A & P 1- PRT 2 OF EXAM 4 REVIEW
Drooping eyelids could be as a result of a damage to which cranial nerve?
Oculomotor
Which of the following directs voluntary movements by initiating impulses in somatic motor neurons?
Primary motor cortex
____________ is a collection of clusters of neurons responsible for consciousness.
Reticular activating system
Based on hemispheric lateralization, which side of the brain is predominantly responsible for analyzing sensory information?
Right
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a proprioceptor?
Ruffini corpuscle
Which of the meningeal membranes creates a space outside the brain where cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
The arachnoid mater
Which of the following provide(s) mechanical protection for the brain by cradling it?
The bones of the skull
Which of the following is not a set of regions linked by the pons?
The right and left cerebral hemispheres
Stimulation of which cranial nerve will reduce heart rate?
Vagus
Which cranial nerve contains sensory fibers coming from the inner ear and is responsible for hearing and balance?
Vestibulocochlear
Damage to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which sense?
Vision
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his
Wernicke's area.
Analyzing, comprehending, and recognizing language is associated with which specific area of the cerebrum?
Wernicks's area
Ataxia is a term used to describe________.
a disturbance in muscular coordination due to a damage to cerebellum
David hears a strange noise at his back door late one night. It sounds as though someone is trying to break into his home. He automatically goes into a fight-or-flight response. What part of the limbic system helps control the flight-or-flight response?
amygdaloid body
Somatic motor pathways always involve __________.
an upper and lower motor neuron
The centers in the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata are the __________.
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
White matter in the cerebellum is called the __________ because it resembles a tree.
arbor vitae
The effortless serve of a tennis player is a result of establishing __________.
cerebellar motor patterns
The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus are anatomical structures of the __________.
diencephalon
Excess cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the venous circulation by __________.
diffusion across the arachnoid villi
The dural sinuses are located in the
dural folds.
The limbic system is responsible for __________.
establishing emotional states
The posterior column pathways carry the sensation of __________.
fine touch
What is the term for the branching end of a dendrite that is NOT protected by accessory structures?
free nerve ending
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it
has a clear genetic basis.
The sea horse-like structure in the limbic system that is responsible for storage and retrieval of new long-term memories is the __________.
hippocampus
Monitoring and regulating the blood osmotic environment is controlled by the __________.
hypothalamus
As a result of playing soccer out in the heat and not drinking enough water, the body will dehydrate. The kidneys will adjust the blood volume to conserve water by lowering the urine output. This is accomplished as a result of the ______ synthesizing and later releasing _________.
hypothalamus; ADH
During an infection body temperature rises. The area of the diencephalon responsible for adjusting the body's temperature is the _________.
hypothalmus
The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the midbrain. Which nuclei accomplish this?
inferior colliculi
The area where the two optic nerves cross over is known as the __________.
optic chiasma
The receptors that provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus are called __________.
phasic receptors
The reticulospinal tract is involved with __________.
regulation of involuntary reflex activity and autonomic functions
Which of the following receptors are stimulated when a stiff breeze blows across the skin of your arm and moves some of the arm hairs?
root hair plexuses
Which pathway is specifically responsible for proprioception?
spinocerebellar pathway
Which pathway is responsible for passing along the sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
spinothalamic pathway
Relay and processing centers for sensory information are found in the __________.
thalamus
You are standing at a crowded subway station in NYC. You hear a loud noise and suddenly get startled and turn your head toward the direction the loud noise. Which structure is controlling this behavior and movement?
Inferior colliculi
Only about ________ percent of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness.
1
The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.
97 percent
The hypothalamus produces and secretes the hormones __________.
ADH and oxytocin
Damage to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which sense?
Auditory
Which cranial nerves are concerned with eyeball movement?
Nerves III, IV, and VI
Which type of sensory receptor detects pressure changes in an organ?
Baroreceptors
Which part of the brain is affected by Parkinson's disease?
Basal nuclei
Assume that as you are taking this practice exam, you are concentrating and giving it your full attention. If you were connected to an EEG at this moment, what type of brain waves would it record?
Beta waves
What are the components that make up the cerebellar gray matter?
Cerebellar cortex and nuclei
Which cranial nerves originate in the pons?
Nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII
________ is the term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated.
Decussation
Very large amplitude, low frequency waves are characteristics of what type of brain waves?
Delta waves
What is the first thing that must happen for sensory information to be received by the central nervous system?
