow a set number of responses? -Variable-ratio schedule -Variable-interval schedule -Fixed-interval schedule -Fixed-ratio schedule

Fixed-ratio schedule

Is forward or backward conditioning more successful?

Forward

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Giving a child a "time-out" from a play session for throwing tantrums

Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma?

Glasgow Coma Scale

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus Having experiences repeated over a short period of time Converting a change in response into habituation Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

What did Albert Bandura propose?

He proposed that we learn both by doing and watching the behavior of others. Also, social learning works through reinforcement

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory?

Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory?

Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation.

What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?

Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning

Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions? Cerebellum Amygdala Hippocampus Corpus callosum

Hippocampus

____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. Imprinting Habituation Association Shaping

Imprinting

____________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning. Stimulus discrimination Spontaneous recovery Association Imprinting

Imprinting

________provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning.

Imprinting

What are four learning processes that illustrate the dynamic interplay between nature and nurture in learning?

Imprinting Imitation Synaptic Change Brain growth with enrichment

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning

In contrast to classical conditioning, which modifies an involuntary behavior (such as salivation), operant conditioning works when voluntary behavior is made more likely by its consequences. In classical conditioning, two things become linked because they occur together, whether or not they are inherently rewarding.

Primary reinforcer

Innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (such as food, water, sex, artificial sweetner, drugs, caffeine, and nicotine)

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment.

Instinctive drift

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment. Instinctive drift Conditioned response Stimulus generalization Backward conditioning

Instinctive drift

Classical conditioning modifies__________behavior.

Involuntary

How can concentration meditation help an individual?

It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.

Which of the following is true about automatic processing?

It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task

Which of the following is true about short-term memory?

It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem.

Which of the following is true about effortful processing?

It is the basis of semantic memory.

Latent learning

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs learning sometimes stays hidden until the learner is motivated to perform. Edward Tolman experiment in which rats began to perform better in maze when rewarded or in other words, motivated to do so.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?

Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

Sasha has a severe back pain. Which of the following is an opioid that the doctor is likely to prescribe as an analgesic?

Oxycodone

What were the results of the experiments conducted on participants who were variously administered mild pain, imagined pain, and hypnotized pain?

Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain.

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light, when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this study?

Loud noise

According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder?

MDMA

What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do?

Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time

Behaviorism aims to study behavior in ________ways.

Measurable

Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory?

Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.

Learning and __________ work together

Memory

Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply?

Mia is in REM sleep

_______ neurons are at least partially responsible for modeling behavior exhibited in observational learning.

Mirror neurons

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

Modeling

Which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery?

Months ago, Dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she had a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge.

Difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases desired behaviors while punishment decreases the frequency of behavior

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a ______________stimulus.

Neutral

Schedules of reinforcement

Patterns of intermittent reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement.

_________ benefits neural growth.

Physical exercise

Which of the following sequences correctly depicts the general pathway of a sound entering the outer ear?

Pinnae-Auditory canal-Tympanic membrane

Which of the following studies has employed forward conditioning?

Presenting a loud noise before a puff of air is blown on a cat's face

____________ reinforcers are innate and often satisfy biological needs.

Primary

What are two types of reinforcers?

Primary and Secondary

_______reinforcers are innate whereas _________reinforcers are learned.

Primary, secondary

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. Reinforcers Punishers Stimulators Converters

Punishers

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior.

Punishment

Learning occurs when information moves from __________ memory to ____________ memory.

Short term, Long term

What happens during sleep that influences our memory?

Similar pattern of brain activity from what was performed throughout the day is replayed in the hippocampus and the visual cortex. In other words, brains spontaneously, and without effort, rehearse and consolidate what has been learned throughout the day.

Which of the following statements regarding sound waves is true?

Sound waves must travel through some medium or we cannot hear them.

____________ weakens when they aren't used regularly, resulting in forgetting and loss of learning.

Synaptic connections

Alisha is employed as an air traffic controller. Which of the following abilities would be vital for Alisha?

The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity

Positive punishment

The addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior Example: spanking a child (added stimulus) decreases undesirable behavior

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, what was the automatic response?

The dogs started salivating.

Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? The firing of mirror neurons The presence of reinforcement The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system The activation of conditioned stimulus

The firing of mirror neurons

Conditioned taste aversion

The learned avoidance of a particular taste or food. Example: Erika's chocolate doughnut and deep-sea fishing experience led to this, the learned avoidance of a particular taste when nausea occurs at about the same time as the food.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

The natural automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus Unlearned responses Example: Salvation in Pavlov experiment, pressure on eye causes you to blink, tapping below kneecap makes the leg jerk forth

Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior?

The perceptual load theory

Positive reinforcement

The presentation or addition of stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur Example: giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time would be positive reinforcement if it led to students submitting their assignments on time

Association

The process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so we begin to connect them in our minds.

Operant conditioning

The process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior. organisms learn from consequences of their behavior

Imprinting

The rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth

Shaping

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior Gradual rewarding

Negative reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus after behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior Frequently stimulus removed is something unpleasant Example: Annoying beeping in car does not go away until you fasten your seatbelt; the result of you continuing to use your seatbelt is an example of negative reinforcement

Negative punishment

The removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior Example: Revoking a child's TV watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling that results in the child not hitting anymore

Which of the following describes Weber's law?

The size of a just noticable difference in stimuli perception is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.

Habituation is often regarded as ______________. a. the simplest form of learning b. the chance association of two stimuli c. a "false alarm" d. a common orienting response

a. the simplest form of learning

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: a. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. b. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. c. the meat powder and salivation. d. salivation and the sound of the apparatus.

a. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood?

amphetamines

Learning

an enduring change in behavior that occurs with experience

According to the observation of Singer and colleagues, when one sees a loved one in pain, the ______ and the insula regions of the brain become activated.

anterior cingulate cortex

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer?

The treat

T/F: A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.

True

T/F: A stimulus is a thing or event.

True

T/F: Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event.

True

T/F: Classical conditioning is a type of learning.

True

T/F: Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.

True

T/F: Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.

True

T/F: Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

True

T/F: Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.

True

T/F: Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.

True

T/F: The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."

True

T/F: To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.

True

The Serial Position Curve refers to the results of a memory task for learning a list of items. True False

True

The recency effect occurs because of items still in short term memory. True False

True

The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual information in working memory. True False

True

To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus. True False

True

T/F Pulling an all-nighter is not a good way to study for an exam

True, Memory is impaired after a night of poor sleep; sleep, especially REM sleep, consolidates and strengthens memory.

T/F Imprinting can be learned soon after birth---or not at all

True, after a certain age, imprinting cannot be learned, unlearned, or relearned---it cannot be modified at all.

T/F Humans and lab rats basically learn in the same way

True, most animals learn from association (classical conditioning) and reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Without learning, the _______ always produces the ______

UCS, UCR Example: meat powder (UCS) always led to salivation (UCR) in Pavlov experiment

Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?

