7B Weeks 8 + 9 + 10

3. _____ allows populations to adapt to the abiotic and biotic conditions where they live. Predation Natural selection Competition Reproduction

Natural selection

5. Refer to Animation: Logistic Growth. The carrying capacity for a population of birds limited to a specific forest area should increase if you increase: - both food availability and nesting sites. - food availability, nesting sites, and disease or predators. - food availability alone. - nesting site availability alone. - disease or predators alone.

both food availability and nesting sites.

2. When two species compete for resources the fitness of: only the poor competitor will decrease. both species will decline. both competitors will remain the same. only the better competitor will increase.

both species will decline. Competition requires an expenditure of energy from competitors. The expenditure of energy means there is less energy available, or fewer resources, to devote to reproduction. This would translate into a decrease in the number of offspring produced and lowered fitness.

8. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. Which human activities are responsible for almost doubling the amount of fixed nitrogen? Select all that apply. burning fossil fuels clearing land for agriculture overfishing marine populations increased use of agricultural fertilizers

burning fossil fuels increased use of agricultural fertilizers

8. A species that is involved in a facultative mutualism with another: - should quickly develop adaptations in direct response to the other species. - can only interact with that particular species. - can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism. - is reliant on the relationship for survival.

can utilize different resources outside of the mutualism.

6. An environment can only support a certain number of individuals of a given species at any one time. This number is referred to as the _____ of that environment. population density growth rate carrying capacity population size

carrying capacity

3. What are the units of per capita growth rate (r)? - number of individuals born per unit time - individuals at starting time - change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time - individuals per unit time

change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time

16. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. Which human activities are responsible for the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the environment? Select all that apply. increased use of agricultural fertilizers overfishing marine populations clearing land for agriculture burning fossil fuels

clearing land for agriculture burning fossil fuels

7. When both participants in a species' interaction develop adaptations in direct response to one another, this could progress into all of the outcomes except: coevolution. competitive exclusion. extinction of one species. resource partitioning. intraspecific competition.

coevolution

The sum total of populations of different species that live in a given area is called a(n): - interaction. - habitat. - ecosystem. - community.

community.

3. Which of the answer choices is a type of interaction in which both parties are harmed? commensalism mutualism predation competition amensalism

competition

2. Benefits associated with symbiotic relationships might include all of these except: nutrients. protection. assistance in reproduction. competitive exclusion. shelter.

competitive exclusion. Competitive exclusion is not a symbiotic interaction. Symbiotic interactions benefit one or both members. Competitive exclusion would result in a fitness reduction for at least one of the competitors because energy expended competing could not be devoted to other activities, such as reproduction.

A severe drought is an example of a density-_____ factor that can influence population size. The availability of nest sites is an example of a density-_____ factor. - independent; independent - dependent; independent - dependent; dependent - independent; dependent

independent; dependent

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction definitely involves one individual gaining and one individual losing? predation obligate mutualism competition facultative mutualism commensalism

predation

3. Organisms that take up inorganic nutrients and convert them to organic molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are called: predators. consumers. heterotrophs. herbivores. primary producers.

primary producers.

7. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. Consider the list of ten organisms and associated behaviors. I. maple tree II. cow that eats grass III. fungus that breaks down tree bark of dying trees IV. rabbit that eats lettuce V. whale that eats krill (krill eat photosynthetic phytoplankton) VI. hawk that eats mice VII. mouse that eats berries VIII. bacteria that degrades plant cell walls of dead leaves IX. lobster that eats photosynthetic seaweed X. photosynthetic green algae Classify the organisms as primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. - primary producers: I, III, X; primary consumers: II, IV, V; secondary consumers: VIII, IX; decomposers: VI, VII - primary producers: I, IV; primary consumers: III, V, IX, X; secondary consumers: II, VII; decomposers: VI, VIII - primary producers: I, VII; primary consumers: II, IV, V; secondary consumers: VI, IX; decomposers: III, VIII, X - primary producers: I, X; primary consumers: II, IV, VII, IX; secondary consumers: V, VI; decomposers: III, VIII

primary producers: I, X; primary consumers: II, IV, VII, IX; secondary consumers: V, VI; decomposers: III, VIII Organisms that carry out photosynthesis can fix inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic molecules. Since organisms I and X can carry out photosynthesis, they are primary producers. Organisms that consume primary producers, such as organisms II, IV, VII, and IX, are primary consumers. Organisms that feed on primary consumers are secondary consumers. Organism V, the whale, feeds on krill, a primary consumer. Krill feeds on the primary producer phytoplankton. Organism VI, the hawk, feeds on mice, a primary consumer. The mouse eats primary producers like grasses, berries, and nuts. Decomposers, such as organisms III and VIII, break down dead tissues and return carbon to the atmosphere.

