(8001 - 8107) Reciprocating Engines

(8035) - What are the factors in establishing the maximum compression ratio limitations of an aircraft engine?

- Detonation characteristics of the fuel used - Design limitations of the engine - Degree of supercharging

8066: When is engine crankshaft runout usually checked?

- During engine overhaul - After a "prop strike" or sudden engine stoppage

8003: What conditions can failed or failing engine bearings cause?

- Excessive oil consumption - High oil temperatures

8099: What conditions will cause an engine to have an increased tendency to detonate?

- High manifold pressure - High intake air temperature - Engine overheated

8005: What factors decrease volumetric efficiency in a reciprocating engine?

- Improper valve timing - Sharp bends in the induction system - High carburetor air temperatures

8010: The five (5) events of a four-stroke cycle engine in the order of their occurrence are:

- Intake - Compression - Ignition - Power - Exhaust

(8025) - What are the methods of hardening cylinder barrels?

- Nitriding - Chrome plating

(8043) - If the crankshaft runout readings on the dial indicator are plus .002 inch and minus .003 inch, the runout is

.005 inch

8009: A nine-cylinder engine with a bore of 5.5 inches and a stroke of 6 inches will have a total piston displacement of what?

1,283 cubic inches.

(8030) - Ignition occurs at 28° BTDC on a certain four-stroke cycle engine, and the intake valve opens at 15° BTDC. How many degrees of crankshaft travel after ignition does the intake valve open? (Consider one cylinder only.)

373

8065: At what speed must a crankshaft turn if each cylinder of a four-stroke cycle engine is to be fired 200 times a minute?

400 RPM

8046: the volume of a cylinder equals 70 cubic inches when the piston is at BDC. When the piston is at TDC, the volume equals 10 cubic inches. What is the compression ratio?

7:1

(8079) - What is the best indication of worn valve guides?

High oil consumption

8078: During ground check an engine is found to be rough-running, the magneto drop is normal, and the manifold pressure is higher than normal for any given RPM. The trouble may be caused by

A dead cylinder

8072: Which fuel/air mixture will result in the highest engine temperature (all other factors remaining constant)?

A mixture leaner than a manual lean mixture of .060

8080: By use of a differential pressure compression tester, it is determined that the No. 3 cylinder of a nine-cylinder radial engine will not hold pressure after the crankshaft has been rotated 260° from top dead center compression stroke No. 1 cylinder. How can this indication usually be interpreted?

A normal indication

8077: If the ignition switch is moved from BOTH to either LEFT or RIGHT during an engine ground check, normal operation is usually indicated by a

A slight drop in RPM

8049: what will be the likely result if the piston ring gaps happen to be aligned when performing a differential pressure compression check on a cylinder?

A worn or defective ring(s) indication

(8100) - When will small induction system air leaks have the most noticeable effect on engine operation?

at low RPM

8107: One cause of afterfiring in an aircraft engine is

An excessively rich mixture

(8023) - If an engine with a stroke of 6 inches is operated at 2,000 RPM, the piston movement within the cylinder will be

At maximum velocity 90 degrees after top dead center

(8081) - When does valve overlap occur in the operation of an aircraft reciprocating engine?

At the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke.

8001: What type of bearing has the least amount of rolling friction?

Ball bearings

8086: Direct mechanical push-pull carburetor heat control linkages should normally be adjusted so that the stop located on the diverter valve will be contacted

Before the stop at the control lever is reached in both HOT and COLD positions

8064: What does valve overlap promote?

Better scavenging and cooling characteristics.

(8044) - (1) Cast iron piston rings may be used in chrome-plated cylinders.(2) Chrome-plated rings may be used in plain steel cylinders.Regarding the above statements,

Both are true.

(8017) - The actual power delivered to the propeller of an aircraft engine is called

Brake horsepower

8068: An engine misses in both the right and left positions of the magneto switch. The quickest method for locating the trouble is to what?

Check for one or more cold cylinders.

(8105) - To what altitude will a turbo charged engine maintain sea level pressure?

Critical altitude

8053: What is required by 14 CFR Part 43 Appendix D when performing an annual/100 hour inspection on a reciprocating engine aircraft?

Cylinder compression check.

8063: excessive valve clearances will cause the duration of the valve opening to do what?

Decrease for both intake and exhaust valves

(8088) - Increased water vapor (higher relative humidity) in the incoming air to a reciprocating engine will normally result in what?

Decreased engine power at a constant RPM and manifold pressure

8006: What type of bearings are used as the thrust bearing in most radial engines?

Deep-groove ball bearings

(8021) - An aircraft reciprocating engine using hydraulic valve lifters is observed to have no clearance in its valve-operating mechanism after the minimum inlet oil and cylinder head temperatures for takeoff have been reached. When can this condition be expected?