When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur

During the classic study of the power of conditioning techniques, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned Little Albert to develop a fear of ___________.

White fluffy objects

Can a conditioned response be unlearned?

Yes, extinction can occur if CS is no longer met by UCS E.g if bell no longer resulted in the receiving of food

In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus that was presented to the dog was:

a bell sound.

Conditioning

a form of association learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment e.g. Erika was ___________ to feel nausea to chocolate doughnuts because she associated that food with the growing motion sickness she felt as the boat left the yacht harbor

Classical conditioning

a form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response organisms learn from the relations between stimuli modification of stimulus response(S-R) relationships with experience Example: Ivan Pavlov dog experiment in which dogs linked the ringing of a bell to receiving food and salivated to the sound of the bell

Sensitivity period

a period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular situation or stimulus.

What are the two most fundamental criteria for stimulus-response conditioning to succeed?

1. Multiple pairings of UCS and neutral stimulus (CS) are necessary for an association to occur and for the CS to produce the conditioned response. 2. The UCS and CS must be paired or presented very close together in time in order for an association to form

What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer?

2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's: A. forgetting curve. B. serial position effect. C. neurological basis for forgetting. D. connection between memory and the amygdala.

A. forgetting curve.

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A. ginkgo biloba B. portulaca oleracea C. echinacea D. St. John's wort

A. ginkgo biloba

Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her: A. implicit memory. B. priming. C. semantic memory. D. episodic memory.

A. implicit memory.

In Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a limited number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer

A. phonological loop

The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage. A. primacy B. recency C. halo D. intermediate

A. primacy

Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of: A. rehearsal. B. repression. C. retrieval. D. recognition.

A. rehearsal.

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____________ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes. A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment B. remembering new experiences C. processing and recalling language communicated to them D. recalling information about previous injuries

A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment

In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. structural processing D. phonemic processing

A. semantic processing

Participants in studies of __________________ are asked to think about the meaning of the words. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. effortful processing D. phonemic processing

A. semantic processing

Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the: A. subcortex. B. neocortex. C. parietal lobe. D. temporal lobe.

A. subcortex.

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. A. talk B. listen C. lift D. run

A. talk

Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______. A. transcranial direct current stimulation B. cortical stimulation C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. peripheral nerve and field stimulation

A. transcranial direct current stimulation

Which of the following is the most widely used depressant?

Alochol

Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case?

Amygdala

Reinforcer

An internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior Has to be something you want

In the 1950's John Garcia and his colleagues wondered whether the rats had developed a taste aversion for the food and water they had consumed while they received radiation. Which of the following statements is true as per this research conducted by John Garcia?

An organism cannot be conditioned to respond to just any "neutral" stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is the basic idea behind operant conditioning?

Any behavior that becomes reinforced becomes strengthened and is more likely to occur in the future.

Association

Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of?

Audience's focused attention

Catalina ate a candy bar and then went on a fast-moving ride in an amusement park. She was sick to her stomach after the ride and now, Catalina cannot eat candy bars, because they make her nauseous. In this learned association, the candy bar serves as a(n) ___________ to Catalina. A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned response D) unconditioned stimulus

Drake teaches his three-year-old daughter, Sarah, how to sharpen a pencil. The next day, Sarah successfully sharpens her pencils. This scenario is an example of ______. A) dark adaption B) mimicry C) learning by association D) habituation

Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________. A) conditioning B) modeling C) imprinting D) habituation

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A) Thomas is tired; he drinks coffee to stay awake. B) Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. C) Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. D) Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

B. The treat

To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word. A. structural processing B. midlevel processing C. semantic processing D. effortful processing

B. midlevel processing

Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a: A. schema. B. node. C. rod. D. cone.

B. node.

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. A. explicit conditioning B. operant conditioning C. observational conditioning D. backward conditioning

B. operant conditioning

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario? A. The method of loci B. A mnemonic device C. Chunking D. Rhyming

B. A mnemonic device

_________________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. A. Effortful B. Automatic C. Structural D. Phonological

B. Automatic

______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number. A. Suggestibility B. Blocking C. Absent-mindedness D. Interference

B. Blocking

____________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped. A. Feature detectors B. Cell assemblies C. Olfactory neurons D. Glial cells

B. Cell assemblies

______________ memory is short-term retention of sounds. A. Procedural B. Echoic C. Explicit D. Working

B. Echoic

________________, as a stage in long-term memory, is the means by which one attends to, takes in, and processes new information. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval

B. Encoding

who coined the term 'operant' to refer to behavior that acts—or operates—on the environment to produce specific consequences?

B. F. Skinner

__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory. A. Semantic; episodic B. Implicit; explicit C. Episodic; semantic D. Explicit; semantic

B. Implicit; explicit

_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. A. Repression B. Interference C. Absent-mindedness D. Blocking

B. Interference

_____________ is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks. A. Cybernetics B. Parallel distributed processing C. Dynamic systems processing D. Brainstorming

B. Parallel distributed processing

___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. A. Encoding B. Priming C. Effortful processing D. Retrieving

B. Priming

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. A. Reinforcers B. Punishers C. Stimulators D. Converters

B. Punishers

Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged? A. Storage B. Retrieval C. Encoding D. Consolidation

B. Retrieval

___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. A. Short-term memory B. Sensory memory C. False memory D. Long-term memory

B. Sensory memory

_____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source. A. Implanting B. Suggestibility C. Absent-mindedness D. Anterograde amnesia

B. Suggestibility

Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions? A. Sound B. Taste C. Vision D. Touch

B. Taste

Which of the following enables one to repeat the information to oneself as long as one needs to retain it? A. The serial position effect B. The rehearsal system C. Priming D. Effortful processing

B. The rehearsal system

B. phonemic

Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex. A. encoding B. priming C. retrieving D. rehearsing

B. priming

Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of: A. decay. B. proactive interference. C. the forgetting curve. D. retroactive interference.

B. proactive interference.

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory. A. false B. recovered C. blocked D. repressed

B. recovered

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. A. catalyst B. reinforcer C. converter D. unconditioned stimulus

B. reinforcer

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. A. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place C. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly D. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

Reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the: A. sensory memory. B. short-term memory. C. long-term memory. D. echoic memory.

B. short-term memory.

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: A. the desirability of a stimulus. B. the addition of a stimulus. C. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. D. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

B. the addition of a stimulus.

Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called: A. the primacy effect. B. the recency effect. C. proactive interference. D. retroactive interference.

B. the recency effect.

"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A. antonym B. alliteration C. acronym D. synonym

C. acronym

Repression is an example of: A. interference. B. absent-mindedness. C. blocking. D. suggestibility.