The _____ of a species is usually the result of predation, competition, and other types of interaction between species. fundamental niche realized niche resource partitioning abiotic environment habitat

realized niche

4. Which of the answer choices is expected to reduce competition among individuals of different species? - the disappearance of a predator from an area - destruction of habitat space - resource partitioning - a shortened mating season - a decrease in the carrying capacity of an environment

resource partitioning The division of resources in an area allows for coexistence of multiple species in an area, instead of one species outcompeting all the others in the area.

5. Overlap of niches can be minimized through: - an increase in the similarity of species occupying an area. - species evolving similar adaptations over time. - resource partitioning. - reduction in the size of the fundamental niche. - increased population growth.

resource partitioning. Partitioning resources available in an area means that more than one species can exist there. Resource partitioning allows subdivision of a resource into smaller parts so that instead of one species being outcompeted for a resource and eliminated from a region, they can coexist.

2. Which of the processes are typically associated with the short-term carbon cycle? Select all that apply. chemical weathering respiration plate tectonics photosynthesis

respiration photosynthesis

Measuring the costs and benefits of a mutualism in terms of energy spent and/or gained: - results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other. - is a lose-lose interaction. - results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other. - None of the answer options is correct. - results in gain for both individuals.

results in gain for both individuals.

14. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. Consider these events. I. A tree leaf harvests the energy of sunlight and fixes CO2 into carbohydrates. II. Volcanic emissions release CO2 into the atmosphere. III. Tectonic plate movement transports CaCO3 and organic carbon into Earth's mantle. IV. Unburnt coal in sedimentary rocks at Earth's surface oxidizes into CO2. V. A cheetah exhales CO2 into the atmosphere. Classify each event as part of the short-term or long-term carbon cycle. - short-term: II, III; long-term: I, IV, V - short-term: I, III, V; long-term: II, IV - short-term: IV, V; long-term: I, II, III - short-term: I, V; long-term: II, III, IV

short-term: I, V; long-term: II, III, IV Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration (events I and V) are complementary metabolic pathways: one uses the products of the other as substrates. Together, they form the short-term carbon cycle. Geological events and physical processes cycle carbon over a timescale of thousands to millions of years and make up the long-term carbon cycle. The events of the long-term carbon cycle include volcanic emissions, plate tectonics, and the natural oxidation of coal in sedimentary rocks at the Earth's surface into CO2 (events II, III, and IV).

9. Following a disturbance, the process by which species replace each other over time is called: competition. ecosystem engineers. succession. keystone species. disturbance compensation.

succession

4. Close interactions that have evolved over time between species are called: symbioses. resource partitioning. metapopulations. interspecific competition. niches.

symbioses

Refer to Animation: Life Table and Survivorship Curve. A survivorship curve plots the proportion of the original cohort that is alive at the end of each stage or time period. In the Lime Swallowtail butterfly scenario, the cohort we followed was the: - larvae that hatched from the eggs. - 250 eggs that were laid. - original 10 females that laid eggs.

250 eggs that were laid.

5. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. A population of mice (primary consumer) consumes 5,000 kg of grass (primary producer). Approximately how much of the original biomass in the grass will be passed on to a tertiary consumer? 5,000 kg 50 kg 500 kg 5 kg

5 kg

4. Refer to Animation: Carbon Cycle. Estimates are that all natural processes (not including human activities) result in a near balance between carbon entering and leaving the atmosphere (actually slightly less entering than leaving). What is the estimate of the excess CO2 in gigatons of carbon per year added to the atmosphere from human activities (that is, the amount above that removed by natural processes)? (Select the closest value.) 9.5 gigatons yr-1 5.2 gigatons yr-1 218.6 gigatons yr-1 8.0 gigatons yr-1 213.4 gigatons yr-1