During normal operation

(8061) - What special procedure must be followed when adjusting the valves of an engine equipped with a floating cam ring?

Eliminate cam bearing clearance when making valve adjustment

(8090) - What engine servicing operation generally requires engine pre-oiling prior to starting the engine?

Engine installation

(8015) - On which strokes are both valves on a four-stroke cycle reciprocating aircraft engine open?

Exhaust and Intake

8008: The operating temperature valve clearance of a radial engine as compared to a cold valve clearance is what?

Greater.

(8076) - Standard aircraft cylinder oversizes usually range from 0.010 inch to 0.030 inch. Oversize on automobile engine cylinders may range up to 0.100 inch. This is because aircraft engine cylinders

Have relatively thin walls and may be nitrided

8002: What condition is likely to occur in radial engines, but unlikely to occur in horizontally opposed engines?

Hydraulic lock

(8074) - The horsepower developed in the cylinders of a reciprocating engine is known as the

Indicated Horsepower

(8026) - On what strokes do the valves in a reciprocating engines open and close?

Intake open - Exhaust Intake close - Compression Exhaust open - Power Exhaust close - Intake

(8094) - What would most likely cause a reciprocating engine to backfire through the induction system at low RPM operation?

Lean mixture

8052: What would indicate a general weak engine when operated with a fixed-pitch propeller or test club?

Lower than normal static RPM, full throttle operation.

(8101) - To reduce the power output of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller and operating near maximum BMEP, the

Manifold pressure is reduced with the throttle control before the RPM is reduced with the propeller control.

8007: What bearing is least likely to be a roller or a ball bearing?

Master rod bearing (radial engine)

8054: After spark plugs from an opposed engine have been serviced, in what position should they be reinstalled?

Next in firing order to the one from which they were removed and swapped top to bottom.

8089: Can preignition be caused by improper valve timing?

No.

8089: Does detonation occur when an area of the combustion chamber becomes incandescent and ignites the fuel/air mixture in advance of normal timed ignition?

No.

8084: What is likely to occur if a reciprocating engine is operated at a higher power setting before it is properly warmed up?

Oil starvation of bearings and other parts.

8095: How may it be determined that a reciprocating engine with a dry sump is pre-oiled sufficiently?

Oil will flow from the engine return line or indicator port

8106: If air is heard coming from the crankcase breather or oil filter during a differential compression check, what is this an indication of?

Piston ring leakage

(8016) - Master rod bearings are generally what type?

Plain

(8103) - What could cause excessive pressure buildup in the crankcase of a reciprocating engine?

Plugged crankcase breather

(8020) - Some aircraft engine manufacturers equip their product with choked or taper-ground cylinders in order to

Provide a straight cylinder bore at operating temperatures

8083: Valve clearance changes on opposed-type engines using hydraulic lifters are accomplished by

Push rod replacement

8096: What is the basic operational sequence for reducing the power output of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller?

Reduce the manifold pressure, then RPM

8082: What is an advantage of using metallic-sodium filled exhaust valves in aircraft reciprocating engines?

Reduced valve operating temperatures

(8050) - What will be caused by excessive valve clearance of a cylinder on a reciprocating aircraft engine?

Reduced valve overlap period

(8075) - Engine operating flexibility is the ability of the engine to

Run smoothly and give the desired performance at all speeds

(8029) - When is the fuel/air mixture ignited in a conventional reciprocating engine?

Shortly before the piston reaches the top of the compression stroke.

(8102) - One of the best indicators of reciprocating engine combustion chamber problems is

Spark plug condition

(8097) - Which statement pertaining to fuel/air ratios is true?

The mixture ratio which gives the best power is richer than the mixture ratio which gives maximum economy.

8055: As the pressure is applied during a reciprocating engine compression check using a differential pressure tester, what would a movement of the propeller in the direction of engine rotation indicate?

The piston was positioned past TDC

(8041) - Why does the smoothness of operation of an engine increase with a greater number of cylinders?

The power impulses are spaced closer together

8062: What will most likely to occur if an overhead valve engine is operated with inadequate clearances?

The valves will not seat positively during start and engine warmup.

(8038) - If the hot clearance is used to set the valves when the engine is cold, what will occur during operation of the engine?

The valves will open late and close early

8014: What purpose do the movable counterweights on a crankshaft serve?

They reduce torsional vibrations in an aircraft reciprocating engine

(8022) - What tool is generally used to measure the crankshaft rotation in degrees?

Timing disk

(8048) - What is the purpose of a power check on a reciprocating engine?

To determine satisfactory performance.

8004: What is the principal advantage of using propeller reduction gears?

To enable the engine RPM to be increased with an accompanying increase in power and allow the propeller to remain at a lower, more efficient RPM.