C. blocking.

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. A. method of loci B. deep processing C. chunking D. rehearsing

C. chunking

Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory. A. storage B. retrieval C. encoding D. consolidation

C. encoding

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. episodic buffer D. visuospatial sketch pad

C. episodic buffer

Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in: A. implicit memory. B. procedural memory. C. episodic buffer. D. automatic processing.

C. episodic buffer.

Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited: A. olfactory deficits. B. an inability to remember their offspring. C. excellent memories. D. aggression toward unfamiliar flies.

C. excellent memories.

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. A. variable-interval schedule B. variable-ratio schedule C. fixed-interval schedule D. fixed-ratio schedule

C. fixed-interval schedule

Memory consolidation takes place in the: A. amygdala. B. prefrontal cortex. C. hippocampus. D. pons.

C. hippocampus.

The inability to remember the name of a person only minutes after meeting her, even if he repeats her name immediately after hearing it, is a common __________ problem. A. structural B. morphological C. retrieval D. positioning

C. retrieval

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? a. Because they could not be observed b. Because they could lead to treacherous results c. Because they could not be experimented with d. Because they were not suitable for group studies

a. Because they could not be observed

____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Association d. Shaping

a. Imprinting

_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment. a. Instinctive drift b. Conditioned response c. Stimulus generalization d. Backward conditioning

a. Instinctive drift

Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________. a. positive reinforcers b. instinctive drifts c. unconditioned stimuli d. negative punishments

a. positive reinforcers

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________. a. social learning theory b. stimulus discrimination theory c. habituation theory d. imprinting theory

a. social learning theory

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. a. talk b. listen c. lift d. run

a. talk

Neurogenesis is ___________. a. the growth of new neurons b. the destruction of neurons c. the firing of neurons in the frontal lobe d. the mapping of the functions of neurons

a. the growth of new neurons

What did behaviorists, like Watson and Skinner, ignore?

anything that could not be directly observed, including mental processes and any potentially relevant biological structures. Took position that all learning was a result of stimuli or consequences (classical or operant conditioning); in other words, things that came from environment.

Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called _______.

apparent motion

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? a. Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates b. Velma, who is learning how to play the piano c. Jack, who takes part in running races d. Celeste, who reads books

c. Jack, who takes part in running races

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others? a. Conditioning b. Shaping c. Modeling d. Reinforcement

c. Modeling

In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: a. the desirability of a stimulus. b. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. c. the removal of a stimulus. d. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

c. the removal of a stimulus.

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that:

certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life.

____________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Spontaneous recovery c. Association d. Imprinting

d. Imprinting

When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______. enactive learning observational learning operant learning latent learning

enactive learning

How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective:

encoding

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory.

episodic

Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in:

episodic buffer

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

example of application of operant conditioning developed by Ivar Lovaas, uses reinforcement to increase the frequency of adaptive behaviors in autistic children and, in some cases, punishment do decrease the likelihood of maladaptive behaviors less effective in improving socioemotional deficits of autism

As a child, Paul was bitten by a spider and thereafter developed an intense phobia of them. In an effort to cure Paul's phobia, a psychologist gradually exposed him to spiders. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences with spiders, Paul's phobia was cured. This is an example of ___________.

extinction

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. habituation stimulus generalization extinction backward conditioning

extinction

In operant conditioning, ____________ occurs when a behavior stops being reinforced.

extinction

Research on spontaneous recovery suggests that:

extinction leads to the suppression of a response.

Robert asks Thomas if he heard a knock at the door, and Thomas says that he did not. Robert, swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it, but there is no one there. Signal detection theorists would label Robert's perception that someone knocked at the door as a _______.

false alarm

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

false memory

In a ______, reinforcement produces a response pattern in which the rate of response immediately following reinforcement is low. The response rate accelerates as the time of reinforcement approaches.

fixed-interval schedule

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.

fixed-interval schedule

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:

forgetting curve

According to the ________ theory of pain, acupuncture should successfully alleviate pain.

gate control

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

habituation

Complete the following analogy: Vision is to photoreceptors as sound is to _______.

hair cells

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

hallucination

Which of the following are sets of bones from the middle ear that vibrate and amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane?

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is:

highly mindful

his attention was divided

Jay studies psychophysics. In his laboratory, he conducts experiments that study _______.

how individuals psychologically perceive physical stimuli

Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his ______________ memory.

iconic

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process. association reinforcement extinction imitation

imitation

Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her:

implicit memory

__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.

implicit;explicit

Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from:

insomnia

Karolina can see only a part of a stack of books because a box is partially obstructing the view. Karolina, therefore, knows the box is in front of the stack of books. This cue to depth is known as _______.

interposition

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

it is driven by attention

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________.

latent learning

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______. A.organized response to a repeated stimulus B. link between two events in the environment C. voluntary response that diminishes over time D. ever-changing model of behavior based on repetition

link between two events in the environment

To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word.

midlevel processing

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________.

mimicry

Autistic children, who have trouble imitating others' gestures, may have deficits in______________________

mirror neuron systems

Imitation by infants may be the result of ____________________ in the brain although evidence suggests that it only becomes functional sometime between 3 and 6 months of life.

mirror neuron systems (MNS)

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________.

modeling

Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?

morphine

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

moving information from short-term to long-term memory requires repetition.

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement negative punishment

negative punishment

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.

negative reinforcement

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ______ for fastening the seat belt.

negative reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.

negative reinforcement

Some people continue smoking cigarettes because it reduces stress, social isolation, and appetite. From a learning perspective, these reductions can be considered as ___________. conditioned stimuli negative reinforcers conditioned responses instinctive drifts

negative reinforcers

Backward conditioning

neutral stimulus follows the UCS

Forward conditioning

neutral stimulus is presented just before the UCS.

Learning is the growth of _____________ _____________.

new synapses; synaptic connections between neurons become stronger and even grow during long-term associative learning.

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________.

observational learning

Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. latent learning observational learning integrative learning enactive learning

observational learning

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. observational learning enactive learning operant learning latent learning

observational learning

Substance use and abuse can be learned through ______.

operant conditioning

The trichromatic theory explains processing at the retina or cone, of which there are three types. The ________ explains more about how cells in the LGN of the thalamus and visual cortex process color information.

opponent process theory

Immanuel can see few children flying a kite on top of a building at a distance. As the kite flies farther up into the sky it looks like it is getting smaller and smaller. However, Immanuel knows the kite is not shrinking due to his brain's ability to maintain _______.

perceptual constancy

Karl, who had his leg amputated after an injury, reports that he still feels pain in his missing leg. Such an experience is referred to as ________ pain.

phantom limb

Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ___________.

positive punishment

Giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time increases the likelihood that students will submit their assignments on time. This is an example of ___________.

positive reinforcement

____________ can be defined as to the addition of a stimulus that decreases a behavior.

positive reinforcement

____________ is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

positive reinforcement

Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________. positive reinforcers instinctive drifts unconditioned stimuli negative punishments

positive reinforcers

Behavior modification

principles of operant conditioning used to change behavior.