5.2 gigatons yr -1 (the -1's are superscripts)

Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. What is the approximate percentage of total fixed nitrogen attributed to human activities? 1% 10% 50% 100%

50%

How many "cells" of circulating air are found around the Earth? 9 3 6 1 2

6

3. A conservation group has established a new sanctuary for an endangered species of rabbit. What are the ideal characteristics of this sanctuary? - The sanctuary is seeded with enough rabbits that they can easily find mates. - The sanctuary is not populated by rabbit predators. - The sanctuary is located in close proximity to another local rabbit population of the same endangered species. - All of these choices are correct. - The sanctuary is large enough to support a growing number of rabbits.

All of these choices are correct.

2. Refer to Animation: Carbon Cycle. Measurable increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the past 200 years have resulted primarily from human addition of carbon dioxide from: - burning fossil fuels for heating, cooling and transportation. - clear cutting forests. - Both of these choices are correct.

Both of these choices are correct.

Consider this map, which illustrates annual carbon uptake due to primary production (g C/m2) by primary producers in the ocean. Primary production is dependent on nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the map, higher levels of primary production occur in coastal waters compared to the open ocean. What is the best explanation for this observation? - Coastal waters have higher levels of nutrient-rich runoff due to human agricultural activities than the open ocean. - Coastal waters have fewer primary consumers, so fewer primary producers are eaten along continental coasts. - Coastal waters receive more sunlight, which is necessary for high levels of primary production, than the open ocean. - Coastal waters are warmer than the open ocean, so primary production occurs more quickly in coastal waters.

Coastal waters have higher levels of nutrient-rich runoff due to human agricultural activities than the open ocean. Runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus from the continents as a result of human activities are highest in coastal waters. Runoff provides nutrients for primary producers and results in higher levels of primary production in coastal waters.

3. An increased rate of photosynthesis is the most likely explanation as to why atmospheric CO2 levels appear lowest during glacial periods of Earth's history. false true

False During glacial periods, large amounts of carbon are incorporated into the ocean as sediments.

5. The common mud turtle experiences relatively uniform mortality rates throughout its life. It exhibits Type _____ survivorship. III II I

II

In the example of the giant kelp forests on the Pacific coast, a rise in the otter population would have what effect on the kelp populations? - Kelp populations would decrease due to an increase in sea urchins. - Kelp populations would be totally unaffected by the otter population. - Kelp populations would increase due to a decrease in sea urchins. - Kelp populations would increase due to an increase in sea urchins. - Kelp populations would decrease due to increased predation by otters.

Kelp populations would increase due to a decrease in sea urchins. Otters feed on urchins, so urchin populations will decrease. Sea urchins feed on kelp holdfasts. Fewer urchins means that less kelp will be consumed, and the kelp population can increase.

5. What is generally true about biomass and energy as we move from one trophic level to the next? - All of the energy stored initially in organic molecules by the primary producers will be available to the secondary consumers. - They both increase. - Organisms at one trophic level always consume all of the resources from the level below them. - Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level. As energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, some is lost to heat, work, and general inefficiency of consumers. This results in less energy available at each trophic level as you move up the trophic pyramid.

5. Recall that during the Paleozoic Era, atmospheric CO2 levels decreased. Why? - New, extensive mountain ranges formed and chemical weathering decreased. - Volcanism decreased during this period. - Earth's plate tectonics changed dramatically, and subduction increased. - Photosynthetic, woody plants first appeared during this period.

Photosynthetic, woody plants first appeared during this period.

3. _____ describes the number of individuals in a species that survive from one life cycle stage to the next. - Survivorship - The intrinsic growth rate of a population - A cohort - A population pyramid

Survivorship

2. If Earth had no oceans, would temperatures at the equator be hotter or colder than they are now? Temperatures would be hotter. Temperatures would remain the same. Temperatures would be colder.

Temperatures would be hotter. Water holds a lot of heat. If there were no oceans, then the heat typically held in ocean water would be spread across all the land masses.

6. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. A farmer treats the soil with a fertilizer containing an antibiotic that kills a bacterial plant pathogen. The crop does not grow well. What most likely happened? - The antibiotic bound to all the divalent cations that the plants needed to grow, and as a result, the crops did not grow well. - The antibiotic coated the plant roots so that they could not absorb water and, as a result, the crops did not grow well. - The antibiotic also killed the symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen for the plants. Without a source of nitrogen, the plants did not grow well. - The antibiotic inhibited protein translation in the cells of the plants, which caused the plants to not grow well.

The antibiotic also killed the symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen for the plants. Without a source of nitrogen, the plants did not grow well. Many plants depend on symbiotic bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can absorb and use. Antibiotics sometimes have nonspecific effects and can kill surrounding soil bacteria in addition to the bacterial plant pathogen. If the symbiotic bacteria of the crop plant were killed by the antibiotic, then the plants would lose their source of nitrogen and not grow well.

3. A gardener treats his plants with pesticides, killing all the aphids that are on the plants. Once the aphids die, what likely happens to the mutualistic bacteria inhabiting their digestive tracts? - The bacteria would contribute to the decomposition of dead aphids. - The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of a facultative relationship. - The bacteria would migrate outside of the digestive tract and survive on the leaves of garden plants. - The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of an obligate relationship.

The bacteria would likely die without their mutualistic aphids, as this is an example of an obligate relationship. For obligate relationships between organisms, if one dies then the other will die as well.

4. Refer to Animation: Age Structure. The expanding base of a population pyramid over time indicates which of the following? - The number of older people in the population is increasing. - The number of people of reproductive age in the population is increasing. - The number of younger individuals in the population is increasing. - The average age of the population is increasing.

The number of younger individuals in the population is increasing.

3. Refer to Animation: Carbon Cycle. Net human inputs to atmospheric carbon dioxide per year are estimated at approximately 8.8 gigatons. This is considerably less than the 209 gigatons of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere by the respiration of all marine and terrestrial organisms. Given this, should we be concerned? - We should be concerned because this addition is not counterbalanced by photosynthesis or other removal processes and therefore can accumulate or build in the atmosphere over many years leading to climate change. - We shouldn't be concerned; variations in CO2 levels are naturally occurring events. - We should be concerned because this addition is not counterbalanced by respiration or other removal processes and therefore can accumulate or build in the atmosphere over many years leading to climate change. - We shouldn't be concerned; this addition is much too small to make a difference.

We should be concerned because this addition is not counterbalanced by photosynthesis or other removal processes and therefore can accumulate or build in the atmosphere over many years leading to climate change.

4. Which of the results from a mark-recapture study done on mice would reflect a larger population size? - When taking the second sample, 100 individuals are caught and 80 are marked from the first sample. - All of these scenarios would result in the same population estimate. - When taking the second sample, 100 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample. - When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample. - When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 80 are marked from the first sample.

When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample. When only 10% of the second sample is marked from the first capture period, it is indicative of a population that is very large. If the population were small, then there would have been a higher percentage of recaptures on the second day. The equation N = (C/R) × M can confirm this: N = 200/20 × 200; N = 2000.

5. Refer to Animation: Age Structure. Why are biologists interested in age structures of populations? - because age structures provide information about the number of individuals in a population that are of a reproductive age - because age structures provide information that allows the estimation of a population's potential for future growth - because age structures provide information about current reproductive rates in the population

because age structures provide information that allows the estimation of a population's potential for future growth

3. Refer to Animation: Life Table and Survivorship Curve. In the Lime Swallowtail butterfly scenario, only 30 of the adults that hatched from pupae survived to reproduce. Given this, which of these statements is not true? - Within this one generation, the total population of Lime Swallowtails increased by 300% (30 compared with 10). - On average, half of the 30 adults were males and half were females. - The number of surviving females in the cohort is 50% greater than the number of females that produced the cohort.

Within this one generation, the total population of Lime Swallowtails increased by 300% (30 compared with 10).

6. Which factors contribute most to intraspecific competition? - a species' fundamental niche and abiotic surroundings - predation and parasitism - a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment - mutualistic relationships - predator population size

a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment As a population increases in size, it approaches carrying capacity. The more individuals there are in the population, the fewer resources that are available for each individual in that population, which, in turn, negatively impacts their chances of surviving to reproduce.

