A & P FINAL EXAM- URINARY SYSTEM

Can the water permeability of the PCT or DCT ever change? Explain. (24.12 A)

- PCT water permeability cannot change - DCT can: its permeability increase in response to ADH

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (24.7 B)

across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle.

In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (24.13 A)

an osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum (24.2 A)

enter: renal artery and nerves exit: renal vein and ureter

Describe how blood enters and leave the glomerulus (24.5 B)

enters through afferent arteriole and exits through efferent arteriole

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (24.10 B)

increase the K+ concentration of urine - aldosterone promotes Na+ retention and K+ secretion by the kidneys

what does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (24.9 B)

increases renin production and release into the bloodstream

An increase in sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions in the peritubulalr fluid affects the descending limb in what way? (24.11 C)

increases the osmotic concentrations around the descending thin limb, resulting in an osmotic outflow of water

Which type of nephron is responsible for water conservation and concentrated urine production? (24.3 C)

juxtamedullary nephrons

Define the vasa recta (24.5 C)

long, straight peritubular capillaries that parallel the ascending and descending segments of the nephron loops of a juxtamedullary nephron

Describe auto regulation at the kidneys (24.9 A)

maintains an adequate GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow. - dilation of afferent arterioles, constriction of efferent arterioles, and contraction of mesangial cells maintain GFR.

How does the urethra differ between males and females?(24.15 C)

male's is longer and transport not only urine, but also semen

Compare the major and Minor calyces (24.3 B)

minor calyx- collects urine that is produced by a kidney lobe major calyx- forms from the fusion of 4 to 4 minor calyces

When ADH levels decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration (24.12 D)

reduces the urine osmotic concentration bc there is more water in the urine-- larger volume of dilute urine

Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein (24.5 A)

renal artery - segmental arteries - interlobular arteries - arcuate arteries - cortical radiate arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerulus - cortical radiate veins - arcuate veins- interlobular veins - renal vein

Describe Filtrate (24.4 A)

similar to blood plasma, but does not contain proteins

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid?(24.11 B)

sodium and chloride

Name the specialized smooth muscle of the urinary bladder, and describe its function. (24.16 C)

the detrusor; its contraction compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries (24.8 B)

the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole

Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys (24.11 A)

the exchange of substances between two adjacent nephron loop bombs containing tubular fluid moving in opposite directions; the process enables the kidney tubules to concentrate urine

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (24.17 B)

the external urethral sphincter

What would happen to a kidney's position if the perinepheric fat layer were depleted and the collagen fibers of the fibrous capsule were to become detached? (24.2 C)

the kidney could drop causing pain or distortion to other structures.

Which segment of the nephron is solely involved in the reabsorption of water and sodium chloride ions? (24.7 C)

the nephron loop

Which structure is a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla? (24.3 A)

the renal pyramid

Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (24.8 C)

the solute concentration within the blood exceeds that within the filtrate. The ADVANTAGE: it helps conserve body water.

describe the structures of the collecting system (24.4 C)

- collecting duct, a series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron. It is composed of intercalated cells and principle cells, carries tubular fluid though the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla - papillary duct, collect tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers it to a minor calyx

angiotensin II has what effect of the CNS? (24.9 C)

- enhancing the sensation of thirst - increasing ADH production - increasing sympathetic motor tone

Describe the Concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidney (24.2 B)

- fibrous capsule, covers the surface of the kidney) - perinepheric fat (peritoneal fat capsule) , cushioning thick layer of adipose tissue surrounding the capsule - renal fascia, dense fibrous outer later that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures

Compare the obligatory water reabsorption with facultative water reabsorption. (24.12 B)

- obligatory water reabsorption= water movement that cannot be prevented (recovers 85% of the volume of filtrate) - facultative = amount of water that can be precisely controlled

What effect would a decrease in the Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of the tubular fluid? (24.10 C)

- the pH of the tubular fluid would increase - fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by the counter transport mechanisms involving the two ions

Describe the Functions of the Urinary system (24.1 B)

-removing wastes generated by body cells -adjusting blood volume and pressure - regulating blood plasma concentrations of ions -stabilizing blood pH -conserving nutrients by preventing their loss in urine -removing drugs from the blood stream

Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle (24.4 B)

-the glomerular capsule - the glomerulus, a capillary network

What three elements form the filtration membrane? (24.8 A)

1. fenestrated endothelium 2. basement membrane 3. foot processes of the podocyte

What are the two reflexes that control urination (24.17 A)

1. urine storage reflex 2. urine voiding reflex

Identify the segment of the nephron that makes the final adjustments to the composition of the tubular fluid. (24.10 A)

DCT

Identify the three distinct process of urine formation in the kidney (24.7 A)

Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion

In which direction do solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? (24.6 A)

Filtration: fluids& solutes move from glomulular capillaries and into capsular space. Reabsorption: fluids& solutes move from the tubular fluid to the peritubular fluid Secretion: fluids& solutes move from peritubular fluid to tubular fluid.

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (24.12 C)

cause the appearance for more aquaporins-- so more water is absorbed into the peritubular fluid. decreasing the volume of water in urine.

What effect does ADH have on the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts? (24.12 E)

causes the insertion of aquaporins into the apical surfaces of the plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting duct.

When does urine production end? (24.15 A)

when the fluid enters the renal pelvis