(8031) - What is the purpose of the safety circlet installed on some valve stems?

To prevent the valves from falling into the combustion chamber

8073: If an engine cylinder is to be removed, at what position in the cylinder should the piston be?

Top Dead Center

(8092) - Which condition would most likely lead to detonation?

Use of a fuel with too low an octane rating.

8033: the valve clearance of an engine using hydraulic lifters, when the lifters are completely flat, or empty, should not exceed

a specified amount above zero

8098:Backfiring through the carburetor generally results from the use of

an excessively lean mixture

(8024) - If the intake valve is opened too early in the cycle of operation of a four-stroke cycle engine, it may result in

backfiring into the induction system

8091: During the inspection of an engine control system in which push-pull control rods are used, the threaded rod ends should

be checked for the amount of thread engagement by means of the inspection holes.

(8036) - Full-floating piston pins are those which allow motion between the pin and

both the piston and the small end of the connecting rod

(8045) - How is proper end-gap clearance on new piston rings assured during the overhaul of an engine?

by placing the rings in the cylinder and measuring the end gap with a feeler gauge.

(8034) - If the exhaust valve of a four-stroke cycle engine is closed and the intake valve is just closed, the piston is on the

compression stroke

(8042) - Compression ratio is the ratio between the

cylinder volume with piston at bottom dead center and at top dead center

(8104) - Excessive valve clearance in a piston engine

decreases valve overlap

(8032) - Valve overlap is defined as the number of degrees of crankshaft travel

during which both valves are off their seats.

(8039) - The purpose of two or more valve springs in aircraft engines is to

eliminate valve spring surge

8070: If the oil pressure of a cold engine is higher than at normal operating temperatures, the

engine's lubrication system is probably operating normally

8087: Reduced air density at high altitude has a decided effect on carburetion, resulting in a reduction of engine power by

excessively enriching the fuel/air mixture

8069: A hissing sound from the exhaust stacks when the propeller is being pulled through manually indicates

exhaust valve blow-by

(8085) - An increase in manifold pressure with a constant RPM will cause the bearing load in an engine to

increase

8012: If fuel/air ratio is proper and ignition timing is correct, the combustion process should be completed

just after top dead center at the beginning of the power stroke

(8056) - Excessive valve clearance results in the valves opening

late and closing early.

8071: If an engine operates with a low oil pressure and a high oil temperature, the problem may be caused by a

leaking oil dililution valve

8093: An unsupercharged aircraft reciprocating engine, operated at full throttle from sea level, to 10,000 feet, provided the RPM is unchanged, will

lose power due to the reduced density of the air drawn into the cylinders.

(8060) - If the oil pressure gauge fluctuates over a wide range from zero to normal operating pressure, the most likely cause is

low oil supply

8057: During routine inspection of a reciprocating engine, a deposit of small, bright, metallic particles which do not cling to the magnetic drain plug is discovered in the oil sump and on the surface of the oil filter. This condition

may be a result of abnormal plain type bearing wear and is cause for further investigation.

(8027) - On which part of the cylinder walls of a normally operating engine will the greatest amount of wear occur?

near the top of the cylinder

(8037) - The primary purpose in setting proper valve timing and overlap is to

obtain the best volumetric efficiency and lower cylinder operating temperatures

8013: Grinding the valves of a reciprocating engine to a feather edge is likely to result in

preignition and burned valves

(8018) - Cam-ground pistons are installed in some aircraft engines to

provide a better fit at operating temperatures

8011: The primary concern in establishing the firing order for an opposed engine is to

provide for balance and eliminate vibration to the greatest possible extent

8051: the floating control thermostat, used on some reciprocating engine installations, helps regulate oil temperature by

recirculating hot oil back through the sump

(8058) - A characteristic of dyna-focal engine mounts as applied to aircraft reciprocating engines is that the

shock mounts point toward the engine's center of gravity

8047: when cleaning aluminum and magnesium engine parts, it is inadvisable to soak them in solutions containing soap because

some of the soap will become impregnated in the surface of the material and subsequently cause engine oil contamination and foaming.

8059: if metallic particles are found in the oil filter during an inspection,

the cause should be identified and corrected before the aircraft is released for flight.

8067: Before attempting to start a radial engine that has been shut down for more than 30 minutes,

turn the propeller by hand three to four revolutions in the normal direction of rotation to check for liquid lock.

(8040) - During overhaul, the disassembled parts of an engine are usually degreased with some form of mineral spirits solvent rather than water-mixed degreasers primarily because

water-mixed degreaser residues may cause engine oil contamination in the overhauled engine

(8028) - During overhaul, reciprocating engine exhaust valves are checked for stretch

with a contour or radius gauge