Edward Tolman's work on latent learning shows that:

prior experience—whether reinforced or not—aids future learning.

Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of:

proactive interference

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment with Little Albert showed that:

psychological studies can raise ethical issues.

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):

recovered memory

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, salivation is a ______, an automatic response to a particular stimulus (food) that requires no learning.

reflex

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns.

reflexes

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. behaviors habits stimuli reflexes

reflexes

Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of:

rehearsal

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________

reinforced

A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.

reinforcer

Derrick's mother gave him $10 because he got an 'A' on his math test. He studies hard for his next math test because he wants his mother to give him another $10. In this scenario, the money is serving as a(n) ___________.

reinforcer

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. unconditioned stimulus discriminating stimulus reinforcer converter

reinforcer

Secondary reinforcer

reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning (such as money, grades, and peer approval)

retroactive interference

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

According to recent research, emotions like ______ could worsen the experience of pain.

sadness

Money, grades, and peer approval are ____________ reinforcers.

secondary

____________ reinforcers are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning.

secondary

Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory.

semantic

During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer?

semantic memory

The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation. habituation period spontaneous recovery period sensitivity period synaptic change period

sensitivity period

Habituation refers to a: A. cognitive process that results in increased response to a stimulus. B. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one. C. sensory process in which organisms adapt to intermittent stimulation. D. cognitive process that results in decreased response to a stimulus.

sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.

What did Tolman's work show?

set the stage for future work on the role of thought in learning, something that Skinner and other behaviorists deemed irrelevant. showed that prior experience---whether reinforced or not---aids future learning motivation plays a part in learning

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

shaping

With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that:

sleep changes throughout the night

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________.

social learning

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________. habituation intermittent reinforcement imprinting social learning

social learning

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________. social learning theory stimulus discrimination theory habituation theory imprinting theory

social learning theory

The biological constraint model of learning suggests that ___________.

some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________.

talk

From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. talk listen lift run

talk

n operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:

the addition of a stimulus

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: the desirability of a stimulus. the addition of a stimulus. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

the addition of a stimulus.

Which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night?

the rods

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between:

the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. the meat powder and salivation. salivation and the sound of the apparatus.

the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.

Spontaneous recovery

the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response.

Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

the treat

the words "good dog"

The research conducted by Keller Breland and Marian Breland implies that:

there are biological limitations, or constraints, on learning.

What did little albert experiment demonstrate?

this experiment demonstrated and proved John Watsons belief that classical conditioning could shape or create human behavior Paired loud sound with rats causing baby to associate rats with discomfort

Lincoln is pretty sure he sees his niece far off in a crowd. When he gets closer, he sees her familiar hair style and unmistakable nose, and knows it is her. This type of visual perception is called _______.

top-down processing

When mild to moderate alcohol consumption is said to be beneficial, it suggests that no more than ________ drinks a day appears to provide protective effects on the ________.

two; cardiovascular system

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories

unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following terms refers to an environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response?

unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed.

variable-interval schedule

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule

variable-interval schedule

In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule

A stimulus is a thing or event. True False

True

Automatic encoding is a primary source of episodic memories. True False

True

Classical conditioning is a type of learning. True False

True

Episodic memories are personal and autobiographical. True False

True

Implicit memory is memory we are not aware of. True False

True

Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat. True False

True

Long-term potentiation occurs when synaptic connections between neurons strengthen. True False

True

Rehearsal is a control process that prevents information in working memory from being lost. True False

True

Sleep plays an important role during consolidation. True False

True

T/F Having experiences repeated over a short period of time is often essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory.

True

T/F When we observe a certain action the same neurons fire in the frontal lobe as fire when we actually perform the action

True

T/F: "Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.

True

What questions did Garcia's experiment with rats and water test?

1. Could taste aversion to saccharin water occur by pairing the taste with radiation (a UCS for nausea). 2. How long would the taste aversion last without repeated exposure to radiation (UCS)?

T/F: "Positive punishment" means I have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.

True

T/F: A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.

True

As per the criteria laid out by Pavlov, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur? A) When the UCS precedes the neutral stimulus B) When the UCS and the neutral stimulus are presented at the same time C) When the UCS and the neutral stimulus are presented very close together in time D) When there are multiple pairings of UCS and neutral stimulus

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? A) New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. B) Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. C) Learning and memory work separately. D) Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? A) Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. B) Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. C) Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. D) Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? A) Giving a child a "time-out" from a play session for throwing tantrums B) Giving a child a piece of candy to stop him from misbehaving at the grocery store C) Tapping a dog on his snout when he barks at the owner D) Saying "NO!" sharply to a pet when it jumps on a guest

______________ memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval. A. Explicit B. Procedural C. Working D. Echoic

A. Explicit

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? A) Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games B) Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running C) Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes D) Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? A) Because they could not be observed B) Because they could lead to treacherous results C) Because they could not be experimented with D) Because they were not suitable for group studies

Conditioned response (CR)

A behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a CS. Example: salivation in response to bell

What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period?

A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep.

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses Pattern becomes predictable so the response rate is not steady Typically there is a pause in response immediately after reinforcement occurs and then the response rate increases steep stepwise response

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed Example: If tests are given every 4 weeks, students learn that immediately after the test their performance will not be evaluated, so we would expect to see a drop in rate of studying at that time. Same is true of class attendance before and after exams.

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different durations have passed. Example: Trying to reach a good friend on the phone but every time you call you get her voicemail. You can tell she is on the line so you keep calling back to see if she is off. Eventually she will pick up the phone but the wait time is unpredictable.

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule

A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes produces very steady rate of responses because individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement. Example: produce reinforcement around 10 responses but some trials may require 10 responses , some 20, some five, some seven, and so on. Slot machine in which player does not know how many pulls it will take to win but on occasion will win a jackpot

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?

A person who receives a desire message is more likely to check e-mails more often.

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?

A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with a UCS Example: the bell in Pavlov experiment

In classical conditioning, when is the best time to present the neutral stimulus?

A short time before the UCS.

Skinner box

A simple chamber used for the operant conditioning of small animals Provides a small space in which rat can move and a lever to press that delivers food as a reinforcer. A small region of the floor can be set up to deliver a shock as a punisher. The rats learn through punishment to avoid that region of the floor.

Punishment

A stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior

Biological constraint model

A view on learning which proposes that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others.

Which of the following is true about consolidation as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. B. Consolidation is the retention of memory over time. C. Consolidation helps remember where one put that birthday gift that one had bought earlier. D. The process of consolidation happens in two ways: automatic processing and effortful processing.

A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay.

_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking

A. Absent-mindedness

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes? A. Auditory B. Olfactory C. Somatosensory D. Visual

A. Auditory

Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses? A. CREB B. Ghrelin C. Insulin D. GABA

A. CREB

Which of the following is true about explicit memory? A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. B. Priming is a kind of explicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. C. Explicit memory refers to knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. D. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously remember it, one is tapping into explicit memory.