3. Recall that photosynthetic rates remain relatively constant in regions near the equator. Imagine that tropical environments persist throughout Earth's northern and southern hemispheres; that is, that Earth's entire climate mirrors that near the equator. If Keeling had collected his atmospheric CO2 data on such an Earth, what would you expect the Keeling Curve to look like? - a sinusoidal curve sloping downward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would fluctuate seasonally, but would decrease over time. - a sinusoidal curve sloping upward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would fluctuate seasonally, but would increase over time. - a straight line sloping downward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would decrease over time. - a straight line without a slope, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would have remained constant over time. - a straight line sloping upward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would increase over time.

a straight line sloping upward, indicating that atmospheric CO2 levels would not seasonally oscillate, but would increase over time

15. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. Which metabolic process directly releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere? - aerobic respiration - photosynthesis - anaerobic fermentation - anaerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

3. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. Which path will a nitrogen atom most likely travel from nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere to amino acids in the cell of a secondary consumer? - air > bacteria > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer - air > plant > bacteria > secondary consumer - air > primary consumer > bacteria > secondary consumer - air > water > bacteria > secondary consumer

air > bacteria > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer

9. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. Which path will a carbon atom most likely travel from CO2 in the atmosphere to glucose in the cell of a secondary consumer? - air > primary consumer > secondary consumer - air > bacteria > primary consumer > secondary consumer - air > bacteria > plant > secondary consumer - air > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer Score: 1 of 1

air > plant > primary consumer > secondary consumer

4. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. Which process(es) return nitrogen (N2) directly back to the atmosphere? Select all that apply. anammox assimilation nitrogen fixation ammonification denitrification

anammox denitrification

Refer to Animation: Carbon Cycle. On an annual basis, what is the net result of the contributions/removals of CO2 from the atmosphere due to global photosynthesis and respiration (both terrestrial and marine)? approximately 9.5 gT yr-1 increase approximately 3 gT yr-1 decrease approximately 209 gT yr-1 increase approximately 212 gT yr-1 decrease

approximately 3 gT yr-1 decrease (the -1's are superscripts)

4. In a metapopulation, source populations are species that are likely to have more individuals immigrating to habitat patches than other species. This means that source populations: - are likely to occupy the smallest suitable ecological patch. - are likely to occupy the largest suitable ecological patch. - are likely to have the smallest rate of population growth. - are likely to have the lowest emigration rates.

are likely to occupy the largest suitable ecological patch.

5. Refer to Animation: Carbon Cycle. Reforestation efforts around the world contribute to increased uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere and conversion to organic matter. Deforestation, on the other hand, typically by clearing and burning of natural vegetation, results in added CO2 in the atmosphere. What is the current estimate of the annual net balance between these two processes? atmospheric increase by 1.0 gT yr-1 atmospheric increase by 1.5 gT yr-1 atmospheric decrease by 1.0 gT yr-1 atmospheric decrease by 1.5 gT yr-1 atmospheric increase by 0.5 gT yr-1

atmospheric increase by 1.0 gT yr-1 (the -1's are superscripts)

2. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Nitrogen through Ecosystems Tour. Which organisms can carry out nitrogen fixation? fungi bacteria plants mammals

bacteria

4. The high specific heat of water means that land masses near the equator are: - warmer than predicted because of all the heat in the water being released into the air. - cooler than predicted because of all the heat carried by ocean waters from low to high latitudes. - the same temperature as predicted, regardless of the presence of water, because only the amount of solar radiation on the land mass affects temperature.

cooler than predicted because of all the heat carried by ocean waters from low to high latitudes. Water can carry more heat than air. The ocean current moves warm water away from the equator towards the poles and is replaced by cooler water from deeper depths.

2. Refer to Animation: Life Table and Survivorship Curve. According to the textbook, demography is the study of the size structure and distribution of populations over time and includes changes in response to birth rates, aging, migration, and death rates at various times in the life cycle. In this Lime Swallowtail butterfly cohort, which of these factors were being followed most closely? aging migration rates death rates birth rates

death rates

Which group in a food web is responsible for returning inorganic compounds back to the environment? primary producers tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers decomposers

decomposers

4. Refer to Animation: Logistic Growth. A population of pocket gophers shows logistic growth. As the population approaches carrying capacity (K), the number of individuals added to the population per unit of time will: - increase. - decrease. - stay the same.

decrease

7. You decide to plant a garden in your backyard. You dig up a strip of grass in a sunny spot. When you have finished digging up the grass, but you haven't planted anything, you have created a(n) _____ in the lawn. - None of the answer options is correct. - ecological disturbance. - ecological disturbance and a new community. - new community

ecological disturbance After a disturbance, none of the species' composition in the area is changed. Removing the grass and leaving only soil would result in a secondary successional pathway for the community. That secondary pathway is the soil and its nutrients.