Depolarization or hyperpolarization of a receptor
What is the correct sequence of events that must happen for conscious perception of a sensation?
Depolarization or hyperpolarization of a receptor; action potential generation; propagation; CNS processing; perception
If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, which of the following is not true?
Faces seen by the left eye cannot be identified.
A patient complains that he/she has lost the ability to taste sweets. Which cranial nerve is damaged?
Facial
Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?
Fine-tuning muscle movements
Which ventricle lies between the pons and the cerebellum?
Fourth
Which cerebral lobes are the most anterior?
Frontal lobes
Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex receives sensory information from the taste receptors of the tongue and pharynx?
Gustatory cortex
What are the structures in the cerebrum that are elevated ridges, which increase surface area to increase the number of neurons in a specific area?
Gyri
What is the area of the limbic system associated with learning, storage, and retrieval of new and long-term memories?
Hippocampus
Deviation of tongue indicates damage to which cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal
Why is damage to the medulla potentially so harmful despite the fact that the medulla is the lowest part of the brainstem?
It contains vital autonomic reflex centers.
Which of the tactile receptors is stimulated by deep or heavy pressure?
Lamellar corpuscles
Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei?
Maintaining muscle tone and coordination of learned movement patterns
Which part of the brainstem has a control center that sets the basic pace or rhythm of breathing?
Medulla oblongata
The gray matter in substantia nigra appears black due the presence of ________.
Melanin
What is the sequence of the structures that make up the brain stem going from the diencephalon to the spinal cord?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla
Which of the meninges is adhered to the surface of the brain and accompanies the branches of the blood vessels as they penetrate the surface of the brain?
Pia mater
The cranial nerve that contains sensory neurons from the sense organs of the internal ear connects to which part or parts of the brain?
Pons and medulla oblongata
Damage to cranial nerve I leads to loss of which sensation?
Smell
You are attending the Indi 500 and as cars pass you by, your eyes and head follow the race cars. Which structure is controlling this movement?
Superior colliculi
Which dural folds covers and separates cerebellum from the cerebrum?
Tentorium cerebelli
What are the structures in the medulla that relay sensory information to the thalamus?
The gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus
Have you ever noticed how we humans turn our head in response to a loud noise? What part of the midbrain is involved in bringing about this response to the loud noise?
The inferior colliculi
Which part of the brain is known as the "Motivational System"?
The limbic system
Which part of the brain contains many of the reflex centers that allow the complex visceral reflexes?
The medulla oblongata
Why might damage to the pons be sufficient to cause death?
The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.
After suffering a stroke, the patient is unable to speak. He can understand what is said to him and write messages, but he cannot express himself verbally. Which part of his brain was affected by the stroke?
The speech center or Broca's area
What type of brain waves are most often observed in children?
Theta waves
The hypothalamus is located in which ventricle?
Third ventricle
What is the function of the thalamus?
To filter and pass along sensory information to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
The background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities are controlled by the __________.
basal nuclei
The masses of gray matter that lie within each cerebral hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle are the __________.
basal nuclei
The white matter of the cerebrum is found __________.
beneath the neural cortex and around the cerebral nuclei
Neural tissue in the central nervous system (CNS) is isolated from the general circulation by the __________.
blood-brain barrier
The pons links the cerebellum with the __________.
brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
An individual with a damaged visual association area __________.
can see letters clearly but cannot recognize or interpret them
The center of somatic motor control, which coordinates complex motor patterns, is the __________.
cerebellum
The center of somatic motor control that plans and initiates voluntary motor activity is the __________.
cerebral cortex
Monitoring of the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the removal of waste products from the CSF occurs in the __________.
choroid plexus
The somatic motor association area is responsible for the __________.
coordination of learned motor responses
Which of the following pathways provides conscious/voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
corticospinal pathway
The cardiovascular centers and the respiratory rhythmicity centers are located in the __________.
medulla oblongata
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the
medulla oblongata.
The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the
medulla oblongata.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder that affects __________.
motor neurons and their associated skeletal muscles
The versatility of the brain to respond to stimuli is greater than that of the spinal cord because of __________.
the number of neurons and the complex interconnections among the neurons
The neurons in the primary sensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from __________________________.
touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature receptors
The motor tracts in the spinal cord controlling subconscious regulation of balance and muscle tone are the __________.
vestibulospinal tracts