A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.

______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. A. Iconic B. Implicit C. Echoic D. Working

A. Iconic

Which of the following is true about effortful processing? A. It is the basis of semantic memory. B. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. C. Experiences stored with the help of effortful processing are less likely to be recalled later. D. Episodic memory involves effortful processing.

A. It is the basis of semantic memory.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning? A. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. B. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. C. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. D. Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.

A. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

____________ refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns. A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Episodic memory

A. Procedural memory

_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world. A. Schemas B. Networks C. Hierarchies D. Data designs

A. Schemas

______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. A. Semantic B. Episodic C. Implicit D. Iconic

A. Semantic

Which of the following statements is true about transcranial direct current stimulation? A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. B. A very high voltage is administered via four or more electrodes placed on the scalp of an individual. C. Research indicates that negatively charged stimulation increases memory in general. D. Transcranial electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe during slow wave sleep impairs recall of word pairs among people.

A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe.

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n): A. false memory. B. repressed memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. recovered memory.

A. false memory.

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect? A) A person who does not receive a desired message is more likely to check e-mails more often. B) A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting. C) A person who feels less energetic after drinking coffee one morning is more likely to have coffee every morning. D) A person who injures his knee while exercising a few times is more likely to exercise more often.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be successful? A)Simultaneous conditioning B)Backward conditioning C)Operant conditioning D)Forward conditioning

B) Backward conditioning

After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. A)is continuously exposed to the original stimulus B)returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place C)experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly D)is made to think about the situation and the stimulus

B)returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place

T/F: A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.

True

Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? A. When learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. C. Older adults have the tendency to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. D. The side of a printed media presented first will have greater effectiveness than the side presented subsequently.

B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they: A. facilitate in reconstructing the hippocampus. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. C. thicken the cortex of the frontal lobes. D. prevent deterioration of the temporal lobes.

B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer

B. central executive

The second stage of long-term memory formation is: A. storage. B. consolidation. C. retrieval. D. encoding.

B. consolidation.

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: A. repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. C. the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different than that of humans. D. repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation.

B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing. A. structural; effortful B. effortful; automatic C. automatic; phonological D. phonological; structural

B. effortful; automatic

B. iconic

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________. A. conditioned learning B. latent learning C. implicit learning D. operant learning

B. latent learning

Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because: A. most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. C. sensory memory for numbers is very expansive and can handle such large quantities of digits. D. when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers.

B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.

Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing: A. divided attention. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. C. proactive interference. D. repression.

B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

The _____ cortex is located in the occipital lobes. A. auditory B. visual C. somatosensory D. olfactory

B. visual

Like Thorndike, _________ viewed the consequences of an individual's actions as the most important determinants of behavior, set out to explain the environmental factors that led Thorndike's cat to learn to open the cage, and wanted to know how disorganized, spontaneous behavior becomes organizedd, and exactly what role the consequences of an action play in the organization of the response.

B.F. Skinner

Sounding bell after the presentation of food would be an example of what?

Backwards conditioning

Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment and what did it show?

Bandura demonstrated the power of modeling in the learning of aggression. Consequences for model also mattered. When children saw violence towards the doll they reacted in the same way but they also reacted even more aggressively if they saw the person being rewarded for it.

Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? Because they could not be observed Because they could lead to treacherous results Because they could not be experimented with Because they were not suitable for group studies

Because they could not be observed

Which of the following is true of neural firing research results?

Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world.

Which of the following processes allows us to perceive depth due to the distance between images projected on our two retinas?

Binocular disparity

Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of an animal's instincts, or natural predispositions, on their ability to learn?

Biological constraints will make some behaviors more or less likely to be learned.

How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?

By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? A) Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates B) Velma, who is learning how to play the piano C) Jack, who takes part in running races D) Celeste, who reads books

____________, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval

C. Storage

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? A) Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. B) Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. C) Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. D) Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment.

Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing? A) Extinction B) Habituation C) Conditioned taste aversion D) Instinctual drift

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. A) habituation B) stimulus generalization C) extinction D) backward conditioning

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) observational learning D) latent learning

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: A) punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. B) the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. C) certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. D) all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________. A) continuous reinforcement B) imprinting C) classical conditioning D) latent learning

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________. A) reinforcement B) habituation C) modeling D) enactive learning

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A) Classical conditioning involves instant learning whereas operant conditioning involves learning over time. B) Classical conditioning involves learning over time whereas operant conditioning involves instant learning. C) Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences. D) Classical conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association? A) An association is formed between two events only when they are accompanied by rewards. B) For an association to occur between two events, the two events should have a logical connection. C) When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur. D) Forming an association between two events is the most difficult and complex form of learning.

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A) Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B) Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. C) Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D) Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

Which of these statements is most likely to be made by psychologist B. F. Skinner? A) People always avoid situations that do not provide enough rewards. B) Backward conditioning is the most effective tool of behavior modification. C) People are more likely to repeat a behavior that has been rewarded. D) Observation is used as a tool to effectively modify behaviors of people.

Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n): A) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that has been removed is introduced once again. B) unconditioned response (UCR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears. C) conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears. D) conditioned stimulus (CS) that has been removed is introduced once again.

C) conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears.

Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case? A. Inferior colliculus B. Nucleus accumbens C. Amygdala D. Cerebellum

C. Amygdala

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? A. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. B. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. D. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction.

C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

_______________ memory is one's memory for the experiences one has had. A. Echoic B. Semantic C. Episodic D. Implicit

C. Episodic

________________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. A. Procedural B. Implicit C. Explicit D. Echoic

C. Explicit

_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. A. Semantic B. Recovered C. False D. Working

C. False

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory? A. The negative effects of prescription drugs such as Adderall or Ritalin happen only in low doses. B. Caffeine in general and over-the-counter energy drinks have no effects in their capacity to enhance memory. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. D. There is nonclinical trial evidence that long-term, foods and drinks rich in flavonoids reduce memory and impair cognitive function.

C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation.

________________ memories are retrieved without conscious effort. A. Semantic B. Iconic C. Implicit D. Echoic

C. Implicit

Which of the following is true about automatic processing? A. It involves rehearsal of the information. B. It is the basis of semantic memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. D. It goes from short-term to long-term memory.

C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.

Which of the following is true about short-term memory? A. It is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. B. Iconic memory is a kind of short-term memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. D. It is what most people think of when they think of memory.

C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem.

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It is the retention of memory over time. B. It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory. C. It is driven by attention. D. It is the recovery of information stored in memory.

C. It is driven by attention.

Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. B. Psychologists describe two kinds of retrieval process: automatic processing and effortful processing. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. D. It is the third stage of long-term memory formation.

C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory.

Which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced.

C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.

Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing? A. Sensory memory B. Primary memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory

C. Long-term memory

______________ are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other. A. Data warehouses B. Associative networks C. Neural networks D. Expert systems

C. Neural networks

_____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. A. Output B. Long-term C. Proactive D. Retroactive

C. Proactive

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Attending to a stimulus B. Retrieving information from memory C. Rehearsing the stored process D. Storing information about a stimulus

C. Rehearsing the stored process

______, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. A. Absent-mindedness B. Interference C. Repression D. Suggestibility

C. Repression

During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer? A. Episodic memory B. Procedural memory C. Semantic memory D. Sensory memory

C. Semantic memory

T/F: A response is a behavior.

True

Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because: A. the memory of his wallet was transient. B. the memory of the ice cream had persistence. C. his attention was divided. D. he experienced proactive interference.

C. his attention was divided.

When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: A. semantic memory. B. explicit memory. C. implicit memory. D. episodic memory.

C. implicit memory.

Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: A. short-term memory. B. sensory memory. C. long-term memory. D. primary memory.

C. long-term memory.

C. mimicry

Hebb's law states that: A. neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. B. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. C. neurons that fire together wire together. D. when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron.

C. neurons that fire together wire together.

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the: A. visuospatial sketch pad. B. central executive. C. phonological loop. D. episodic buffer.

C. phonological loop.

Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect.

C. recency effect.

C. recovered memory.

Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will: A. experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress. B. alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. D. experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause.

C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over.

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment.

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

What are the three major theories of learning that we will examine?

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Social learning theory

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.

Which of the following statements regarding color perception is true?

Color perception depends on our photo-receptors, our brains, and the physical characteristics of the stimulus we look at.

When being photographed, Maria used to blink whenever the flash went off. Now, Maria starts blinking every time she is photographed, even before the camera's flash goes off. To Maria, the camera has become a(n) ___________.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

What three domains of research challenged traditional learning theory?

Conditioned taste aversion Instinctive drift Latent learning

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement?

Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction.

Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

Can negative reinforcers be punishers? A) No, because punishments are always positive. B) Yes, because punishments are always negative. C) Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors. D) No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________. A) modifies its behavior as a result of experiencing the consequences of its actions over a period of time B) increases the likelihood of a behavior for a reward such as money or peer approval C) extends the association between a conditioned response and a consequence D) associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? A) Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. B) Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. C) Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. D) Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of an animal's instincts, or natural predispositions, on their ability to learn? A) Learning is about nurture and not nature, so instincts are not a factor in learning. B) An animal's instinctive drift and biological constraints overrule the limits nature places on nurture. C) Scientists have not yet developed any models of the relationship between learning and instinct. D) Biological constraints will make some behaviors more or less likely to be learned.

Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? A) Lori's parents sent her to her room after she threw mashed potatoes at her brother. B) Raj's mother slapped him on the hand for taking a cookie from the cookie jar. C) Li's parents yelled at her for getting poor grades in her final exam. D) Jose's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister.

Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel? A. Consolidation, storage, recognition, recall B. Storage, consolidation, encoding, recognition C. Storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

Which of the following is true about implicit memory? A. It is the memory for the experiences one has had. B. It refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. C. It is the conscious recalling of facts and events. D. It cannot be directly recalled.

D. It cannot be directly recalled.

Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad? A. It permanently stores important distance and travel information, like one's route home. B. It serves as a mental canvas on which thinkers can mentally perform spatial rotation tasks. C. It provides long-term storage for three-dimensional memories. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.

D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.

Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. The process of storing is driven by attention. B. Storage refers to processes like remembering where one put a birthday gift one had bought earlier. C. A stored memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.

D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.

____________ is the ability to store and use information. A. Amnesia B. Retrieval C. Schema D. Memory

D. Memory

_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. A. Long-term B. Output C. Proactive D. Retroactive

D. Retroactive

________________ can be defined as mental frameworks that develop from one's experiences with particular objects or events. A. Networks B. Data designs C. Hierarchies D. Schemas

D. Schemas

_____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory. A. Adaptation B. Transduction C. Perception D. Sensation

D. Sensation

_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. A. Episodic B. Meta C. Sensory D. Short-term

D. Short-term

What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it? A. Sensory memory B. Implicit memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory

D. Short-term memory

The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. A. thalamus B. fornix C. hippocampus D. amygdala

D. amygdala

The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as: A. consolidation. B. encoding. C. retrieval. D. association.

D. association.

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that: A. an individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information. B. the spread of activation ensures all memories have equal chances of getting stored. C. the neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts. A. parallel distributed processing B. tensor product network C. neural network D. associative network

D. associative network

Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing. A. structural B. phonological C. effortful D. automatic

D. automatic

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information. A. iconic B. semantic C. implicit D. echoic

D. echoic

Demir is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for an upcoming exam. Demir is engaging in: A. consolidation. B. automatic processing. C. retrieval. D. effortful processing.

D. effortful processing.

How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective: A. retrieval. B. recognition. C. storage. D. encoding.

D. encoding.

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory. A. sensory B. semantic C. implicit D. episodic

D. episodic

D. habituation

Explicit memory refers to: A. something people know or remember but do not consciously know that they remember it. B. knowledge people hold for almost any behavior or physical skill they learn. C. knowledge that can be improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.

D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment

D. negative punishment

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. A. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented B. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus C. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory. A. renal cortex B. adrenal cortex C. cell cortex D. prefrontal cortex

D. prefrontal cortex

The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect.

D. primacy effect.

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. A. behaviors B. habits C. stimuli D. reflexes

D. reflexes

False memories are an example of: A. interference. B. blocking. C. repression. D. suggestibility.

D. suggestibility.

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______. A. unable to improve on any standard learning task B. unable to recall any events prior to the surgery C. able to intentionally bringing into awareness much of what he remembered D. unable to form new memories

D. unable to form new memories

What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device?

Decrease in the parietal lobe activity

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.

Did B.F. Skinner think reinforcement or punishment was a more effective way of modifying behavior and why?

Emphasized that REINFORCEMENT was more effective. Punishment, as it focuses on decreasing or eliminating behaviors, doesn't tell kids what they should be doing, only what they shouldn't be doing. Reinforcement offers them an alternative

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad?

It provides brief storage for images, scenes and photos

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis?

Jack, who takes part in running races

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates Velma, who is learning how to play the piano Jack, who takes part in running races Celeste, who reads books

Jack, who takes part in running races

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth?

Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?

John Watson

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.

Instinctive drift

Learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies. Example: humans speaking (not really learned) Brelands successfully conditioned 38 different species and more than 6,000 animals but when they turned attention to species whose learning behavior had not been studied, however, they began to experience failures. challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results from either associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment.

Enactive learning

Learning by doing

Observational learning

Learning by watching the behavior of others.

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? A. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. B. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. C. Learning and memory work separately. D. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. Learning and memory work separately. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

Do humans experience imprinting?