2. A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies are known together as a(n): community. population. ecosystem. species.

ecosystem.

4. When a population is small relative to its carrying capacity, its growth will be: geometric. exponential. logistic. both geometric and logistic. both geometric and exponential.

exponential

2. Predator/prey relationships are always linear, with one species affecting only one other in the community. true false

false

8. The sequence of types of species that colonize a recently disturbed area through succession is unpredictable. false true

false

4. K-strategists tend to inhabit "unpredictable" environments and also have population densities near the carrying capacity of an environment. false true

false Population sizes of K-strategists often are close to carrying capacity. However, r-strategists are more likely to be successful in unpredictable habitats. More offspring produced from sexual reproduction keeps variation high due to independent assortment and recombination. The variation in offspring increases the probability of survivorship of those offspring with traits that will be selected for in unpredictable environments.

2. The rate of exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the oceans represents a carbon: precipitation. sink. biomass. reservoir. flux.

flux

4. Imagine that a scientist takes a group of Anolis lizards and introduces them into an enclosure at a research facility in continental South America. He notes that the lizards thrive in this new environment. The fact that Anolis lizards could survive in habitats outside of the Caribbean is a reflection of their ____ niche; their _____ niche is determined by their ability to disperse to other areas as well as predation and resource availability. fundamental; realized realized; realized realized; fundamental fundamental; fundamental

fundamental; realized

4. The CO2 level is _____ during winter in the northern hemisphere compared to levels in the summer. lower the same higher

higher

3. Refer to Animation: Logistic Growth. The intrinsic growth rate, r, of a population is measured as 0.05. When not limited by resources, the size of this population should: - increase exponentially over time. - stay the same. - decrease slowly over time.

increase exponentially over time.

Measuring the isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 shows that the burning of fossil fuels has led to _____ CO2 levels over the last 200 years. increasing decreasing

increasing Comparing the ratios of 13C and 12C provides an indication of how atmospheric carbon contributions have changed. Organic matter formed through photosynthesis has the same ratio of 13C to 12C and matches the ratios found in Seuss's measurements. This indicates that the release of carbon from the burning of fossil fuels contributes to the increased amounts of carbon added to the atmosphere.

2. A population that is decreasing in size will have an age-structure histogram shaped like a(n): - diamond, with a wide center depicting a large number of individuals that have reached reproductive maturity. - rectangle, with a roughly equal number of individuals in each age group. - inverted pyramid, with a narrow base representing a small number of young individuals. - pyramid, with a wide base at the bottom representing a large number of young individuals.

inverted pyramid, with a narrow base representing a small number of young individuals. Populations that are decreasing in size have a smaller number of reproductive individuals compared to individuals beyond reproductive age.

Refer to Animation: Logistic Growth. The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support: - is represented by r. - is represented by N. - is the carrying capacity. - decreases as resources increase.

is the carrying capacity.

5. A species that has a disproportionately large effect on a community is called a(n) _____ species. - producer - linchpin - central - engineer - keystone

keystone

3. Warm air is _____ dense than cold air, and warm air holds _____ moisture than cold air. less; less more; less more; more less; more

less; more

2. A town has several lakes connected by small streams or creeks. All the trout within a single lake are considered a(n) _____. The trout in all of the lakes constitutes a(n) ______. - corridor population; metapopulation - metapopulation; corridor population - local population; metapopulation - equilibrium population; corridor population - corridor population; equilibrium population - metapopulation; local population

local population; metapopulation

5. Most populations demonstrate _____ growth, in which the population size increases exponentially until it levels off near the carrying capacity (K value) of the habitat for that species. extrinsic intrinsic exponential logarithmic logistic

logistic

4. The _____ cycle deals with geological processes and carbon reservoirs, some of which have been built up or take place over a period of millennia. In contrast, the _____ cycle involves biological processes that are carried out on a daily and/or seasonal basis. - short-term carbon; long-term carbon - long-term carbon; short-term carbon - short-term carbon; rapid carbon - long-term carbon; intermediate carbon

long-term carbon; short-term carbon

A large population made up of smaller populations linked by migration is a: island founder event. colonization. habitat patch. metapopulation.

metapopulation

3. While biodiversity includes the number of species in a given area, it also includes: - abiotic factors that define the community. - amount of primary productivity. - numbers of different phylogenetic groups. - overall number of trophic levels in a food web.

numbers of different phylogenetic groups.

13. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. Which species is a primary producer? fish frog cow oak tree

oak tree

6. A mutualism in which the survival of one or both participants is dependent on the other is: facultative. antagonistic. obligate. parasitic. competitive.

obligate

10. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. What are the products of photosynthesis? Select all that apply. carbon dioxide (CO2) oxygen (O2) carbohydrate (C6H12O6) water (H2O)

oxygen (O2) carbohydrate (C6H12O6)

11. Refer to VS Map: Flow of Matter and Energy—Flow of Carbon through Ecosystems Tour. Through which metabolic process does carbon enter the food web? photosynthesis anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration anaerobic fermentation

photosynthesis

10. Which of these is a good predictor of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems? pollinator species in a community plant species in a community prey species in a community predator species in a community

plant species in a community

2. A _____ consists of all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place. species range population family

population

2. Refer to Animation: Logistic Growth. The maximum rate of growth per individual is: the intrinsic growth rate. referred to as logarithmic growth. represented by K. called carrying capacity.

the intrinsic growth rate.

Refer to Animation: Age Structure. Consider five human populations that differ demographically only in their age structures. The population that will grow the most in the next 30 years is the one with the greatest fraction of people in which age group(s): - the pre-reproductive age groups - the oldest age group - the middle of the age structure - the middle of the reproductive age groups - the late-reproductive and post-reproductive age groups

the pre-reproductive age groups

4. Keystone species can have significant influences over several populations in a community through: - their roles as prey species for predator populations in the community. - their large body sizes. - their effects on key competitors in the communities. - their ability to leave their environment relatively unchanged.

their effects on key competitors in the communities. Keystone species help maintain population sizes of multiple species in the community by controlling the number of individuals of predator species in the community that would overexploit individuals of other populations in the community. In this way, keystone species help maintain higher levels of diversity when they are present in the community versus when they are absent from the community.

Imagine that a lizard inhabits a desert where it has very few natural predators. During a year where resources are scarce, the lizard produces a smaller number of large eggs, rather than several small eggs. This is an example of a: - trade off. - Even though she produces fewer eggs that are larger, this is a result of having to devote more resources to her own survival than to reproduction. - mortality. - life history. - survivorship. - life table.

trade off. Egg number is related to the amount of resources devoted to reproduction.

2. At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve. false true

true

2. Niches are dynamic and are affected by interactions among species. true false

true

3. The fact that diverse types of Anolis lizards inhabit, or hunt in, different levels of the tree canopy is the result of the effects of resource partitioning. false true

true

4. Whereas food chains show linear energy transfer between organisms, food webs depict more realistically what occurs in an ecosystem. false true

true

7. The size of a population of frogs is significantly below the population size that the environment can support. This could be the result of frog parasites and/or predators. true false

true

5. Symbiotic relationships are subject to natural selection. false true

true Relationships that benefit an organism increase their fitness. Because symbiotic interactions can have an effect on fitness, individuals with those associations can be selected for through natural selection.

The long-term and short-term carbon cycles are connected by the fact that some of the carbon contained in C6H12O6 (or other organic molecules) in plants is incorporated into sedimentary rocks or oil; carbon in sedimentary rock and oil is not immediately cycled back to the atmosphere. false true

true When plants decompose, some of the carbon will be returned to the atmosphere. However, some of the carbon will be incorporated into oil or sedimentary rocks.

Large, even distances typically separate individual panda bears from each other. What type of population distribution do pandas exhibit? - uniform distribution - sinusoidal distribution - logistic distribution - random distribution - clustered distribution

uniform distribution