No but we do experience imitation

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.

What are two types of conditioning?

Operant and Classical

Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit? Imprinting Habituation Stimulus generalization Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning?

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time.

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

What did Garcia's experiment find?

Rats could be conditioned to avoid a taste they previously liked Drop in intake of saccharin water lasted for at least 30 days answering the second question about how long such conditioning might last. Derailed the assumption of traditional learning theory that reflexive responses (such as nausea) could be conditioned to any kind of stimulus. Undermined two key assumptions in classical conditioning: (1) that conditioning could happen only if an organism were exposed repeatedly within a brief time span to the UCS and CS together, and (2) that organisms could learn to associate any two stimuli. Showed that CS and UCS could be separated by as much as 75 minutes and still lead to conditioned taste aversion "Bright noisy water" findings showed that only certain stimuli can be conditioned to produce nausea. More specifically, you cannot make someone nauseated by a sound or a sight as easily as by taste.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A. Thomas is tired; he drinks coffee to stay awake. B. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. C. Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. D. Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.

__________________________matters in social learning theory for both the model and the observer.

Reinforcement

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs Example: giving a dog a biscuit every time it jumps

Intermittent reinforcement

Reinforcement of a behavior--but not after every response. produces stronger behavioral response than continuous reinforcement does due to memory and expectation.

Stimulus discrimination

Restriction of a CR( such as salivation) only to exactly the CS to which it was conditioned Example: Dogs only salivate to bell and NOT buzzer

The treat

Extinction

The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of the pairing of UCS and CS. sometimes takes more than 100 presentations Example: a person who suffered a painful bee sting continues to fear all bees for a long time. After enough exposure to bees without being stung, however, the person can learn to not react with fear. At this point, the conditioned response (fear) is extinguished.

Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)? They are existent in only adult beings. They are involved in imitation and social learning. They are responsible for stimulus discrimination. They are found only in human beings.

They are involved in imitation and social learning.

Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?

They are more likely to be iron deficient.

Which of the following is true of the papillae at the center of the human tongue?

They contain no taste cells and therefore can taste nothing.

In a study done to determine if children with learning disabilities benefited from tutoring, what differences were observed in brain structure between those who received tutoring and those that did not?

Those who improved had larger hippocampi; stronger connections between the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia.

What was the main desire of behaviorism?

To study behavior in a measurable way

"Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds. True False

True

A memory is a biological representation in our brain. True False

True

A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response. True False

True

A response is a behavior. True False

True

Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? a. Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games b. Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running c. Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes d. Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day

a. Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games

What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? a. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. b. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. c. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. d. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models.

a. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? a. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. b. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. c. Learning and memory work separately. d. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory.

a. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning? a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. d. Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.

a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.

Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? a. The firing of mirror neurons b. The presence of reinforcement c. The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system d. The activation of conditioned stimulus

a. The firing of mirror neurons

A fixed stimulus-response (S-R) pattern is known as ___________. a. a reflex b. a conditioned response c. Pavlovian conditioning d. forward conditioning

a. a reflex

In Pavlov's studies, the meat powder served as _________. a. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. an unconditoned response (UR) c. a conditioned stimulus (CS) d. a conditioned response (CR)

a. an unconditoned stimulus (UCS)

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. a. enactive learning b. integrative learning c. latent learning d. operant learning

a. enactive learning

When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______. a. enactive learning b. observational learning c. operant learning d. latent learning

a. enactive learning

Tracy was bitten by her neighbor's aggressive dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. Tracy has _________ her fear of dogs to other animals. a. generalized b. extinguished c. shaped d. reinforced

a. generalized

In coronary patients, in the hour following an angry outburst there is an ___________. a. increased risk of heart attack b. increase in immune responses c. increased chance of homeostasis d. all of these

a. increased risk of heart attack.

May drinks alcohol excessively. What should she know about what this is doing to her body? a. it can cause liver damage b. it increases the central nervous system (CNS) function. c. it prevents cirrhosis d. all of these

a. it can cause liver damage

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. a. observational learning b. enactive learning c. operant learning d. latent learning

a. observational learning

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? a. Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time c. Converting a change in response into habituation d. Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

The researcher who discovered classical conditioning, quite by accident, is________. a. B.F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Rosalie Rayner d. John Watson

b. Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? a. Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. d. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time.

b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. a. Reinforcers b. Punishers c. Stimulators d. Converters

b. Punishers

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. Thomas is tired; he drinks coffee to stay awake. b. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. c. Greta gets caught while speeding and the police officer gives her a ticket. d. Cindy loses her credit points because she submits her homework late.

b. Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.

b. The treat

Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)? a. They are existent in only adult beings. b. They are involved in imitation and social learning. c. They are responsible for stimulus discrimination. d. They are found only in human beings.

b. They are involved in imitation and social learning.

Every time his dad returns home with bags of groceries, two-year-old Timmy looks at the bags and yells, "Cookies!" The child has made which of the following? a. a habituation b. an association c. an unconditioned response (UCR) d. a discrimination

b. an association

When the neutral stimulus follows the unconditioned stimulus, the process is called ____________ conditioning. a. forward b. backward c. operant d. rapid

b. backwards

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he: a. conducted the first fMRI tests on infant-parent attachment. b. became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings. c. conducted a worldwide study on how infants recognize their parents' voices. d. conditioned few puppies to salivate to the sound of a bell.

b. became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings.

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light. In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the ___________. a. loud noise b. fear response c. flashing light d. teaching the rat

b. fear response

Death from heart disease has been shown to be related to which of the following personality traits? a. shyness b. hostility c. vengefulness d. arroogance

b. hostility

A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________. a. shaping b. imprinting c. association d. habituation

b. imprinting

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________. a. conditioned learning b. latent learning c. implicit learning d. operant learning

b. latent learning

When we stop using learned information, the ______ that support our knowledge weaken and ultimately degrade--and we forget what we once knew. a. glial cells b. lobes c. synapses d. cortexes

c. synapses

Habituation refers to a: a. cognitive process that results in increased response to a stimulus. b. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one. c. sensory process in which organisms adapt to intermittent stimulation. d. cognitive process that results in decreased response to a stimulus.

b. sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________. a. the associative potential of mirror neuron systems (MNS) in his brain b. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument c. years of classical conditioning leading to a permanent increase in GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) activity d. the consolidation of episodic memories by the limbic system

b. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: a. the desirability of a stimulus. b. the addition of a stimulus. c. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. d. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

b. the addition of a stimulus.

In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. a. fixed-interval schedule b. variable-interval schedule c. fixed-ratio schedule d. variable-ratio schedule

b. variable-interval schedule

Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking.

behavior modification

Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______.

bottom- up processing

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? a. Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. b. Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. c. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. d. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment.

c. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a. Classical conditioning involves instant learning, and operant conditioning involves learning over time. b. Classical conditioning involves learning over time, and operant conditioning involves instant learning. c. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences. d. Classical conditioning involves learning based on consequences, and operant conditioning involves learning based on associations.

c. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences.

Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? a. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. b. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. c. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. d. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction.

c. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior. a. Etiology b. Enology c. Ethology d. Entomology

c. Ethology

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? a. Conscientiousness b. Agreeableness c. Extraversion d. Intuitiveness

c. Extraversion

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? a. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. b. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. c. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. d. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers.

c. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions? a. Cerebellum b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Corpus callosum

c. Hippocampus

Social Learning theory

created by Albert Bandura A description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others. goes beyond traditional conditioning approaches to include observation and modeling as major components of learning.

In Pavlov's classic experiement, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as ____________. a. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. an unconditioned response (UCR) c. a conditioned stimulus (CS) d. a conditioned response (CR)

c. a conditioned stimulus (CS)

When posing for a picture, Marla started blinking before the camera's flash went off. To Marla, the camera has become ________________. a. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. an unconditioned response (UR) c. a conditioned stimulus (CS) d. a conditoned response (CR)

c. a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Psychologists define learning as____________. a. repeated exposure to a stimulus b. an awareness of both internal and external events c. an enduring change in behavior due to experience d. a change in response to a stimulus

c. an enduring change in behavior due to experience

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: a. punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. b. the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. c. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. d. all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

c. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life.

In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________. a. continuous reinforcement b. imprinting c. classical conditioning d. latent learning

c. classical conditioning

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

c. conditioned stimulus (CS)

Another term for the word conditoned is ________. a. recovered b. extinguished c. earned d. motivated

c. earned

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. a. habituation b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. backward conditioning

c. extinction

In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. a. variable-interval schedule b. variable-ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. fixed-ratio schedule

c. fixed-interval schedule

c. mimicry

Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________. a. reinforcement b. habituation c. modeling d. enactive learning

c. modeling

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. latent learning

c. observational learning

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. a. unconditioned stimulus b. discriminating stimulus c. reinforcer d. converter

c. reinforcer

The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation. a. habituation period b. spontaneous recovery period c. sensitivity period d. synaptic change period

c. sensitivity period

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. a. stimulus generalization b. habituation c. shaping d. backward conditioning

c. shaping

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that: punishment is more effective in changing behavior than negative reinforcement. the mind is a blank slate, able to learn anything at any time, given the right reinforcement. certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life. all forms of learning depend on rewards and reinforcement, at least to some degree.

certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life.

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999, 1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier.

chunking

The two types of conditioning are ___________.

classical and operant

Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _______, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter.

closure

The experience of the flavor of food results from _______.

combination of taste and smell

Buddy knows that when his owner Sally picks up his leash, she is likely to take him for a walk. Therefore, he runs to the door. Sally started ringing a bell just before picking up Buddy's leash for a few days. She presented the bell along with the leash to Buddy over and over again; Buddy ran to the door. Then she tried presenting the bell alone to see if Buddy might now link the bell with the leash. Buddy salivated to the bell alone. Learning theorists would say that Buddy is ______.

conditioned

Secondary reinforcers are also called ____________ reinforcers.

conditioned

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned response

The behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a conditioned stimulus is termed as a(n) ______.

conditioned response

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B. unconditioned response (UCR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR)

conditioned response (CR)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR)

conditioned response (CR)

A(n) ____________ is a previously neutral input that an organism leans to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR

conditioned stimulus (CS)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.

conditioning of reflexes

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________. A. conditioning of behaviors B. conditioning of habits C. conditioning of stimuli D. conditioning of reflexes

conditioning of reflexes

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

________ is a clear, hard covering that protects the lens.

cornea

Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? a. It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. b. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. c. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. d. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

d. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.

Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit? a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Stimulus generalization d. Operant conditioning

d. Operant conditioning

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? a. Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. b. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. c. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

Which of the following statements is true regarding synaptic connections? a. Synaptic connections, once formed, are permanent. b. Synaptic connections between neurons are stronger but lesser in number during long-term associative learning. c. Synaptic connections lessen during long-term associative learning. d. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

d. Synaptic connections weaken if they are not used regularly.

An unconditioned response (UCR) is ____________. a. automatic b. natural c. inborn d. all of these

d. all of these

d. behavior modification

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism __________. a. modifies its behavior as a result of experiencing consequences for its actions b. increases the likelihood of a behavior for a reward such as money or peer approval c. extends the association between a conditioned response and a consequence d. comes to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus

d. comes to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned stimulus (CS) d. conditioned response (CR)

d. conditioned response (CR)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________. a. conditioning of behaviors b. conditioning of habits c. conditioning of stimuli d. conditioning of reflexes

d. conditioning of reflexes

Marta is sitting in her college class and does not notice the feeling of the pen in her hand, the pressure of her feet on the floor, or the sound of the air conditioning humming above her. The fact that Marta is not responding to these stimuli shows that she has ____________ to them. a. oriented b. associated c. presented d. habituated

d. habituated

d. habituation

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process. a. association b. reinforcement c. extinction d. imitation

d. imitation

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

Forward conditioning occurs when the __________. a. conditioned response is given before the neutral stimulus is presented. b. neutral stimulus is presented immediately before the conditoned response. c. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus. d. neutral stimulus is presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

d. neutral stimulus is presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. a. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented b. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus d. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following studies is employing backward conditoning? a. presenting a tone before a puff of air is blown in a cat's face. b. presenting a flashing light before a puff of air is blown in a cat's face. c. presenting a flashing light before an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail. d. presenting a flashing light after an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail.

d. presenting a flashing light after an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail.

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. a. behaviors b. habits c. stimuli d. reflexes

d. reflexes

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________. a. habituation b. intermittent reinforcement c. imprinting d. social learning

d. social learning

echoic

Demir is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for an upcoming exam. Demir is engaging in:

effortful processing

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________.

enactive learning

Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. enactive learning integrative learning latent learning operant learning

enactive learning

If a conditioned response occurs only to the exact conditioned stimulus to which it was conditioned, it is known as ___________.

stimulus discrimination

The extension of the association between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus to a broad array of similar stimuli is called ___________.

stimulus generalization

Tracy was bitten by her neighbor's dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. This is an example of ___________.

stimulus generalization

strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument

Ethology

study of animal behavior

_____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source.

suggestibility

Law of effect

the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. created by Edward L. Thorndike

Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________.

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Modeling

the imitation of behaviors performed by others. Examples: younger siblings mimic the behavior of their older siblings, we pick up figures of speech and mannerisms from our closest friends more likely to occur in some people than in others, more likely after some behaviors than others, and more likely after some consequences than others

To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ___________.

the learners want

Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called:

the recency effect

Negative punishment can be defined as:

the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior.

In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: the desirability of a stimulus. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. the removal of a stimulus. the effectiveness of a stimulus.

the removal of a stimulus.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B. unconditioned response (UCR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR)

7 and 8

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